Background
Methods
Dietary and exercise intervention
Western Diet | Daniel Fast | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrient | g/kg | kcal% | g/kg | kcal% |
Protein | 200 | 17 | 150 | 15 |
Carbohydrate | 500 | 43 | 575 | 60 |
Fat | 210a
| 40 | 109b
| 25 |
Fiber | 50 | 0 | 126 | 0 |
kcal/gm | ||||
Energy | 4.7 | 3.9 |
Ingredient | Western Diet g/kg | Daniel Fast g/kg |
---|---|---|
Casein | 195 | 0 |
Soy Protein | 0 | 170 |
DL-Methionine | 3 | 3 |
Corn Starch | 50 | 0 |
Corn Starch-Hi Maize 260 (70 % Amylose and 30 % Amylopectin) | 0 | 533.5 |
Maltodextrin 10 | 100 | 150 |
Sucrose | 341 | 0 |
Cellulose, BW200 | 50 | 100 |
Inulin | 0 | 50 |
Milk Fat, Anhydrous | 200 | 0 |
Corn Oil | 10 | 0 |
Flaxseed Oil | 0 | 130 |
Vitamins, Mineralsa
| 51 | 51 |
Collection and analysis of samples
Analysis of data
Results
Body and organ weights
Daniel Fast Exercise | Daniel Fast Sedentary | Western Diet Exercise | Western diet Sedentary | P for Group Comparisons | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial Body Mass | 193 ± 3 | 185 ± 6 | 186 ± 3 | 187 ± 4 | |
Final Body Mass | 519 ± 8a
| 515 ± 24a
| 555 ± 22a
| 604 ± 23b
| <0.0001 |
Final Fat Mass (g) | 101 ± 7a
| 124 ± 10a
| 162 ± 8b
| 195 ± 8c
| <0.0001 |
Final Lean Mass (g) | 391 ± 9 | 376 ± 8 | 366 ± 9 | 387 ± 7 | |
Final % Fat | 20.3 ± 1.3a
| 24.6 ± 1.4a
| 30.6 ± 1.3b
| 33.5 ± 1.0b
| <0.0001 |
Liver | 17.2 ± 0.4a
| 16.9 ± 1.1a
| 24.5 ± 2.3b
| 27.1 ± 2.7b
| <0.0001 |
Heart | 1.46 ± 0.04 | 1.31 ± 0.08 | 1.42 ± 0.09 | 1.60 ± 0.06 | |
Spleen | 0.75 ± 0.03 | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 0.75 ± 0.05 | 0.87 ± 0.03 | |
Brain | 2.20 ± 0.04 | 2.12 ± 0.04 | 2.16 ± 0.03 | 2.13 ± 0.04 |
Intestinal dimensions and histology
Responses to diet
Daniel Fast Exercise | Daniel Fast Sedentary | Western Diet Exercise | Western diet Sedentary | P for Group Comparisons | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intestinal Length (cm) | 121 ± 4 | 129 ± 3 | 114 ± 2 | 122 ± 3 |
P < 0.05 |
Intestinal Mass (g) | |||||
Proximal | 2.85 ± 0.18 | 3.19 ± 0.21 | 2.61 ± 0.26 | 2.87 ± 0.15 | |
Mid | 2.64 ± 0.17 | 2.65 ± 0.18 | 2.38 ± 0.27 | 2.82 ± 0.14 | |
Distal | 2.17 ± 0.16 | 2.39 ± 0.21 | 1.87 ± 0.21 | 1.91 ± 0.29 | |
Total | 7.67 ± 0.28 | 8.24 ± 0.55 | 6.87 ± 0.51 | 7.61 ± 0.38 |
P < 0.05 |
Crypt Depth | |||||
Proximal | 158 ± 5 | 147 ± 6 | 121 ± 4 | 125 ± 4 |
P < 0.05 |
Mid | 137 ± 4 | 143 ± 5 | 132 ± 4 | 150 ± 6 |
P < 0.05 |
Distal | 159 ± 7 | 143 ± 6 | 146 ± 5 | 151 ± 7 | |
Villus Height | |||||
Proximal | 592 ± 17 | 625 ± 31 | 512 ± 24 | 505 ± 24 |
P < 0.05 |
Mid | 411 ± 23 | 588 ± 18 | 542 ± 28 | 563 ± 21 |
P < 0.05 |
Distal | 320 ± 12 | 383 ± 11 | 347 ± 13 | 326 ± 12 |
P < 0.05 |
Villus Width | |||||
Proximal | 133 ± 6 | 152 ± 8 | 140 ± 5 | 155 ± 6 |
P < 0.05 |
Mid | 131 ± 5 | 139 ± 7 | 157 ± 7 | 154 ± 7 |
P < 0.05 |
Distal | 153 ± 7 | 126 ± 5 | 142 ± 5 | 131 ± 8 |
P < 0.05 |