Job satisfaction and its associated factors among opticians in Ghana: a cross-sectional study

Ghana has a population of over 30 million people, with more than 12% of the population aged over 60 years (and a population growth rate of about 2%) [25]. With increase in population growth, there is an expected increase in the ageing population and a corresponding increase in diseases associated with ageing [26‐28]. The change in population structure thus places a demand on eyecare professionals, especially opticians, in addressing vision-related disorders associated with ageing (such as presbyopia) [28, 29]. Age-related eye diseases/disorders, such as presbyopia, will result in an increased need for vision/eye care services (such as fitting of various forms of eyeglasses) and thus an anticipated need for more opticians to address this growing concern.

There are about 215 licensed opticians practising in Ghana and currently registered with the Opticians Association of Ghana (OAG). The Government of Ghana (through the Ghana Health Service and the Ministry of Health) is the largest employer of opticians in Ghana. The Allied Health Professionals Council, Ghana, is the body responsible for regulating activities of allied health workers, including opticians, in the country. In Ghana, opticians form a vital part of the eyecare system and play a critical role in eyecare delivery. The job description of an optician, as stipulated by the Ghana Health Service, is to provide efficient and quality eye care services through dispensing and fitting of eyeglasses and optical devices/aids [30]. They supply, fit and adjust ophthalmic lenses and frames, and other vision aids prescribed by optometrists or ophthalmologists. The dispensing optician examines written prescriptions to determine the specifications of ophthalmic lenses and recommends appropriate and suitable eyeglass frames, lenses and lens coatings.

Although job satisfaction surveys and studies have been widely reported for employees in various health cadres, such as nurses [31‐33], physicians [34, 35], and physicians’ assistants [36, 37], very few studies on job satisfaction have been conducted among eyecare professionals, [15] and more specifically, among opticians [38] (even as their role in the eyecare sector cannot be underestimated). They provide relevant advice on lifestyle and occupational visual needs, child care, contact lens fitting and aftercare, and low vision aids [30]. These essential eye health services are significant in achieving VISION 2020 (which is to eliminate avoidable visual impairment and blindness) globally and more particularly in developing countries such as Ghana [39, 40]. In Africa and Ghana, efforts have been made to assess motivation and level of job satisfaction among health professionals, especially general physicians and nurses. However, there is paucity of data on job satisfaction among opticians in Ghana. Additionally, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) “Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030” [41] aims to ensure a well-equipped health workforce that will contribute effectively and efficiently towards the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These health workforces include human resources for eye health such as opticians. Addressing the various job challenges of opticians is therefore crucial in the social, economic and health development of a country and the overall success of the SDGs. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the overall level of satisfaction among opticians in Ghana; and (2) to determine the factors that are associated with job satisfaction among opticians in Ghana. Findings from this study will provide relevant stakeholders with evidence on job satisfaction among opticians in the country and ensure appropriate labour legislation and/or policy revision to preserve the interests of opticians in Ghana. Furthermore, this study will form the bedrock for future job satisfaction studies among opticians in Ghana and provide a prominent record to initiate policies and programmes targeted at forestalling fortunes and preventing deterioration of people becoming opticians.

This study was a cross-sectional survey conducted from January to April 2019 among registered and licensed opticians in Ghana. The study was conducted among opticians working in the 10 regions of Ghana, namely Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Volta, Upper East, Upper West and the Western regions (Ghana had 10 regions as at the commencement of this study, but has recently been increased to 16 regions).

As at the beginning of our study, the professional registry of the Opticians Association of Ghana (OAG) had 215 registered opticians who were all eligible for the study. However, we conducted a further review of the OAG’s database and excluded 20 opticians who had no or incomplete contact information/details. Thus, a total of 195 opticians met our inclusion criteria and were subsequently contacted via email or telephone call/message to participate in the study. Nonetheless, a total of 101 opticians responded to our study, giving a response rate of 51.8%.

This study was conducted in adherence to the declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Committee on Human Research, Publication and Ethics (CHRPE) of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana (CHRPE/AP/069/19). Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the OAG. The purpose of the study was clearly explained to the participants and an informed written consent was obtained from all participants. Each participant was assigned a special identification code to help ensure that their identity was protected, and all data capturing adhered to strict confidentiality. Participants were made aware that there were no risks associated with their participation and that the data obtained would only be used for the study. Participation was voluntary and any participant was at liberty to withdraw from the study at any point in time.

The instrument employed for this study was a validated, structured questionnaire adapted from Paudel et al.[42]. The questionnaires were administered either through a face-to-face interview or via email (Google form) [43]. Two Research Assistants administered face-to-face interviews during on-site data collection whereas data from all online questionnaires were received and managed by the Principal Investigator. It consisted of two parts: the first part, comprising 24 questions, captured sociodemographic data such as age, sex, marital status, number of children, as well as information on practice setting, educational level, regional distribution of opticians, type of work institution, good work–life balance, motivation for choice of profession, first job appointment, duration before first job appointment, working hours per week, years of work experience, reason for choosing opticianry, routine task areas, opportunity to choose another career, and having own/partnered established private practice. Work–life balance refers to the evenly allocation of one's time and focus between working and family, social or leisure activities. The second part consisting of 15 items assessed 15 key factors of job satisfaction including salary; non-financial incentives; job responsibility; co-workers; job security; work hours; supervision; task variety; equipment and facilities; continuing education; workload; control over work pace; support from co-workers, opportunities for career advancement; recognition; work acknowledgement; and participants overall perception of satisfaction (15^th item on the questionnaire). Each item in this section was scored on a five-point Likert scale; where 1 represented ‘very dissatisfied’, 2 being ‘dissatisfied’, 3 = ‘neither satisfied nor dissatisfied’, 4 = ‘satisfied’, and 5 being ‘very satisfied’. The score of each item and the mean score in each dimension were used in the analysis.

The data were analysed using Statistical Product and Service Solution (IBM Corporation IBM® SPSS® Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 Armonk, NY) compatible with Windows 10. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to summarize the sociodemographic factors of the participants. The mean score was calculated for all factors of job satisfaction. Job satisfaction of the opticians was further categorized into two groups: satisfied and not satisfied. Individuals with a score higher than 3 were placed in the satisfied group, and individuals with a score of 3 or lower were placed in the not satisfied group. The association between sociodemographic characteristics and factors of job satisfaction, and the overall level of job satisfaction was analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were then calculated. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

The mean (± SD) age of all participants was 25.3 ± 5.0 years (range: 21 to 47 years). Majority of the participants were males (n = 58; 57%), aged 30 years or less (n = 75; 74.3%), and worked in an urban setting (n = 74; 73.3%). Most respondents’ highest educational level was a Certificate in Dispensing Optics (n = 70; 69.3%). About three out of every four (n = 75; 74.3%) opticians reported that they had good work–life balance. Of note, 44.6% (n = 45) of the sampled opticians had their first job appointment more than 1 year after completing school. Table 1 represents the demographic characteristics of opticians enrolled in the study.

In our study, we found majority of opticians to be working in the Greater Accra (n = 32; 31.7%) and Ashanti (n = 18; 17.8%) regions of Ghana. However, very few opticians worked in the Upper West (n = 4; 4.0%) and Upper East (n = 5; 5.0%) regions of Ghana (the northernmost part of the country). A total of 56.4% (n = 57) of opticians worked in government/public institutions as opposed to 17.8% (n = 18) of them in the private sector of the country. As many as 78.2% (n = 79) of the opticians had been working in their first job appointment. Regarding clinical practice, we found that almost all opticians in Ghana (n = 97; 96.0%) routinely dispensed optical corrections. However, about half of them (n = 49; 48.5%) performed refraction whereas more than 15.8% (n = 16) worked in diagnostic units. Interestingly, almost one in five (n = 20; 19.8%) opticians performed clinical examination, management and referrals (see Table 1).

Table 2 shows the degree of job satisfaction of all participants. The mean score (± SD) for overall perception of job satisfaction was 2.65 ± 0.74, with only 12.9% (95% CI: 7.0–21.0%) of opticians reporting satisfaction with their current jobs. The participants reported job satisfaction levels with regards to salary (3.30 ± 1.21), non-financial incentives (3.21 ± 1.13) and opportunity for continuous education (3.22 ± 1.22). However, less than half of the opticians (n = 49; 48.5%) reported that they were satisfied with their salary. Also, 66.3% (n = 67) participants reported that they were not satisfied with the variety in the tasks delegated to them. A total of 64.4% (n = 65) and 66.3% (n = 67) of the opticians reported that they were not satisfied with their level of supervision (2.88 ± 1.36), and support from co-workers (2.79 ± 1.30), respectively.

Univariate logistic regression analysis, assessing factors associated with job satisfaction among opticians in Ghana, is shown in Table 3. There was no statistically significant association between all sociodemographic characteristics and overall level of job satisfaction (p > 0.05; for all). With reference to factors of job satisfaction among opticians in Ghana, only salary was significantly associated with overall level of job satisfaction (OR: 16.5; 95% CI: 2.06–132.86; p = 0.008). Therefore, there was no need for any model fitting and multiple logistic regression analysis in our study (given that only one variable [salary] was found to be statistically significantly associated with overall job satisfaction).