Background
Materials and methods
Plant materials and reagents
Preparation of sample extracts
In vitro THR/FXa inhibitory activity assays
HPLC-DAD analysis
LC-SQD–MS analysis
LC–MS/MS identification
Data processing and multivariate analysis
In silico molecular docking of THR/FXa and identified active compounds
Results
Bioactivity-guided fractionation
Multivariate statistical analysis of active compounds from different fractions
Marker compounds | tR (min)-m/z | Ions | VIP | Formula (neutral form) | MS/MS fragments | Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | 43.54–297a | [M+H]+ | 2.63 | C19H20O3 | 279, 264, 251, 223, 208 | Cryptotanshinone |
43.36–615a | [2M+Na]+ | 3.67 | ||||
b | 40.89–277a | [M+H]+ | 2.74 | C18H12O3 | 259, 249, 231, 221, 206, 193, 178 | Tanshinone I |
40.87–575b | [2M+Na]+ | |||||
c | 32.82–279b | [M+H]+ | C18H14O3 | 218, 205, 190 | Dihydrotanshinone I | |
32.94–579a | [2M+Na]+ | 1.57 | ||||
d | 52.17–295a | [M+H]+ | 1.28 | C19H18O3 | 277, 262, 249, 234, 221, 206, 191 | Tanshinone IIA |
51.45–296a | Isotope peak of [M+H]+ | 2.62 | ||||
51.74–317b | [M+Na]+ | |||||
51.84–611a | [2M+Na]+ | 3.60 |
Mass fragmentation analysis of marker compounds
Molecular docking analysis of THR/FXa and identified active compounds
Compounds | Docking energy (kcal mol−1) | Hydrogen bond | Van der Waals | Electrostatic interaction |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cryptotanshinone | − 7.76 | LYS60F, GLU192, GLY193, SER195 | LEU41, GLY216, TRP215, CYS191, ASP194 | TYR60A, HIS57, CYS42, TRP60D, LEU99 |
Tanshinone I | − 8.21 | SER195, GLU192 | HIS57, TRP215, SER214, PHE227, GLY226, ASP189, GLY216, CYS191, GLY219 | SER195, CYS220, ALA190, TYR228, VAL213 |
Dihydrotanshinone I | − 7.80 | ASP189, SER214 | GLY226, GLY216, GLY219, CYS191, GLU192, GLY193, SER195, HIS57, TRP215, PHE227 | CYS220, VAL213, TYR228, ALA190 |
Tanshinone IIA | − 8.07 | – | PHE227, GLY226, ASP189, GLY216, GLY219, GLU92, HIS57, SER195, SER214 | CYS220, TRP215, ALA190, TYR228, VAL213, CYS191 |
Tanshinone IIB | − 8.06 | SER195, ASP189, GLY219 | HIS57, GLY193, GLU192, GLY216, GLU217, CYS220, TRP215, PHE227, GLY226 | TYR228, VAL213, ALA190, SER214, CYS191 |
Methyltanshinonate | − 8.63 | GLY219 | SER195, HIS57, PHE227, SER214, GLY226, ASP189, GLY216, GLY217, GLU192 | ALA190, VAL213, TYR228, TRP215, CYS220, CYS191 |
Trijuganone B | − 8.42 | GLY226, PHE227 | SER195, GLU192, GLY193, CYS220, GLU217, GLY219, GLY216, ASP189, SER214, VAL213, TRP215 | CYS191, ALA190, TYR228 |
Argatroban | − 8.90 | GLY219, GLY216, HIS57, SER195, GLY193, ALA190 | ASP221, CYS220, CYS191, ASP194, GLU217, TRP215, GLY226, SER214, GLU192, LEU99, CYS42, LEU41, TYR225 | LYS60F, TRP60D, ASP189, TYR60A |
Compounds | Docking energy (kcal mol−1) | Hydrogen bond | Van der Waals | Electrostatic interaction |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cryptotanshinone | − 7.52 | HIS57, GLY219 | GLN192, TYR99, SER195, SER214, ILE227, GLY216, ASP189, ASP194 | ALA190, CYS191, CYS220, TRP215, VAL213 |
Tanshinone I | − 8.26 | SER195 | GLN192, TYR99, HIS57, SER214, ILE227, GLY226, ASP189, GLY216, GLY219 | TRP215, CYS191, CYS220, ALA190, TYR228, VAL213 |
Dihydrotanshinone I | − 8.12 | – | ASP189, GLY226, GLY216, GLY219, CYS191, GLN192, GLY193, SER195, SER214, HIS57, TRP215, ILE227 | CYS220, VAL213, TYR228, ALA190 |
Tanshinone IIA | − 7.73 | – | PHE174, THR98, MET180, LYS96 | GLU97, ILE175, TRP215, TYR99 |
Tanshinone IIB | − 7.77 | GLN192, GLY216, SER195, ASP194, GLY193, GLY219 | HIS57, SER214, GLU217, CYS220, TRP215 | TYR99, VAL213, PHE174, CYS191 |
Methyltanshinonate | − 8.37 | SER214, SER195, GLY193, GLN192, ALA190 | TYR99, ILE227, CYS220, GLY226, ASP189, ALA221, GLY216, GLY219 | HIS57, TRP215, VAL213, TYR228, CYS191 |
Trijuganone B | − 8.63 | – | SER195, GLN192, GLY226, CYS220, ALA221, GLY219, GLY216, ASP189, SER214, TYR99, HIS57, ILE227 | CYS191, ALA190, TYR228, TRP215, VAL213 |
Rivaroxaban | − 10.19 | GLY216, THR98, ILE175 | CYS191, GLU97, GLN192, MET180, PHE174, SER195, SER214, THR177, ALA190, GLY219 | CYS220, TRP215, TYR99, VAL213 |