Background
Methods
Participants and interventions
Measures
Measures of participation in PT and IBET programs
Measures of intervention effectiveness
Potential patient characteristics as predictors of PT and IBET use
Results
Participant characteristics
Characteristic | All Participants (N = 259) | Internet-Based Exercise Training Group (N = 124) | Physical Therapy Group (N = 135) |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 64.9 (10.9) | 64.3 (11.5) | 65.5 (10.4) |
Female, N (%) | 183 (70.7%) | 85 (68.5%) | 98 (72.6%) |
Non-White Race, N (%) | 73 (28.4%) | 45 (36.3%) | 28 (21.1%) |
Married or Living with Partner, N (%) | 158 (61%) | 83 (66.9%) | 75 (55.6%) |
Bachelors Degree or Post-Graduate Education, N (%) | 152 (58.7%) | 68 (54.8%) | 84 (62.2%) |
Employed, N (%) | 106 (40.9%) | 47 (37.9%) | 59 (43.7%) |
Fair or Poor Health, N (%) | 34 (13.1%) | 21 (16.9%) | 13 (9.6%) |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 31.7 (8.3) | 31.8 (7.8) | 31.7 (8.7) |
WOMAC Total | 31.5 (17.5) | 31.6 (17.9) | 31.4 (17.3) |
WOMAC Pain Subscale | 6.1 (3.7) | 6.2 (3.9) | 6 (3.4) |
WOMAC Function Subscale | 22.1 (12.7) | 22 (12.9) | 22.2 (12.6) |
2-Minute Step Test | 52.2 (30.4) | 51.9 (29.9) | 52.5 (30.9) |
Social Support for Exercise Scale | 51.8 (18.2) | 52.1 (19.4) | 51.6 (17.2) |
Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale | 57.1 (20.1) | 57.3 (19.7) | 57 (20.5) |
PT group: Associations of number of visits with outcomes
Model without Interaction | Model with Interaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (95% CI) | p-value | Estimate (95% CI) | p-value | ||
WOMAC Total Score | # PT visits | −1.18 (−1.91, − 0.46) | 0.0015 | − 1.97 (− 3.14, − 0.80) | < 0.01 |
# PT visits * time | – | – | 0.10 (− 0.02, 0.21) | 0.10 | |
WOMAC Function Score | # PT visits | − 0.80 (− 1.33, − 0.28) | 0.003 | − 1.29 (− 2.17, − 0.42) | < 0.01 |
# PT visits * time | – | – | 0.06 (− 0.03, 0.15) | 0.17 | |
WOMAC Pain Score | # PT visits | − 0.29 (− 0.46. -0.11) | 0.001 | − 0.54 (− 0.80, − 0.29) | < 0.01 |
# PT visits * time | – | – | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | < 0.01 | |
2-Minute Step Test | # PT visits | 1.57 (− 0.01, 3.15) | 0.05 | 0.99 (−1.92, 3.90) | 0.50 |
# PT visits * time | – | – | 0.08 (− 0.24, 0.40) | 0.64 |
IBET group: Associations of numbers of days on website and outcomes
Model without Interaction | Model with Interaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (95% CI) | p-value | Estimate (95% CI) | p-value | ||
WOMAC Total Score | # of Days on Website | −0.06 (− 0.14, 0.01) | 0.10 | − 0.03 (− 0.12, 0.05) | 0.48 |
# of Days on Website * time | – | – | − 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.00) | 0.06 | |
WOMAC Function Score | # of Days on Website | −0.05 (− 0.10, 0.005) | 0.07 | − 0.03 (− 0.10, 0.03) | 0.32 |
# of Days on Website * time | – | – | − 0.005 (− 0.01, 0.002) | 0.17 | |
WOMAC Pain Score | # of Days on Website | −0.02 (− 0.03, 0.003) | 0.10 | − 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.01) | 0.44 |
# of Days on Website * time | – | – | − 0.002 (− 0.004, 0.00) | 0.10 | |
2-Minute Step Test | # of Days on Website | 0.09 (−0.06, 0.24) | 0.24 | 0.05 (−0.12, 0.21) | 0.56 |
# of Days on Website * time | – | – | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | 0.23 |
Associations of participant characteristics with level of participation in PT or IBET intervention
PT Intervention | IBET Intervention | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bivariate Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | Bivariate Analysisa | |||||||
Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | |
Age (per 10 years) | 0.12 | 0.05, 0.19 | < 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.02–0.17 | 0.01 | 0.16 | −0.07, 0.40 | 0.12 |
Female | 0.02 | −0.14, 0.18 | 0.82 | – | – | – | 0.11 | −0.45, 0.67 | 0.69 |
Nonwhite race | 0.28 | 0.09, 0.47 | < 0.01 | 0.18 | −0.04 – 0.41 | 0.11 | 0.27 | −0.27, 0.81 | 0.32 |
Bachelors’ Degree or Post-Graduate Work | −0.04 | −0.20, 0.11 | 0.57 | – | – | – | −0.30 | − 0.82, 0.22 | 0.26 |
Employed | 0.03 | −0.11, 0.18 | 0.66 | – | – | – | 0.04 | −0.49, 0.57 | 0.88 |
Fair or Poor Self-Rated Health | 0.38 | 0.09, 0.67 | 0.01 | 0.24 | −0.08 – 0.56 | 0.13 | 0.12 | −0.59, 0.82 | 0.75 |
BMI, kg/m2 | −0.007 | −0.02, 0.002 | 0.11 | 0.002 | −0.01, 0.01 | 0.69 | −0.02 | −0.05, 0.02 | 0.30 |
WOMAC Pain Subscale | −0.0176 | - 0.040, 0.005 | 0.12 | 0.004 | −0.02, 0.03 | 0.77 | −0.03 | −0.10, 0.04 | 0.48 |
WOMAC Function Subscale | −0.003 | −0.009, 0.002 | 0.26 | −0.01 | −0.03, 0.01 | 0.16 | |||
2-Minute Step | −0.001 | − 0.003, 0.002 | 0.66 | – | – | – | 0.02 | −0.004, 0.02 | 0.23 |
Social Support for Exercise | −0.003 | −0.01, 0.002 | 0.24 | – | – | – | 0.003 | −0.01, 0.02 | 0.72 |
Self-Efficacy for Exercise | 0.004 | 0.00, 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.003 | −0.001 – 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.01 | −0.005, 0.02 | 0.23 |
Comfort with Internet Use | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.03 | −0.56, 0.49 | 0.90 |
PT Intervention | IBET Intervention | Wait List Group | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | |
Age (per 10 years) | −0.06 | −0.22, 0.10 | 0.48 | −0.12 | − 0.27, 0.04 | 0.14 | − 0.04 | −0.23, 0.16 | 0.70 |
Female | −0.52 | −0.88, − 0.17 | < 0.01 0.004 | −0.23 | − 0.60, 0.15 | 0.24 | − 0.44 | −0.97, 0.09 | 0.10 |
Nonwhite race | −0.42 | −0.836, 0.002 | 0.05 | −0.19 | − 0.55, 0.17 | 0.30 | − 0.21 | −0.75, 0.34 | 0.45 |
Bachelors’ Degree or Post-Graduate Work | 0.69 | 0.37. 1.02 | < 0.001 | 0.27 | −0.07, 0.62 | 0.12 | 0.16 | −0.35, 0.66 | 0.54 |
Employed | 0.06 | −0.27, 0.40 | 0.71 | 0.15 | −0.21, 0.50 | 0.41 | −0.38 | −0.84, 0.08 | 0.10 |
Fair or Poor Self-Rated Health | −0.36 | −0.97, 0.25 | 0.25 | −0.18 | − 0.63, 0.28 | 0.45 | − 0.31 | −0.97, 0.35 | 0.35 |
BMI, kg/m2 | −0.019 | −0.039, 0.001 | 0.07 | −0.03 | − 0.046, − 0.004 | 0.02 | −0.03 | − 0.07, 0.01 | 0.10 |
WOMAC Pain Subscale | −0.03 | −0.08, 0.02 | 0.27 | −0.03 | − 0.07, 0.02 | 0.23 | − 0.01 | −0.08, 0.05 | 0.75 |
WOMAC Function Subscale | −0.004 | −0.017, 0.009 | 0.56 | −0.02 | − 0.030, − 0.004 | 0.01 | −0.01 | − 0.03, 0.01 | 0.29 |
2-Minute Step | 0.009 | 0.004, 0.014 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.006, 0.017 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | −0.001, 0.016 | 0.08 |
Social Support for Exercise | 0.001 | −0.009, 0.010 | 0.82 | 0.02 | 0.10, 0.027 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | −0.005, 0.021 | 0.21 |
Self-Efficacy for Exercise | 0.013 | 0.005, 0.021 | < 0.01 | 0.014 | 0.005, 0.023 | < 0.010 | 0.01 | 0.003, 0.025 | 0.01 |