This study was accepted for poster presentation at the 2020 Society of General Internal Medicine Annual Meeting scheduled for May 6–9 in Birmingham, AL.
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INTRODUCTION
The prevalence of cannabis use is rising among the US population.1 As cannabis continues to be legalized throughout the USA, people are turning to the internet and social media for information about its potential health benefits.2,3 In this study, we characterize internet claims about the health benefits of cannabis use in the lay press and evaluate the evidence base supporting those claims.
METHODS
We performed a cross-sectional study of internet claims focused on the health benefits of cannabis use. We extracted information on claims from two different sources on June 15, 2019: (1) We searched Google for “marijuana benefits,” “weed benefits,” and “marijuana health.” Our sample includes the top ten lay webpages from each Google search. (2) We searched Buzzsumo, a social media analyzer tool that calculates online engagement with news articles, to measure each article’s engagement by its number of likes, shares, and comments on social media sites. We used the terms: “marijuana benefits OR cannabis benefits OR weed benefits,” and “marijuana health,” restricting our search to articles published in the previous 2 years (2017–2019). We excluded articles irrelevant to the potential health benefits of cannabis use, and only included high-impact articles (over 10,000 engagements) because they had the most reach with an online audience. Internet links to the scientific literature were not included since the focus of this analysis was to characterize information available to the public in the lay press. Two reviewers (NL, MG) independently reviewed webpages and articles to extract and categorize claims about the health benefits of cannabis use and tally the frequency of each claim category. Two investigators with expertise in cannabis evidence review (SK, DK)4,5 evaluated the literature published before November 2019 to determine claim validity based on available evidence. The two investigators searched Medline to first identify published systematic reviews. For claims with no relevant systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials were sought. Health claims were compared to the existing trial evidence and categorized as not true, partly true, and true. Disagreements were resolved by discussion.
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RESULTS
The Google search produced 20 unique lay webpages/articles, and the Buzzsumo search produced 116 high-impact articles. We excluded 16 articles for irrelevancy (e.g., focus on cannabis policies instead of use) and 15 for inaccessibility (expired webpages), leading to 105 total sources. We found 275 individual claims regarding the health benefits of cannabis use in Google sources, and 192 claims in Buzzsumo articles. The 467 individual claims in our sample comprised 81 distinct clinical categories (Fig. 1). Of the 81 categories, 65 (80.2%) were not true, 7 (8.6%) were partly true, and 4 (4.9%) were true; 5 (6.2%) were unable to be assessed due to being too broad or vague (e.g., anti-inflammatory or digestive function). Table 1 summarizes the 10 most common categories of claims. Claims regarding the benefit of cannabis in the treatment of pain were the most common. Other common claims included the efficacy of cannabis for glaucoma, depression, nausea, muscle spasms, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer therapy, and as an alternative to opioids or reducing opioid dependence. Claims classified as “Not true” related to general pain, cancer, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, neuroprotection, and Alzheimer’s disease. The remainder of claims (among the top 10 common) were true (treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting and spasticity from multiple sclerosis) or partly true (treatment of seizures and sleep) (Table 1).
Figure 1
Sample construction. a81 Clinical categories: general pain, cancer pain, nerve pain, migraines, fibromyalgia, epilepsy/seizures, anti-nausea/vomiting from chemotherapy, anti-nausea, cancer treatment, anxiety, multiple sclerosis, reduce muscle spasms, sleep, Alzheimer’s disease, alternative to opioids, reducing opioid dependence, neurogenesis, neuroprotective, appetite stimulant (general), eating disorders, appetite stimulant for people w/ AIDS, cachexia, improves weight loss for cancer patients, obesity, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, glaucoma, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, ADHD, emotional, mood, and cognitive regulation, phobias, other mental health/mood disorders, dementia, autism spectrum disorder, leukemia, brain cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, treating movement disorders (general), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, respiratory, asthma, cardiovascular, blood sugar, chronic heart failure, hypertension, heart attack, stroke, treating alcoholism, quitting smoking, treating marijuana abuse, quitting other drugs, anti-inflammatory, arthritis, alcohol, sexual health, sexually transmitted diseases, female reproductive health, skin health, diabetes, hepatitis C, lupus, liver, malaria, bones, cartilage, degenerative disc disease, immune system, spinal cord injury, palliative care, digestive function.
Table 1
Top 10 Most Common Clinical Categories of Claims, Examples of Individual Claims Related to that Category, and Review of Trial Evidence
Clinical category
# of claims in sample (N = 467)
Validity of claim based on trial evidence
Availability of trial evidence/comments
General pain—treats pain, effective at relieving chronic pain, relieve pain from inflammation, pain management for back injuries, may help with bladder pain, helps treat severe pain or post-surgical pain
37 (7.9%)
Not true
-Mixed or insufficient trial evidence.a,b,c,d,e,f
-There is no consistent evidence that cannabis use is useful for general pain and musculoskeletal pain. Most studies of benefit are in patients with neuropathic pain.
Epilepsy/seizures—treats epilepsy, lowers seizure frequency in epilepsy patients, treats Lennox-Gastaut syndrome/Dravet syndrome
33 (7.1%)
Partly true
-Mixed or insufficient trial evidence.c,f,g,h
-There is trial evidence to support use of cannabinoids in refractory epilepsy of children; however, there is no trial evidence for treatment of epilepsy in adults.
Anti-nausea/vomiting from chemotherapy—oral cannabinoids and smoked cannabis can be effective against nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy
22 (4.7%)
True
-Preponderance of trial evidence supports the use of cannabinoid pharmaceuticals in the management of nausea and vomiting of chemotherapy.c,d,e,l There are no high-quality plant-based trial examining the effectiveness of cannabis for the treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy.
Cancer treatment—slows spread of several types of cancer, stops cancer from spreading (at least in cell cultures), slows tumor growth, helps kill cancer cells
21 (4.5%)
Not true
-No trial evidence available.c,i,j Animal and preclinical studies have suggested that cannabis may have anti-tumor properties.
Anxiety—may reduce anxiety, may relieve symptoms of social anxiety
20 (4.3%)
Not true
- There is no trial evidence supporting the use of cannabinoid pharmaceutical in generalized anxiety disorder.c,d,k,l,m,n
-Evidence around social anxiety is mixed. Some trials improve symptoms some trials make it worse.
Multiple sclerosis—decreases spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis, can stop negative neurological effects and muscle spasms caused by multiple sclerosis
19 (4.1%)
True
-Preponderance of trial evidence supporting claim.c,d,e,h,o,p The strongest evidence available pertains to oral cannabis extract (cannabidiol or CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and Nabiximols (combination of THC and CBD) for the treatment of the pain and spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis.
Post-traumatic stress disorder—relieves post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, can help eliminate nightmares associated with post-traumatic stress disorder
18 (3.9%)
Not true
-No trial evidence.k,m,n,q,r
-Cannabis use may negatively affect post-traumatic stress disorder management.
Sleep—helps with insomnia, promotes sleep, can improve sleep quality, helps eliminate nightmares
15 (3.2%)
Partly true
-Mixed or insufficient trial evidence.c,d,s
-Mixed trial evidence for a variety oral plant-based extracts and pharmaceuticals. More evidence needs to establish efficacy for this indication. Some evidence that THC may have long-term harms.
Neuroprotective—can prevent brain damage after strokes and trauma, may protect brain from concussions/trauma, protects against degenerative neurological disorders
15 (3.2%)
Not true
-No trial evidence.c,p Only observational studies showing an association.
Alzheimer’s disease—used to treat Alzheimer’s, may slow progression, treats neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer’s including agitation, anxiety and psychosis
13 (2.8%)
Not true
-Mixed or insufficient trial evidence.m,t,u,v
-Few randomized controlled trials, many with high risk of bias. Better quality studies have been negative.
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×
DISCUSSION
We found that less than 5% of the internet claims about the health benefits of cannabis use were proven to be true based on available evidence. The inadequacy of the current evidence enables the proliferation of untrue claims, which inform the current social discourse on the health benefits of cannabis. More studies on the health effects of cannabis are needed to better inform the public and health care providers. Patients and providers should be cautious consumers of health information on the internet given the current state of the evidence and proliferation of false claims.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Role of the Funder/Sponsor
The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Conflict of Interest
DK reports that her spouse serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of Vedanta Biosciences and provides consulting for Takeda. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.
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