Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem worldwide, affecting more than 64 million people [ 1 ]. The prevalence of HF is increasing due to aging populations, improved survival from cardiovascular diseases, and the growing burden of risk …

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA), either triggered by light chain (AL) or transthyretin (TTR) deposition in the heart, results in a restrictive relaxation pattern and heart failure (HF) with reduced prognosis [ 1 ]. Exercise limitations can be directly …

The rising prevalence of obesity is a worldwide public health problem responsible for approximately 4 million deaths and 120 million disability-adjusted life years in 2015 alone [ 1 , 2 ]. Rates of obesity continue to rise in both adults and …

The heart failure (HF) syndrome was described as an emerging epidemic about 25 years ago [ 1 ]. Today, HF remains a serious clinical and public health problem as the total number of patients living with HF is increasing, reflecting the chronic …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent comorbidities among patients with HF, especially in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) [ 1 ]. Moreover, in patients where HF and COPD coexist, the prevalence of …

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries, accounting for up to 17.8 million deaths globally [ 1 ]. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) plays a major role within the spectrum of cardiovascular diseases …

Mitochondria are critical elements for cardiomyocyte function and viability [ 1 , 2 ], and preservation of mitochondrial function is relevant for cellular homeostasis not only in normal but also in transformed malignant cells [ 3 •]. Without any …

Heart failure (HF) affects both men and women. However, studies have shown that women are more likely to develop HF with preserved ejection fraction than men [ 1 ]. This difference may be due, in part, to women-specific factors, such as pregnancy …

Following cardiac insult, fibrosis develops by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation that creates tissue microenvironments affected by inflammation and oxidative stress, enhancing profibrotic signaling cascades responsible for tissue …

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a relatively common inherited cardiac condition, thought to affect 0.2% of the population (1 in 500) [ 1 ••]. The clinical manifestations of HCM range from sudden cardiac death at a young age to incidental …

Immune checkpoints are signaling pathways that exert an inhibitory function on the immune system. They lead to an inhibition of T-cell activity by reducing proliferation and triggering apoptosis. The physiological function of immune checkpoints is …

Hyponatremia, defined as a serum sodium (Na + ) concentration < 135 mmol/L, is the most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients, affecting up to one-third of patients with heart failure (HF), being more frequent in advanced disease [ 1 …–

In 2018, the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), in collaboration with the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine (now the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry), the American Society of Transplantation, the …

Improvements in mechanical circulatory support have increased the survival and quality of life among patients with advanced heart failure. Continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation has recently gained extensive application …