Background
Methods
Study design
Search methods
Database | Search terms | Hits |
---|---|---|
PubMed | Counseling"[Mesh] OR Counseling OR Counselling OR Counsel* OR "Patient Education as Topic"[Mesh]) OR Patient Education) OR consult*OR interact* OR advi* AND Community pharmacy OR "Community Pharmacy Services"[Mesh] OR independent pharmacies OR retail pharmacy OR retail pharmacies OR chain pharmacy OR chain pharmacies) AND Pharmacy[MeSH Major Topic]) OR "Pharmacy"[Mesh] OR "Pharmacies"[Mesh]) OR pharmacists OR "Pharmacists"[Mesh] OR pharmacies AND Randomized Controlled Trial OR Controlled Clinical Trial OR Comparative Study OR intervention studies OR time adj series OR pre test OR pretest OR posttest OR post test) OR impact OR chang* OR evaluat* OR intervention OR random allocation OR evaluation studies Filters: Publication date from 1990/01/01 to 2017/06/07; English | 979 |
Cochrane Library | Counseling or Counselling or Counsel or Advice or Education AND community Pharmacist or community Pharmacists or community Pharmacy or community Pharmacies | 638 |
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | 200 | |
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials | 415 | |
Health Technology Assessment Database | 1 | |
NHS Economic Evaluation Database | 22 |
Study selection
Types of participants
Types of interventions
Type of comparison
Types of outcomes
Types of studies
Data collection
Risk of bias
Data synthesis
Results
Study selection
Characteristics of the included studies
Study (year), country | Study design | Sample size | Retention rate | Targeted care type | Intervention categorya | Outcome measures | Outcome assessment | Follow-up |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basheti (2009), Australia | RCT | IG = 16 CG = 15 | 6 months: IG 15/15 CG 12/16 (87%) 2 years: 12/16 9/15 (67%) | Asthma inhalers | 1, 2, 4 | Pharmacists’ technique demonstration skills | A researcher assessed pharmacists using a scale of 0–9 | 3 and 6 months and 2 years after training |
Chalker (2005), Vietnam and Thailand | Cluster RCT | Hanoi IG = 34 CG = 34 Bangkok IG = 39 CG = 39 | Hanoi 28/34 27/34 (81%) Bangkok IG 34/39 CG 35/39 (91%) | Antibiotic/oral steroids | 1, 2, 3, 5 | Illegal dispensing of prescription and asking questions and giving advice | Simulated patient visits | 3 months after each intervention |
Chuc (2002), Vietnam | Cluster RCT | IG = 34 CG = 34 | IG 29/34 CG 29/34 (85%) | Antibiotic/oral steroids/STD/ARI | 2, 3, 5, 6 | ARI: not dispensing antibiotics and asking about breathing STD: advice to go to the doctor and dispensing the correct treatment Antibiotic and steroids: prescription request | Simulated patient visits | 1 month after each intervention |
de Almeida Neto (2000), Australia (1) | RCT | IG = 15 CG = 15 | IG13/15 CG14/15 (90%) | Non-prescription analgesics | 1, 4, 6 | Observations on 11 pharmacists behaviour measures such as the use of open-ended questions | Audiotaped simulated patient visits | 6 weeks |
de Almeida Neto (2000), Australia (2) | RCT | IG = 16 CG = 8 | IG 14/16 CG 8/8 (92%) | Non-prescription analgesic | 1, 4, 6 | Observations on 9 pharmacists behaviour measures such as asking if the if the consumer had used the medication before | Simulated patient visits | 14 weeks |
Dolovich (2007), Canada | RCT | IG = 33 CG = 31 | IG 29/33 CG 30/31 (92%) | Asthma treatment | 1, 2 | The number of pharmacists-facilitated plans Pharmacists’ general communication skills using the Global Rating Scale | Simulated patient visits | 3–5 weeks |
Garcia (1998), Peru | Cluster RCT | IG = 90 CG = 90 | IG 86/90 CG 88/90 (97%) | Sexually transmitted diseases | 1, 2 | Symptoms recognition, offering of recommended treatment, patient referral and education and counselling frequency | Simulated patient visits | 2–3 months |
Garcia (2003), Peru | Cluster RCT | IG = 884; 750 finished training CG = 883 | IG 100 and CG 100 from each group were assessed | Sexually transmitted diseases | 1, 2, 3 | Symptoms recognition, offering of adequate management, recommend use of condoms, recommend treatment of partner, patient referral and education and counselling frequency | Simulated patient visits | 1, 3, and 6 months |
Kimberlin (1993), USA | RCT | IG = 57 CG = 45 (762 elderly patients) | (100%) | Drug-related problems in elderly | 1, 2 | Drug use variable reports of pharmacist patient care activities, patients’ knowledge about the drug, adherence, and drug therapy problems | Patient-reported assessment | 1 and 3 months |
Lalonde (2008), Canada | Cluster RCT | IG = 22 CG = 20 | IG 14/22 CG 15/20 (69%) 88/102 (86%) pharmacists | Drug-related problems in kidney disease patient | 1, 7 | The numbers of pharmacists’ written recommendations to physicians (pharmaceutical opinions), refusals to dispense a medication, the number and description of requests to the consultation service, and pharmacists’ satisfaction with the programme | The community pharmacy dispensing chart and satisfaction questionnaire | 6 months |
Mayer (1998), USA | Cluster RCT | IG = 27 CG = 27 | IG = 27/27 CG = 27/27 (100%) | Skin cancer | 2, 4 | The rate of skin cancer prevention counselling | Simulated patient visits | 3 weeks |
Patwardhan (2012), USA | Cluster RCT | IG = 8 CG = 8 | IG 8/8 CG 8/8 (100%) | Smoking cessation | 1, 2, 3 | Number of customers asked about tobacco use, number of tobacco users advised to quit, number of users enrolled in the quit line via Fax to Quit (active referral), and number of quit line cards given (passive referral). Pharmacists self-efficacy was also measured | The quit line’s Fax to Quit reports and the pharmacists self-report | 1 month |
Prokhorov (2010), USA | Cluster RCT | IG = 45 CG = 38 | IG 39/45 CG 36/38 (90%) | Smoking cessation | 1 | Pharmacists counselling activities for each of the 5 A’s counselling practice model: ask, advice, assess, assist, and arrange. Pharmacists’ perceived ability, confidence, and intention (ACI) to address counselling activity | Patient-reported assessments and pharmacists self-report | 12 months |
Reeves (2007), Australia | Cluster RCT | IG = 31 CG = 21 | IG 31/31 CG 21/21 (100%) | Aspirin in eligible patients with diabetes | 6, 8 | The rate of clinical interventions | Pharmacists electronic documentation | 6 weeks + weeks post-intervention |
Sigrist (2002), Switzerland | RCT | IG = 14 CG = 13 | IG 14/14 CG 13/14 (100%) | Non-prescription analgesics | 1, 4 | Improvement on 15 attributes related to non-prescription services | Audiotaped simulated patient visits | 2 months |
Sinclair (1998), Scotland | Cluster RCT | IG = 31 CG = 31 | IG 31/31 CG 29/31 (97%) | Smoking cessation | 1 | The perceptions of customers and pharmacy personnel of the pharmacy support and self-reported smoking cessation rates | Patient-reported assessments | 1, 4, and 9 months |
Watson (2002), Scotland | Cluster RCT | IG 1 = 15 IG 2 = 15 IG 3 = 15 CG = 15 | IG 1 15/15 IG 2 15/15 IG 3 15/15 CG 15/15 (100%) |
Vulvovaginal candidiasis
| 1, 3, 6 | The appropriate sale or non-sale of over the counter antifungal (based upon the guidelines) | Simulated patient visits | 5–8 months |
Risk of bias
Study (year) | Was the allocation sequence adequately generated? | Was allocation adequately concealed? | Was the study adequately protected against contamination? | Was knowledge of the allocated interventions adequately prevented? | Were incomplete outcome data adequately addressed? | Was baseline outcome measurement similar? | Was baseline characteristics similar? | Was the study free from selective outcome reporting? | Overall riska |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Basheti (2009) | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
2. Chalker (2005) | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
3. Chuc (2002) | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
4. de Almeida Neto (2000) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
5. de Almeida Neto (2000) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
6. Dolovich (2007) | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
7. Garcia (1998) | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
8. Garcia (2003) | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
9. Kimberlin (1993) | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
10. Lalonde (2008) | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | High | Low | High |
11. Mayer (1998) | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
12. Patwardhan (2012) | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
13. Prokhorov (2010) | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
14. Reeves (2007) | Low | Unclear | Low | High | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
15. Sigrist (2002) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | High |
16. Sinclair (1998) | High | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
17. Watson (2002) | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
Types of interventions
Intervention | Description |
---|---|
Category: interventions targeted at healthcare workers | |
Distribution of educational | Distribution to individuals, or groups, of educational materials to support clinical care, i.e., any intervention in which knowledge is distributed. For example, this may be facilitated by the Internet, learning critical appraisal skills; skills for electronic retrieval of information, diagnostic formulation; question formulation |
Educational meetings | Courses, workshops, conferences, or other educational meetings |
Educational outreach visits | Personal visits by a trained person to health workers in their own settings, to provide information with the aim of changing practice |
Audit and feedback | Any summary of clinical performance of healthcare over a specified period of time. The summary may also have included recommendations for clinical action. The information may have been obtained from medical records, databases, or patient observations |
Clinical practice guidelines | Clinical guidelines are systematically developed statements to assist healthcare providers and patients to decide on appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances (US IOM) |
Local opinion leaders | The identification and use of identifiable local opinion leaders to promote good clinical practice |
Reminders | Manual or computerised interventions that prompt health workers to perform an action during a consultation with a patient, for example computer decision support systems |
Coordination of care and management of care processes | |
Communication between providers | Systems or strategies for improving the communication between health care providers, for example systems to improve immunisation coverage in LMIC |