nach oben

Erschienen in:

2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

22. Harnblasenkarzinom

verfasst von : F. vom Dorp, A. Eisenhardt, P.-J. Goebell, J. Gschwend, G. Jakse, T. Jäger, D. Jocham, A. Karl, R. Knüchel Clarke, S. Krege, G. Lümmen, C. Ohlmann, T. Olbricht, T. Otto, A. Rettenmeier, H. Rübben, M. Schenck, K.W. Schmid, C. Stief, M. Stöckle, S. Tritschler, D. Zaak

Erschienen in: Uroonkologie

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Das Harnblasenkarzinom zählt zu den häufigsten malignen Tumorerkrankungen weltweit. Dieses Kapitel beleuchtet dieses Urothelkarzinom in allen Facetten: von der Epidemiologie über die Risikofaktoren, die onkologischen Kennzeichnungen bzw. Klassifikation dieses urologischen Malignoms. Besonderen Stellenwert genießen die Diagnostik und Therapie sowie die Nachsorge dieser Krebserkrankung. Breiten Raum nimmt die Darstellung des oberflächlichen Harnblasenkarzinoms, des Carcinoma in situ der Harnblase sowie des muskelinvasiven und metastasierten Blasenkarzinoms ein. Auch seltene Formen der Harnblasentumoren werden ausführlich beschrieben.

Babaya K, Takahashi S, Momose H et al. (1987) Effects of single chemotherapeutic agents in development of urinary bladder tumor induced by N-butyl-N- (4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) in rats Urol Res 15: 329–334PubMed

Baker GL, Kahl LE, Zee BC, Stolzer BL, Agarwal AK, Medsger TA (1987) Malignancy following treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with cyclophosphamide. Long-term case-result follow-up study. Am J Med 83: 1–9PubMed

Becker N, Deek E (2003) (Hrsg) Krebsatlas der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

Bedwani R, Renganathan E, El Kwhsky F et al. (1998) Schistosomiasis and the risk of bladder cancer in Alexandria, Egypt. Br J Cancer 77 (7): 1186–1189PubMedPubMedCentral

Brennan P, Bogillot O, Cordier S, Greiser E, Schill W, Vineis P et al. (2000) Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men: a pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies. Int J Cancer 86: 289–294PubMed

Becker N, Holzmeier S; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (2004–2006), Abteilung Epidemiologie von Krebserkrankungen

Cantor KP, Lynch CF, Hildesheim ME, Dosemeci M, Lubin J, Alavanja M, Craun G (1998) Drinking water source and chlorination byproducts. I. Risk o bladder cancer (see comments). Epidemiology 9 (1): 21–28PubMed

Case RAM Pearson JT (1954) Tumours of the urinary bladder in workmen engaged in the manufacture and use of certain dyestuff intermediates in the British chemical industry. Part II: Further consideration of the role of aniline and of the manufacture of auramine and magenta (fuchsine) as possible causative agents Br J Ind Med 11: 213PubMedPubMedCentral

Cole P (1971) Coffee-drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract. Lancet i: 1335

Coleman M, Babb P, Damiecki P, Grosclaude P, Honjo S, Jones J, Knerer G, Pitard A, Quinn M, Scoggett A, De Stavoua B (1999) Cancer survival trends in England and Wales, 1971–1995: Deprivation and NHS Region. Stationary Office, London

Collins J, Acquavella JF (1998) Review and meta-analysis of studies of acrylonitrile workers. Scand J Work Environment Health 24 (Suppl 2): 71–80

Deutz FJ, Rübben H, Küpper W, Hofstädter F (1988) Morphologie der Harnblase und des Darms nach Harnleiter-Sigmaimplantation unter Karzinogenexposition. 9. Symposium Experimentelle Urologie, Aachen 16.–18.6.1988

Donato F, Boffetta P, Fazioli R, Gelatti U, Porru S (1998) Reliability of data on smoking habit and coffee drinking collected by personal interview in a hospital-based case-control study. Eur J Epidemiol 14 (3): 259–267PubMed

Fairchild WV, Spence CR, Solomon HD, Gangai MP (1979) The incidence of bladder cancer after cyclophosphamide therapy. J Urol 122: 163PubMed

Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM (2004) GLOBOCAN 2002: cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. IARC CancerBase No. 5 Version 2.0. Lyon:IARC

Gonwa TA, Corbett WT, Schey HM, Buckalew VM (1980) Analgesic associated nephropathy and transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. Ann Intern Med 93: 249PubMed

Hecht SS, Tso TC, Hoffmann D (1976) Selective reduction of tumorgenicity of tobacco smoke. IV Approaches to the reduction of N-nitrosamines and aromatic amines. Proceedings of Third World Conference o smoking and health. Dept Health Education and Welfare Publ No (NIH) 76: 535

Hicks RM, Walters CL, El Sebai I, El Asser AB, El Merzabani M, Grough TA (1977) Demonstration of nitrosamines in human urine. Preliminary observations on a possible aetiology for bladder cancer in association with chronic urinary tract infection. Proc R Soc Med 70: 413PubMedPubMedCentral

Hoffmann D, Masuda Y, Wynder EL (1969) Alpha-naphthylamine and beta-naphthylamine in cigarette smoke. Nature 221: 254

Hueper WC, Wiley FH, Wolfe HD (1938) Experimental production or bladder tumours in dogs by administration of beta-naphthylamine. J Indust Hyg Toxiol 20/1: 46

Huff JE (1991) Carcinogenicity of ochratoxin A in experimental animals. IARC Sci Publ 115: 229–224PubMed

Irving CC, Murphy WM, Damil DS (1984) Comparative carinogenicity of N-Butyl-N- (3 carboxypropyl)- Nitrosamin and N-Butyl-N (4 hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine for the urinary bladder of (C5BL/6xDBA/2)F1 mice. JNCI 73/3: 753–756

Ito N (1984) Histogenesis of urinary bladder tumors induced by nitrosamine in rats. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 108: 169–173PubMed

Ito N (1988) Early changes caused by nitrosamine in the bladder epithelium of different animal species. Jpn J Cancer Res 79 (4): 413–417PubMed

Johansson SL, Cohen SM (1997) Epidemiology and etiology of bladder cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 13: 291–298PubMed

Karagas MR, Tosteson TD, Blum J, Morris JS, Baron JA, Klaue B (1998) Design of an epidemiologie study of drinking water arsenic exposure and skin and bladder cancer risk in a U.S. population. Environmental Health Perspectives 106 (Suppl 4): 1047–1050PubMedPubMedCentral

Kaufmann JM, Fam B, Jacobs SC, Gabrilondo F, Yalla S, Kane JP, Rossier AB (1977) Bladder cancer and squamous metaplasia in spinal cord injury patients. J Urol 118: 967

Kunze E, Calude J, Frentzel-Beyme R (1986) Associalion of cancer ot the lower urinary tract with consumption of alcoholic beverages – a case control study. Carcinogenesis 7: 163PubMed

Kurahashi N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Tsugane S for the Japan Public Health Center (JPHC) Study Group (2008) Coffee, green tea, and caffeine consumption and subsequent risk of bladder cancer in relation to smoking status: a prospective study in Japan. Cancer Sci [Epub ahead of print]

Larsson SC, Andersson SO, Johansson JE, Wolk A (2008) Cultured milk, yoghurt, and dairy intake in relation to bladder cancer risk in a prospective study of Swedish women and men. Am J Clin Nutr 88 (4): 1083–7PubMed

Larsson SC, Andersson SO, Johansson JE, Wolk A (2008) Friut and vegetable consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17 (9): 2519–22PubMed

Linn JFJ, Rübben H (1995) Die Wirkung von Keyhole-Limpet-Haemocyanin auf chemisch induzierte Blasentumore bei Ratten. Vergleich subkutaner vs. intraversikaler Applikation vs. Kontrollgruppe. 12. Symposium für experimentelle Urologie. 18.03.1995, Berlin

Marcus PM, Hayes RB, Vineis P, Garcia-Closas M, Caporaso NE, Autrup H et al. (2000) Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferase 2 acetylation status, and bladder cancer risk: a case-series meta-analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9: 461–467PubMed

McCredie M, Stewart JH, Ford JM (1983) McLennan RA; Phenacetin-containing analgesics and cancer of the bladder or renal pelvis in women. Br J Urol 55: 220–224PubMed

Micheli A, Mariotto A, Giorgio Rossi A, Gatta G, Muti P (1998) Eurocare Working Group, The prognostic role of gender in survival of adult cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 14: 2271–2278

Morrison AS, Cole P (1982) Urinary tract. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni FJ, Saunders WB (eds) Cancer epidemiology and prevention. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 925

Mostafa MH, Helmi S, Badawi AF, Tricker AR, Spiegelhalder B, Preussmann R (1994) Nitrate, nitrite and volatile N-nitroso compounds in the urine of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infected patients. Carcinogenesis 15: 619–625PubMed

Norpoth K, Woitowitz HJ (1994) Beruflich verursachte Tumoren. Dtsch. Ärzte-Verlag, Köln, S 25–31

Ohkawa T, Fujinaga T, Doi J, Ebisuno S, Takamatsu M, Nakamura J, Kido R (1982) Clinical study on occupational uroepithelial cancer in Wakayama City. J Urol 128: 520PubMed

Olson CA, De Vere White RW (1979) Cancer of the bladder In: Javadpour N (ed) Principles and management of urologic cancer. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 337

Otto T, Rübben H (2004) Prävention des Harnblasenkarzinoms. Urologe A 43: 562–564PubMed

Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferley J, Pisani P (2001) Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000. Int J Cancer 94 (2): 153–156PubMed

Pashos CL, Botteman MF, Laskin BL, Redaelle A (2002) Bladder cancer; Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management Cancer Practice 10 (6): 311–322

Patrianakos C, Hoffmann D (1979) Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. LXIV On the analysis of aromatic amines in cigarette smoke. J Anal Toxicol 3: 150

Pearson RM, Soloway MS (1978) Does cyclophosphamide induce bladder cancer? Urology 4: 437

Pedersen-Bjergaard J, Ersboll J, Hansen VL et al. (1988) Carcinoma of the urinary bladder after treatment with cyclophosphamide for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. N Engl J Med 318: 1028–1032PubMed

Petkova-Bocharova T, Castegnaro M (1991) Ochratoxin A in human blood in relation to Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors in Bulgaria. IARC Sei Publ 115: 135–137

Petkovic S, Multavdzik M, Petronic V, Marcovic V (1971) Tumours of the renal pelvis and ureter: clinical and aetiologic studies. J Urol Nephrol (Paris) 77: 429

Probert JL, Persad RA, Greenwood RP, Gillatt DA, Smith PJ (1998) Epidemiology of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: profile of an urban population in the south-west of England. Br J Urol 82 (5): 660–666PubMed

Ries LAG, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Clegg LX, Edwards BK (eds) (1999) SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973–1996. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda Md, NIH Pub. No. 99–2789

Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Clegg L et al. (2000) SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973–1997. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute

Robert-Koch-Institut (Hrsg.) und Gesellschaft der epidemiologischen Krebsregister in Deutschland e.V., Berlin (2008) »Krebs in Deutschland 2003–2004«, 6. überarbeitete Auflage

Sadetzki S, Bensal D, Blumstein T, Novikov I, Modan B (2000) Selected risk factors for transitional cell bladder cancer. Med Oncol 17: 179–182PubMed

Schulte PA, Ringen K, Hemstreet GP (1986) Risk factors for bladder cancer in cohort exposed to aromatic amines, Cancer 58: 2156PubMed

Shibata MA et al. (1989) The role of BBN in F344 rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 26 (3): 255–265PubMed

Smith AH, Goycolea M, Haque R, Biggs ML (1998) Marked increase in bladder and lung cancer mortality in a region of Northern Chile due to arsenic in drinking water. Am J Epidemiol 147 (7): 660–669PubMed

Vineis P, Pirastu R (1997) Aromatic amines and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 8: 346–355PubMed

Wigle DT (1998) Safe drinking water: a public health challenge. Chron Dis Can 19 (3): 103–107

Wynder EL, Goldsmith R (1977) The epidemiology of bladder cancer: a second look. Cancer 40: 1246PubMed

Zheng W, McLaughlin JK, Gao YT, Silverman DT, Gao RN, Blot WJ (1992) Bladder cancer and occupation in Shanghai, 1980–1984. Am J Ind Med 21: 877–885PubMed

Aghaji AE, Mbonu OO (1989) Bladder tumors in Enugu, Nigeria. Br J Urol 64: 399PubMed

Anderström C, Johansson SL, van Schulz L (1983) Primary adenocarcinoma of urinary bladder. Cancer 52: 1273PubMed

Denzinger S, Fritsche HM, Otto W, Blana A, Wieland WF, Burger M (2008) Early versua deferred cystectomy for initial high risk pT1G3 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: Do risk factos define feasibility of bladder-sparing approach? Eur Urol 53: 146–152PubMed

Ghonheim MA, Ashamallah AK, Awaad HK, Whitemore WF Jr (1985) Randomized trial with cystectomy with preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder. J Urol 134: 266

Hartmann A, Moser K, Kriegmair M, Hofstetter A, Hofstaedter F, Knuechel R (2002) Occurrence of chromosome 9 and p53 alterations in multifocal dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of human urinary bladder. Cancer Res 62: 809–818PubMed

Jakse G, Jakobi GH, Altwein JE (1979) Das Adenokarzinom der Harnblase. Urologe A 18: 86PubMed

Johnson DE, Schoenwald MB, Ayala AG, Miller LS (1976) Sqamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 115: 542PubMed

Obermann EC, Junker K, Stoehr R, Dietmaier W, Zaak D, Schubert J, Hofstaedter F, Knuechel R, Hartmann A (2003) Frequent genetic alterations in flat urothelial hyperplasias and concomitant papillary bladdercancer as detected by CGH, LOH, and FISH analyses. J Pathol.Jan: 199 (1): 50–7

Patterson JM, Ray EH, Mendiondo OA, Medina WD, Gee WF (1988) A new treatment for invasive sqamous cell bladder cancer: the nigro regimen: preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy. J Urol 140: 379PubMed

Quilty PM, Duncan W (1986) Primary radical radiotherapy for T3 transitional cell cancer of the bladder: an analysis of survival and control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 853PubMed

Raghavan D, Huben R (1995) Management of bladder cancer Curr Probl Cancer 19: 1–64PubMed

Richter J, Jiang F, Görög J, Sartorius G, Moch H, Egenter C, Gasser T, Mihatsch M, Sauter G (1997) Marked genetic differences between pTa and pT1 papillary bladder cancer detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Res 57: 2860–2864PubMed

Richter J, Beffa L, Wagner U, Schraml P, Gasser T, Moch H, Mihatsch M, Sauter G (1998) Patterns of chromosomal imbalances in advanced urinary bladder cancer detected by CGH. Am J Pathol 153: 1615–1621PubMedPubMedCentral

Richter J, Wagner U, Schraml P, Maurer R, Alund G, Knönagel H, Moch H, Mihatscg MJ, Gasser TC, Sauter G (1999) Chromosomal imbalances are associated with a high risk of progression in early invasive (pT1) urinary bladder cancer. Cancer Res 59: 5678–5691

Riede UN, Schaefer HE (1995) Allgemeine und spezielle Pathologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart New York

Rosin MP, Caims P, Epstein JI, Schoenberg MP, Sidransky D (1995) Partial allelotype of carcinoma in situ of the human bladder. Cancer Res 55: 5213–5216PubMed

RUTT (Registry of Urinary Tract Tumors) (1985) Harnwegstumorregister. Jahresbericht

Sen SE, Malek RS, Farrow GM, Lieber MM (1985) Sarcoma and carcinosarcoma of the bladder in adults J Urol 133: 29–30PubMed

Silverman DT, Hartge P, Morrison AS, Devesa SS (1992) Epidemiology of bladder cancer Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 3: 421–428

Simon R, Bürger H, Brinkschmidt C, Böcker W, Hertle L, Terpe H (1998) Chromosomal aberrations associated with invasion in papillary superficial bladder cancer. J Pathol 185: 345–351PubMed

Spruck CH, Ohneseit PE, Gonzalez Zolueta M, Esrig D, Miyao N, Tsai YC, Lerner SP, Schmutte C, Yang SA, Cote R (1994) Two molecular pathways to transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res 54: 784–788PubMed

Tyrkus M, PowellI, Fakr W (1992) Cytogenetic studies of carcinoma in situ of the bladder: prognostic implications. J Urol 148: 44–46PubMed

Zhaou J, Richter J, Wagner U, Roth B, Schraml P, Zellweger T, Ackermann D, Schmid U, Moch H, Mihatsch MJ, Gasser TC, Sauter G (1999) Chromosomal imbalances in noninvasive papillary bladder neoplasms (pTa). Cancer Res 59: 4685–4661

Babjuk (2011)

Bachor R, Kotzerke J, Reske SN (1999) Lymph node staging of bladder neck carcinoma with positron emission tomography. Urologe A 38: 46–50PubMed

Bellmunt J, Paz-Ares L, Cuello M, Cecere FL, Albiol S, Guillem V, Gallardo E, Carles J, Mendez P, de la Cruz JJ, Taron M, Rosell R, Baselga J (2007) Gene expression of ERCC1 as a novel prognostic marker in advanced bladder cancer patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Annals Oncol 18: 522–528

Bubendorf (2009)

Burger M, van der Aa MNM, van Oers JMM, Brinkmann A, van der Kwast TH, Steyerberg EC, Stoehr S, Kirkels WJ, Denzinger S, Wild PJ, Wieland WF, Hofstaedter F, Hartmann A, Zwarthoff EC (2008) Prediction of progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer by WHO 1973 and 2004 grading and by FGFR3 mutation status:aprospective study. Eur Urol 54: 835–844PubMed

Fradet (2007)

Fujita J, Srivastava SK, Kraus MH, Rhim JS, Tronick SR, Aronson SA (1985) Frequencey of molecular alterations affecting ras protoonkogenes in human urinary tract tumors. Proc Ntl Acad Sci 82: 3849

Glas AS, Roos D, Deutekom M, Zwinderman AH, Bossuyt PMM, Kurth KH (2003) Tumor markers in the diagnosis of primary bladder cancer. AGregoire M, Fradet Y, Meyer F, Tetu B, Bois R, Bedard G, Charrois R, Naud A (1997) Diagnostic accuracy of urinary cytology and desoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry and cytology on bladder washings during follow-up for bladder tumors. J Urol 157: 1660–1664

Grossma (2007)

Halling KC, King W, Sokolova IA (2002) A comparison of BTA stat, hemoglobin dipstick, telomerase and Vysis UroVysion for the detection of urothelial carcinoma in urine. J Urol 167: 2001–2006PubMed

Herr HW, Donat SM, Dalbagni G (2002) Correlation of cystoscopy with histology of recurrent papillary tumors of the bladder. J Urol 168: 978–980PubMed

Hess (2010)

Kausch l (2010)

Koss LG, Deitch D, Ramanathan R, Sherman AB (1985) Diagnostic value of cytology of voided urine. Acta Cytol 29: 810–816PubMed

Kuroda M, Meguro N, Maeda O (2002) Stage specific followup strategy after cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder. Int J Urol 9:129–133PubMed

Mao L, Schoenberg MP, Scicchitano M et al. (1996) Molecular detection of primary bladder cancer by microsatellite analysis. Science 271: 659–662PubMed

Mian C, Lodde M, Comploij E, Palermo S, Mian M, Maier K, Pycha A (2005) The value of ImmunoCyt/uCyt+ test in the detection and follow-up of carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Anticancer Res 25: 3641–3644PubMed

Murphy WM, Rivera-Ramirez I, Medina CA, Wright NJ, Waijsman Z (1997) The bladder tumor antigen (BTA) test compared to voided urine cytology in the detection of bladder neoplasms. J Urol 158: 2102–2106PubMed

Olaussen KA, Dunant A, Fouret P, Brambilla E, Andre F, Haddad V, Taranchon E, Filipits M, Pirker R, Popper HH, Stahel R, Sabatier L, Pignon JP, Tursz T, Le Chevalier T, Soria J-C (2006) DNA repair by ERCC1 in non-small-cell lung cancer and cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 355 (10): 983–991PubMed

Otto T, Rübben H (1999) Lymphknotenmetastasen beim Harnblasenkarzinom. Ist die radikale Zystektomie indiziert? Urologe A 38: 323–325PubMed

Pedrazzini A, Gelber R, Isley M (1996) First repeated bone scan in the observation of patients with operable breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 4: 389–394

Przbojewska B, Jagiella A, Jalmuzna P (2000) H-Ras, K-Ras and N-Ras gene activation in in human bladder cancers. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 123: 73

Rübben H, Bubenzer J, Bokenkamp K, Lutzeyer W, Rathert P (1979) Grading of transitional cell tumors of the urinary tract by urine cytology Urol Res 7: 83–91PubMed

RUTT (Registry of Urinary Tract Tumors) (1985) Harnwegstumorregister. Jahresbericht

Sarosdy MF, Schellhammer P, Bokinsky G et al. (2002) Clinical evaluation of a multi-target fluorescent in situ hybridization assay for detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 168: 1950–1954PubMed

Sharma S, Zippe CD, Pandrangi Let al. (1999) Exclusion criteria enhance the specificity and positive predictive value of NMP22 and BTA stat. J Urol 162: 53–57PubMed

Sherif A, De la Torre M, Maömström PU et al. (2001) Lymphatic mapping and detection of sentinel nodes in patients with bladder cancer. J Urol 166: 812–815PubMed

Simms MS, Perkins AC, Price MR et al. (2001) 99mTechnetium-C595 radioimmunoscintigraphy: a potential staging tool for bladder cancer. BJU Int 88: 686–691PubMed

tein JP, Cai J, Groshen S et al. (2003) Risk factors for patients with pelvic lymph node metastases following radical cystectomy with en bloc pelvic lymphadenectomy: the concept lymph node density. J Urol 170: 35–41

Steiner G, Schoenberg MP, Linn JF et al. (1997) Detection of bladder cancer recurrence by microsatellite analysis of urine. Nat Med 3: 621–624PubMed

Stenzl (2011)

Szarvas T, Jäger T, Tötsch M, vom Dorp F, Kempkensteffen C, Kovalszky I, Romics I, Ergün S, Rübben H (2008) Angigenic switch of angiopoetins-Tie2 system and ists prognostic value in bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14: 8253–8262PubMed

Tilki et al. (2011)

Tritschler (2012)

Tschirdewahn (2010)

Vlachos L, Trakads S, Gouliamos A et al. (1990) Comparative study between ultrasound, computed tomography, intra-arterial digital substraction angiography and magnetic resonanz imaging the differentiation of tumors of the liver. Gastrointest Radiol 15: 102–106PubMed

van Rhijn et al. (2010)

Voges et al. (1989)

Walmeroth A, Wagner U, Moch H et al. (1999) Patterns of metastasis in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (pT2–4): An autopsie study on 367 patients. Urol Int 62: 69–75

Alken P, Siegsmund M, Gromoll-Bergmann K, Daffner P, Fenner W, Spelz J (2007) A randomized controlled multicentre trial to compare the effects of transurethral resection of bladder carcinomas under 5-ALA induced fluorescence light to conventional white light. Eur. Urol. Suppl 6 (2): 171

Aso Y, Akaza H, Kotake T, Tsukamoto T, Imai K, Naito S (1995) Preventive effect of a lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer in a double-blind trial. The BLP Study Group. Eur Urol 27 (2): 104–109PubMed

Au JL, Badalament RA, Wientjes MG, Young DC, Warner JA, Venema PL, Pollifrone DL, Harbrecht JD, Chin JL, Lerner SP, Miles BJ (2001) International Mitomycin C Consortium. Methods to improve efficacy of intravesical mitomycin C: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Natl Cancer Inst Apr 18; 93 (8): 597–604

Babjuk M, Soukup V, Petrík R, Jirsa M, Dvorácek J (2005) 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced fluorescence cystoscopy during transurethral resection reduces the risk of recurrence in stage Ta/T1 bladder cancer. BJU Int 96 (6): 798–802PubMed

Babjuk M, Oosterlinck W, Sylvester R, Kaasinen E, Böhle A, Palou J (2008) Guidlines on TaT1 (non-muscle invasive) bladder cancer. European Association of Urology

Berger AP, Steiner H, Stenzl A, Akkad T, Bartsch G, Holtl L (2003) Photodynamic therapy with intravesical instillation of 5-aminolevulinic acid for patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer: a single-center study. Urology 61 (2): 338–341PubMed

Böhle A, Jocham D, Bock PR (2003) Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C for superficial bladder cancer: a formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on recurrence and toxicity. J Urol 169 (1): 90–5PubMed

Böhle A, Bock PR (2004) Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin versus mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression. Urology 63 (4): 682–6PubMed

Böhle A, Suttmann H, Brandau S (2006) Wirkmechanismen der intravesikalen BCG-Immuntherapie des oberflächlichen Harnblasenkarzinoms. Urologe 45: 629–636PubMed

Bouffioux C, Kurth KH, Bono A et al (1995) Intravesical adjuvant chemotherapy for superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma: results of 2 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer randomised trials with mitomycin C and doxorubicin comparing early versus delayed instillations and short-term versus long-term treatment. J Urol 153: 934–941PubMed

Brannan W, Fuselier HA, Ochsner M, Randrup ER (1981) Critical evaluation of 1-stage cystectomy – reducing morbidity and mortality. J Urol 125: 640PubMed

Brausi M, Collette L, Kurth K, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA, Newling D, Bouffioux C, Sylvester RJ (2002) EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Collaborative Group. Variability in the recurrence rate at first follow-up cystoscopy after TUR in stage Ta T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a combined analysis of seven EORTC studies. Eur Urol 41: 523–531PubMed

Brosman (1982)

Burger M, van der Aa MN, van Oers JM et al (2008) Prediction of Progression of Non Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer by WHO 1973 and 2004 Grading and by FGFR3 Mutation Status: A Prospective Study. Eur Urol 2008 Oct;54 (4):835–44PubMed

Cai T, Nesi G, Tinacci G, Zini E, Mondaini N, Boddi V, Mazzoli S, Bartoletti R (2008) Can early single dose instillation of epirubicin improve bacillus calmette Guerin efficacy in patients with nonmuscle invasive high risk bladder cancer? Results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled study. J Urol 180 (1):110–5PubMed

Cho KS, Seo HK, Joung JY et al (2009) Lymphovascular Invasion in Transurethral Resection Specimens as Predictor of Progression and Metastasis in Patients With Newly Diagnosed T1 Bladder Urothelial Cancer. J Urol 182 (6):2625–31PubMed

Colombel M, Saint F, Chopin D, Malavaud B, Nicolas L, Rischmann P (2006) The effect of ofloxacin on bacillus Calmette-Guerin induced toxicity in patients with superficial bladder cancer: results of a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter study. J Urol 176: 935–939PubMed

Colombo R, Brausi M, Da Pozzo L, Salonia A, Montorsi F, Scattoni V, Roscigno M, Rigatti P (2001) Thermo-chemotherapy and electromotive drug administration of mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer eradication. a pilot study on marker lesion. Eur Urol 39 (1): 95–100PubMed

Cummings KB, Mason JT Correa RJ Jr (1978) Segmental resection in the management of bladder carcinoma. J Urol 119: 56PubMed

Daniltchenko DI, Riedl CR, Sachs MD, Koenig F, Daha KL, Pflueger H, Loening SA, Schnorr D (2005) Long-term benefit of 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence assisted transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer: 5-year results of a prospective randomized study. J Urol 174 (6): 2129–33PubMed

Denzinger S, Burger M, Walter B, Knuechel R, Roessler W, Wieland WF, Filbeck T (2007) Clinically relevant reduction in risk of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence diagnosis: 8-year results of prospective randomized study. Urology 69 (4): 675–9PubMed

Denzinger S, Fritsche HM, Otto W, Blana A, Wieland WF, Burger M (2008) Early versus deferred cystectomy for initial high-risk pT1G3 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: do risk factors define feasibility of bladder-sparing approach? Eur Urol 53 (1): 146–152 [Epub 2007 Jun 27]PubMed

Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Stephen RL, Capelli G, Navarra P, Massoud R, Vespasiani G (2003) Intravesical electromotive mitomycin C versus passive transport mitomycin C for high risk superficial bladder cancer: a prospective randomized study. J Urol 170 (3): 777–782PubMed

Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Giuriole A (2006) Sequential BCG and electromotive mitomycin versus BCG alone for high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 7: 43–51PubMed

Di Stasi SM, Valenti M, Verri C, Liberati E, Giurioli A, Leprini G, Masedu F, Ricci AR, Micali F, Vespasiani G (2011) Electromotive instillation of mitomycin immediately before transurethral resection for patients with primary urothelial non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 12 (9):871–9PubMed

Divrik RT, Yildirim U, Zorlu F, Ozen H (2006) The effect of repeat transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with T1 tumors of the bladder who received intravesical mitomycin: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Urol 175 (5): 1641–4PubMed

Divrik RT, Sahin AF, Yildirim U, Altok M, Zorlu F (2010) Impact of routine second transurethral resection on the long-term outcome of patients with newly diagnosed pT1 urothelial carcinoma with respect to recurrence, progression rate, and disease-specific survival: a prospective randomised clinical trial. Eur Urol 58 (2):185–90PubMed

Draga RO, Grimbergen MC, Kok ET et al (2010) Photodynamic diagnosis (5 aminolevulinic acid) of transitional cell carcinoma after bacillus Calmette- Gue´rin immunotherapy and mitomycin C intravesical therapy. Eur Urol 57 (4):655–60PubMed

Edsmyr F, Berlin T, Bomann J et al (1984) Intravesical therapy with adriamycin in patients with superficial bladder tumors. Eur Urol 6: 132

Faivre d’Arcier B, Celhay O, Safsaf A et al (2010) T1 bladder carcinoma: prognostic value of the muscularis mucosae invasion (T1a/T1b). A multicanter study by the French Urological Association (CCAFU) Prog Urol 20 (6):440–9PubMed

Fernandez-Gomez J, Solsona E, Unda M, Martinez-Piñeiro L, Gonzalez M, Hernandez R, Madero R, Ojea A, Pertusa C, Rodriguez-Molina J, Camacho JE, Isorna S, Rabadan M, Astobieta A, Montesinos M, Muntañola P, Gimeno A, Blas M, Martinez-Piñeiro JA; Club Urológico Español de Tratamiento Oncológico (CUETO) (2008) Prognostic factors in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin: multivariate analysis of data from four randomized CUETO trials. Eur Urol 53 (5): 992–1001PubMed

Fradet Y, Grossman HB, Gomella L, Lerner S, Cookson M, Albala D, Droller MJ; PC B302/01 Study Group (2007) A comparison of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy and white light cystoscopy for the detection of carcinoma in situ in patients with bladder cancer: a phase III, multicenter study. J Urol 178 (1): 68–73PubMed

Friedrich MG, Pichlmeier U, Schwaibold H, Conrad S, Huland H (2007) Long-term intravesical adjuvant chemotherapy further reduces recurrence rate compared with short-term intravesical chemotherapy and short-term therapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma

Fritsche HM, Burger M, Svatek RS, Jeldres C, Karakiewicz PI, Novara G, Skinner E, Denzinger S, Fradet Y, Isbarn H, Bastian PJ, Volkmer BG, Montorsi F, Kassouf W, Tilki D, Otto W, Capitanio U, Izawa JI, Ficarra V, Lerner S, Sagalowsky AI, Schoenberg M, Kamat A, Dinney CP, Lotan Y, Shariat SF (2010) Characteristics and outcomes of patients with clinical T1 grade 3 urothelial carcinoma treated with radical cystectomy: results from an international cohort. Eur Urol 57 (2): 300–309. [Epub 2009 Sep 12]PubMed

Geavlete B, Multescu R, Georgescu D, Jecu M, Stanescu F, Geavlete P (2011) Treatment changes and long-term recurrence rates after hexaminolevulinate (HAL) fluorescence cystoscopy: does it really make a difference in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)? BJU Int: 10.1111: 1464–410

Grimm MO, Steinhoff C, Simon X, Spiegelhalder P, Ackermann R, Vogeli TA (2003) Effect of routine repeat transurethral resection for superficial bladder cancer: a long-term observational study. J Urol 170 (2 Pt 1): 433–7PubMed

Grossman HB, Gomella L, Fradet Y, Morales A, Presti J, Ritenour C, Nseyo U, Droller MJ; PC B302/01 Study Group (2007) A phase III, multicenter comparison of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy and white light cystoscopy for the detection of superficial papillary lesions in patients with bladder cancer. J Urol 178 (1): 62–7PubMed

Harland SJ, Kynaston H, Grigor K et al (2007) A randomized trial of radical radiotherapy for the management of pT1G3NxM0 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 178: 807–813PubMed

Herr HW (2005) Surgical factors in the treatment of superficial and invasive bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 32 (2): 157–64PubMed

Herr HW (2008) Is maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guérin really necessary? Eur Urol 54 (5):971–3PubMed

Herr HW, Sogani PC (2001) Does early cystectomy improve the survival of patients with high risk superficial bladder tumors? J Urol 166 (4): 1296–1299PubMed

Herr HW, Dalbagni G (2003) Defining bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 169: 1706PubMed

Hinotsu S, Akaza H, Ohashi Y, Kotake T (1999). Intravesical chemotherapy for maximum prophylaxis of new early phase superficial bladder carcinoma treated by transurethral resection: a combined analysis of trials by the Japanese Urological Cancer Research Group using smoothed hazard function. Cancer 86 (9): 1818–1826PubMed

Holmang S, Johansson SL (2002) Stage Ta-T1 bladder cancer: the relationship between findings at first followup cystoscopy and subsequent recurrence and progression. J Urol 167 (4):1634–7PubMed

Holzbeierlein JM, Lopez-Corona E, Bochner BH, Herr HW, Donat SM, Russo P, Dalbagni G, Sogani PC (2004). Partial cystectomy: a contemporary review of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience and recommendations for patient selection. J Urol. 172 (3): 878–881PubMed

Jahnson S, Wiklund F, Duchek M, Mestad O, Rintala E, Hellsten S, Malmström PU (2005) Results of second-look resection after primary resection of T1 tumour of the urinary bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol 39 (3): 206–10PubMed

Jocham D, Stepp H, Waidelich R (2008) Photodynamic diagnosis in urology: state-of-the-art. Eur Urol 53 (6): 113848

Jocham D, von Wietersheim J, Pflüger H, Steiner H, Doehn C, Büttner H, Böhle A, Kausch I (2009) BCG versus photodynamic therapy (PDT) for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer-a multicentre clinical phase III study. Aktuelle Urol 40 (2): 91–9PubMed

Kakiashvili DM, van Rhijn BW, Trottier G, Jewett MA, Fleshner NE, Finelli A, Azuero J, Bangma CH, Vajpeyi R, Alkhateeb S, Hanna S, Kostynsky A, Kuk C, Van Der Kwast TH, Zlotta AR (2011) Long-term follow-up of T1 high-grade bladder cancer after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin treatment. BJU Int. 107 (4): 540–6PubMed

Kausch I, Sommerauer M, Montorsi F, Stenzl A, Jacqmin D, Jichlinski P, Jocham D, Ziegler A, Vonthein R (2010) Photodynamic diagnosis in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and cumulative analysis of prospective studies. Eur Urol 57 (4): 595–606PubMed

Koontz WW Jr, Prout GR Jr, Smith W, Frable WJ, Minnis JE (1981) The use of intravesical thio-tepa in the management of non-invasive carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 125 (3): 307–12PubMed

Krege S, Giani G, Meyer R, Otto T, Rübben H (1996) A randomized multicenter trial of adjuvant therapy in superficial bladder cancer: transurethral resection only versus transurethral resection plus mitomycin C versus transurethral resection plus bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Participating clinics. J Urol 156 (3): 962–6PubMed

Kulkarni GS, Hakenberg OW, Gschwend JE, Thalmann G, Kassouf W, Kamat A, Zlotta A (2010) An updated critical analysis of the treatment strategy for newly diagnosed high-grade T1 (previously T1G3) bladder cancer. Eur Urol 57 (1): 60–70 [Epub 2009 Sep 1. Review]PubMed

Lamm DL, van der Meijden PM, Morales A et al (1992) Incidence and treatment of complications of bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical therapy in superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 147 (3): 596–600PubMed

Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD, Montie JE, Gottesman JE, Lowe BA, Sarosdy MF, Bohl RD, Grossman HB, Beck TM, Leimert JT, Crawford ED (2000) Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Urol 163 (4): 1124–1129PubMed

Lerner SP, Tangen CM, Sucharew H, Wood D, Crawford ED (2009) Failure to achieve a complete response to induction BCG therapy is associated with increased risk of disease worsening and death in patients with high risk non muscle invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol;27 (2): 155–9PubMedPubMedCentral

Malkowicz SB, Nichols P, Lieskovsky G, Boyd SD, Huffmann J, Skinner DG (1990) The role of radical cystectomy in the management of high grade superficial bladder cancer (PA, P1, PIS and P2). J Urol 144: 641PubMed

Malmström PU, Sylvester RJ, Crawford DE, Friedrich M, Krege S, Rintala E, Solsona E, Di Stasi SM, Witjes JA (2009) An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette-Guérin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 56 (2): 247–56PubMed

Manyak MJ, Ogan K (2003) Photodynamic therapy for refractory superficial bladder cancer: long-term clinical outcomes of single treatment using intravesical diffusion medium. J Endourol 17 (8): 633–639PubMed

Mariappan P, Smith G (2005) A surveillance schedule for G1Ta bladder cancer allowing efficient use of check cystoscopy and safe discharge at 5 years based on a 25-year prospective database. J Urol 173 (4): 1108–11PubMed

Mariappan P, Zachou A, Grigor KM (2010) Detrusor muscle in the first, apparently complete transurethral resection of bladder tumour specimen is a surrogate marker of resection quality, predicts risk of early recurrence, and is dependent on operator experience. Eur Urol 57 (5): 843–9PubMed

McKiernan JM, Masson P, Murphy AM et al (2006) Phase I trial of intravesical docetaxel in the management of superficial bladder cancer refractory to standard intravesical therapy. J Clin Oncol 24: 3075–3080PubMed

Miladi M, Peyromaure M, Zerbib M, Saighi D, Debre, B (2003) The value of a second transurethral resection in evaluating patients with bladder tumours. Eur Urol 43: 241PubMed

Mishina T, Oda K, Murata S, Ooe H, Mori Y, Takahashi T (1975) Mitomycin C bladder instillation therapy for bladder tumors. J Urol 114: 217PubMed

Morales A, Ottenhof P, Emerson L (1981) Treatment of residual, non-infiltrating bladder cancer with bacillus calmette-guérin. J Urol 125: 649PubMed

Moutzouris G, Lykourinas M, Malovrouvas D, Tsolo C, Michail E, Gezerlis I, Melekos M, Dimitriadis I, Greek Bladder Cancer Study Group (2007) Prospective, randomized, comparative study of high dose intravesical Epirubicin versus BCG for prophylaxis in intermediate risk superficial bladder tumors. Eur. Urol Suppl. 6 (2): 171

Nieuwenhuijzen JA, Bex A, Horenblas S (2003) Unusual complication after immediate postoperative intravesical mitomycin C instillation. Eur Urol 43 (6): 711–712PubMed

Oehlschlager S, Loessnitzer A, Froehner M, Hakenberg OW, Manseck A, Wirth MP (2003) Distal ureteral stenosis after early adjuvant intravesical mitomycin C application for superficial bladder cancer. Urol Int 70 (1): 74–746PubMed

Ojea A, Nogueira JL, Solsona E, Flores N, Gómez JM, Molina JR, Chantada V, Camacho JE, Piñeiro LM, Rodríguez RH, Isorna S, Blas M, Martínez-Piñeiro JA, Madero R; CUETO Group (Club Urológico Español De Tratamiento Oncológico) (2007) A multicentre, randomised prospective trial comparing three intravesical adjuvant therapies for intermediate-risk superficial bladder cancer: low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (27 mg) versus very low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (13.5 mg) versus mitomycin C. Eur Urol 52 (5): 1398–406PubMed

Okamura K, Kinukawa T, Tsumura Y et al (1998) A randomized study of short-term versus long-term intravesical epirubicin instillation for superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 33 (3): 285–90PubMed

Okamura K, Ono Y, Kinukawa T, Matsuura O, Yamada S, Ando T, Fukatsu T, Ohno Y, Ohshima S (2002) Nagoya University Urological Oncology Group. Randomized study of single early instillation of (2«R)-4’-O-tetrahydropyranyl-doxorubicin for a single superficial bladder carcinoma. Cancer 94 (9): 2363–2368PubMed

Pan CC, Chang YH, Chen KK et al (2010) Prognostic significance of the 2004 WHO/ISUP classification for prediction of recurrence, progression, and cancer- specific mortality of non-muscle-invasive urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic study of 1,515 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 133 (5): 788–95PubMed

Patard J, Moudouni S, Saint F, Rioux-Leclercq N, Manunta A, Guy L, Ballanger P, Lanson Y, Hajri M, Irani J, Guille F, Beurton D, Lobel B; Bernard Lobel and The members of the Groupe Necker (2001) Tumor progression and survival in patients with T1G3 bladder tumors: multicentric retrospective study comparing 94 patients treated during 17 years. Urology 58 (4): 551–556PubMed

Penkhoff H, Steiner H, Dajc-Sommerer E, Bugelnig J, Horstmann M, Lüftenegger W, Scholz M, Hobisch A, Stenzl A (2007) Transurethral detection and resection of bladder carcinomas under white or 5-ALA induced fluorescence light: Results of the first double-blind-placebo controlled clinical trial. J Urol Suppl 177 (4): 358

Quilty PM, Duncan W (1986) Treatment of superficial (T1) tumors of the bladder by radical radiotherapy. Br J Urol 58: 147–152PubMed

Raj GV, Herr H, Serio AM, Donat SM, Bochner BH, Vickers AJ, Dalbagni G (2007) Treatment paradigm shift may improve survival of patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 177 (4)1283–6PubMed

Sarosdy MF, Lamm DL (1989) Long term results of intravesical bacillus calmette-guérin therapy for superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 142: 719PubMed

Sauter G, Algaba F, Amin M et al (2004) Tumours of the urinary system: non- invasive urothelial neoplasias. In: Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein Jl, Sesterhenn I, eds. WHO classification of classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. IARCC Press, Lyon, pp 29–34

Schmidbauer J, Witjes F, Schmeller N, Donat R, Susani M, Marberger M; Hexvix PCB301/01 Study Group (2004) Improved detection of urothelial carcinoma in situ with hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy. J Urol 171 (1): 135–8PubMed

Schwaibold HE, Sivalingam S, May F, Hartung R (2006) The value of a second transurethral resection for T1 bladder cancer. BJU Int 97 (6): 1199–201PubMed

Serretta V, Pavone C, Galuffo A et al (2004) A phase I-II study on intravescal gemcitabine in superficial bladder papillary tumors. J Urol 171 Suppl: 272

Serretta V, Pavone C, Ingargiola GB, Daricello G, Allegro R, Pavone-Macaluso M (2004) TUR and adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy in T1G3 bladder tumors: recurrence, progression and survival in 137 selected patients followed up to 20 years. Eur Urol 45 (6): 730–736PubMed

Shelley MD, Kynaston H, Court J, Wilt TJ, Coles B, Burgon K, Mason MD (2001). A systematic review of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus transurethral resection vs transurethral resection alone in Ta and T1 bladder cancer. BJU Int 88 (3): 209–216PubMed

Shelley MD, Wilt TJ, Court J, Coles B, Kynaston H, Mason MD (2004) Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is superior to mitomycin C in reducing tumour recurrence in high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. BJU Int 93 (4): 485–490PubMed

Soloway MS, Sofer M, Vaidya A (2002) Contemporary management of stage T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 167 (4): 1573–83PubMed

Soloway MS, Lee CT, Steinberg GD, Ghandi AA, Jewett MA (2007) Difficult decisions in urologic oncology: management of high-grade T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urol Oncol 25 (4): 338–40PubMed

Solsona E, Iborra J, Ricós JV, Monrós JL, Casanova J, Dumont R (1999) Effectiveness of single immediate Mitomycin C instillation in patients with low risk superficial bladder cancer: short and long-term followup. J Urol 161: 1120–1123PubMed

Solsona E, Iborra I, Dumont R, Rubio-Briones J, Casanova J, Almenar S (2000) The 3-month clinical response to intravesical therapy as a predictive factor for progression in patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 164: 685PubMed

Stein JP, Lieskovsky G, Cote R, Groshen S, Feng AC, Boyd S, Skinner E, Bochner B, Thangathurai D, Mikhail M, Raghavan D, Skinner DG (2001) Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J Clin Oncol 19 (3): 666–675PubMed

Stenzl A, Burger M, Fradet Y et al (2010) Hexaminolevulinate guided fluorescence cystoscopy reduces recurrence in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 184 (5):1907–13PubMed

Stenzl A, Penkoff H, Dajc-Sommerer E, Zumbraegel A, Hoeltl L, Scholz M, Riedl C, Bugelnig J, Hobisch A, Burger M, Mikuz G, Pichlmeier U (2011) Detection and clinical outcome of urinary bladder cancer with 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence cystoscopy : A multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Cancer 117 (5):938–47PubMed

Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Lamm DL (2002) Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 168 (5): 1964–1970PubMed

Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, van der Meijden AP (2004) A single immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decreases the risk of recurrence in patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 171(6 Pt 1): 2186–90PubMed

Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Witjes JA, Jakse G, Nonomura, N., Cheng C et al (2005) High-grade Ta urothelial carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Urology 66: 90PubMed

Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Witjes JA, Kurth K (2005) Bacillus calmette guerin versus chemotherapy for the intravesical treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 174 (1): 86–92PubMed

Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA, Bouffioux C, Denis L, Newling DW, Kurth K (2006) Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol 49 (3): 466–5PubMed

Sylvester RJ (2007) Intravesical chemotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: what schedule and duration of treatment? Eur Urol 52 (4): 951–3PubMed

Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA (2008) The schedule and duration of intravesical chemotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review of the published results of randomized clinical trials. Eur Urol 53 (4): 709–19PubMedPubMedCentral

Sylvester R, Brausi MA, Kirkels WJ, Hoeltl W, Calais da Silva F, Powell PH, Prescott S, Kirkali Z, van de Beek C, Gorlia T, de Reijke T (2010) Long-term efficacy results of EORTC genito-urinary group randomized phase 3 study 30911 comparing intravesical instillations of epirubicin, bacillus calmette Guerin, and bacillus calmette Guerin plus isoniazid in patients with intermediate- and high-risk stage TaT1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 57 (5): 766–73PubMedPubMedCentral

Thalmann GN, Markwalder R, Shahin O, Burkhard FC, Hochreiter WW, Studer UE (2004) Primary T1G3 bladder cancer: organ preserving approach or immediate cystectomy? J Urol 172 (1): 70–75PubMed

Urdenata G, Solsona E, Palou J (2008) Intravesical chemotherapy and BCG for the treatment of bladder cancer: evidence and option. Eur Urol 7 (Suppl. 7): 542–547

Van der Meijden AP, Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, Hoeltl W, Bono AV; EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Group (2003) Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for Ta T1 bladder tumors is not associated with increased toxicity: results from a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Group Phase III Trial. Eur Urol 44 (4): 429–434PubMed

van Rhijn BW, Zuiverloon TC, Vis AN et al (2010) Molecular grade (FGFR3/MIB-1) and EORTC risk scores are predictive in primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 58 (3): 433–41PubMed

Weiss C, Wolze C, Engehausen DG et al (2006) Radiochemotherapy after transurethral resection for high-risk T1 bladder cancer: an alternative to intravesical therapy or early cystectomy? J Clin Oncol 24: 2318–2324PubMed

Weiss C, Ott O, Wittlinger M, Krause SF, Fietkau R, Sauer R, Rödel C (2008) Treatment options for high-risk T1 bladder cancer – Status quo and future perspectives of radiochemotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol 9: 443–449

Ali-El-Dein B, Abdel-Latif M, Ashamallah A, Abdel-Rahim, Ghoneim MA (2004) Local urethral recurrence after radical cystectomy and orhototopic bladder substitution in women: a prospective study. J Urol 171: 275–278PubMed

Bassi P, Spinadin R, Carando R, Balta G, Pagano F (2000) Modified induction course: a solution to side effects? Eur Urol 37 (Suppl 1): 31–32PubMed

Bassi PF, De Marco V, De Lisa A, Mancini M, Pinto F, Bertoloni R, Longo F (2005) Non-invasive diagnostic tests for bladder cancer: a review of the literature. Urol Int 75: 193–200PubMed

Boehle A, Jocham D, Bock PR (2003) Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C for superficial bladder cancer: a formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on recurrence and toxicity. J Urol 169: 90–95

Bollina PR, Akhtar NR, Labiad AM, Grigor KM (1996) Random mucosal biopsies in superficial bladder carcinoma: when and in which patients. Eur Urol 30 (Suppl 2): 232, Abstract 86

Brown FM (2000) Urine cytology. It is still the gold standard for screening? Urol Clin North Am 27: 25–37PubMed

Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, Leibovich BC, Egan KS, Spotts BE, Bostwick DG (1999) Survival of patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer 85: 2469–2474PubMed

Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, Bostwick DG (1999) Natural history of urothelial dysplasia of the bladder. Am J Surg Pathol 23: 443–447PubMed

Coloby PJ, Kakizoe T, Tobisu KI, Sakamotot MI (1994) Urethral involvement in female bladder cancer paitnets: mapping of 47 consecutive cysto-urethrectomy specimens. J Urol 152: 1438PubMed

Cowan NC, Turney BW, Taylor NJ (2007) Multidetector computed tomography urography (MDCTU) for diagnosing upper urinary tract tumour. BJU Int 99 (6): 1363–70PubMed

Dalbagni G, Russo P, Sheinfeld J, Mazumdar M, Tong W, Rabbani F, Donat MS, Herr HW, Sogani P, dePalma D, Bajorin D (2002) Phase I trial of intravesical gemcitabine in bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Clin Oncol 20: 3193–3198PubMed

Davis JW, Sheth SI, Diviak MJ, Schellhammer PF (2002) Superficial bladder cardinoma treated with b acillus Calmette-Guérin: Progression-free disease specific survival with minimum 1–year follow-up. J Urol 167: 494–501PubMed

De Jager R, Guinan P, Lamm D, Khanna O, Brosman S, De Kernion J, Williams R, Richardson C, Muenz L, Reitsma D, Hanna MG (1991) Long-term complete remission in bladder carcinoma in situ with intravesical Tice bacillus Calmette Guerin. Urol 38: 507–513PubMed

D’Hallewin MA, Bezdetnaya L, Guillemin F (2002) Fluorescence detection of bladder cancer: a review. Eur Urol 42: 417–425PubMed

De Reijke TM, Kurth KH, Sylvester RJ, Hall RR, Brausi M, van de Beek K, Landsoght KEJ, Carpentier P (2005) Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus epirubicin for primary, secondary or concurrent carcinoma in situ of the bladder: Results of a European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Group phase III trial (30906). J Urol 173: 405–409PubMed

Epstein JI, Amin MB, Reuter VR, Mostofi FK and the Bladder Consensus Conference Committee (1998) The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Am J Surg Pathol 22: 1435–1448

Esposti PL, Zajicek J (1972) Grading of transitional cell neoplasms of the urinary bladder from smears of bladder washings: a critical review of 326 tumours. Acta Cytol 16: 529–537PubMed

Farrow GM, Utz DC, Rife CC (1977) Clinical observations on 69 cases of in situ carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer Res 37: 2794–2802PubMed

Fradet Y, Grossman HB, Gomella L, Lerner S, Cookson M, Albala D, Droller MJ; PC B302/01 Study Grou (2007) A comparison of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy and white light cystoscopy for the detection of carcinoma in situ in patients with bladder cancer: a phase III, multicenter study. J Urol 178 (1): 68–73;PubMed

Griffiths TRL, Charlton M, Neal DE, Powell PH (2002) Treatment of carcinoma in situ with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin without maintenance. J Urol 167: 2408–2412PubMed

Herr HW (2003) Tumor progression and survival of patients with high grade, non invasive papillary (Ta G3) bladder tumors: 15 year outcome. J Urol 163: 60–62

Herr HW, Donat SM (1999) Prostatic tumor relapse in patients with supraficial bladder tumors: 15–year outcome. J Urol 161: 1854–1857PubMed

Herr HW, Whitmore WF (1987) Ureteral carcinoma in situ after successful intravesical therapy for superficial bladder tumors: incidence, possible pathogenesis and management. J Urol 138: 292–294PubMed

Herr HW, Pinsky CM, Whitmore WF, Sogani PC, Oettgen HF, Melamed MR (1986) Long-term effect of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin on flat carcinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol 135: 265–276PubMed

Irie A, Iwamuara M, Kadowaki K, Ohkawa A, Uchida T, Baba S (2002) Intravesical instillation of Bacille Calmette-Guering for carcinoma in situ of the urothelium involving the upper urinary tract using vesicoureteral reflux created by a double-pigtail catheter. Urology 59: 53–57PubMed

Jakse G (1999) Carcinoma in situ. In: Hall RR (ed) Clinical management of bladder cancer. Arnold, London pp 149–170

Jakse G, Hofstaedter F, Leitner G et al. (1980) Carcinoma in situ der Harnblase. Eine diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderung. Urologe A 19: 93–993PubMed

Jakse G, Algaba F, Malmstrom P-U, Oosterlinck W (2004) A second-look TUR in T1 transitional cell carcinoma: Why? Eur Urol 45: 539–546PubMed

Jakse G, Hofstaeder F, Marberger H (1980) Wert der Harnblasenzytologie und Quadrantenbiopsie bei oberflächlichen Blasenkarzinomen. Urologe A 19: 92–99

Jakse G, Hall R, Bono A, Hoeltl W, Carpentier P, Spaander JP, van der Meijden APM, Sylvester R and members of the EORTC GU Group (2001) Intravesical BCG in patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: long-term results of EORTC GU Group phase II protocol 30861. Eur Urol 40: 144–150PubMed

Jauhiainen K, Sotarauta M, Permi J, Alfthan O (1986) Effect of mitomycin C and doxorubicin instillation on carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: a Finnish Multicenter Study. Eur Urol 12: 32–37PubMed

Kaasinen E, Wijkstrom H, Malmstrom PU, Hellsten S, Duchek M, Mestad O, Rintala E (2003) Alternating mitomycin C and BCG instillations versus BCG alone in treatment of carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: a Nordic study. Eur Urol 43: 637–645PubMed

Karl A, Tritschler S, Stanislaus P, Gratzke C, Tilki D, Strittmatter F, Knüchel R, Stief CG, Zaak D (2009) Positive urine cytology but negative white-light cystoscopy: an indication for fluorescence cystoscopy? BJU Int 103 (4): 484–7PubMed

Kausch I, Bohle A (2001) Bladder cancer. II. Molecular aspects and dignosis. Eur Urol 39: 498–506PubMed

Koss LG, Deitch G, Ramanathan R et al. (1985) Diagnostic v alue of cytology of voided urine. Acta Cytol 29: 810–814PubMed

Kurth KH, Schellhammer PF, Okajima E, Akdas A, Jakse G, Herr HW, Calais da Silva F, Fukushima S, Nagayama T (1995) Current methods of assessing and treting carcinoma in situ of the bladder with or without involvement of the prostatic urethra. Int J Urol (Suppl 2): 8–22PubMed

Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crawford ED, Montie JE, Scardino P, Grossman HB et al. (1991) A randomized trial of intravesical doxorubicin and immunotherapy with BCG for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. N Engl J Med 325: 1205–1209PubMed

Lamm DL, van der Meijden APM, Morales A, Brosman SA, Catalona WJ, Herr HW, Soloway MS, Steg A, Debruyne FMJ (1992) Incidence and treatment of complications of bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical therapy in superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 147: 596–600PubMed

Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD, Montie JE, Gottesman JE, Lowe BA, Sarosdy MF, Bohl RD, Grossman HB, Beck TM, Leimert JT, Crawford ED (2000) Maintenance BCG immunotherapy for recurrent Ta, T1 and CIS transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized SWOG study. J Urol 163: 1124–1129PubMed

Landmann J, Chang Y, Kavaler E, Droller MJ, Liu BCS (1998) Sensitivity and specificity of NMP–22, telomerase, and BTA in the detection of human bladder cancer. Urology 52: 398–420

Lokeswhar VB, Soloway MS (2001) Current bladder tumor tests: does their projected utility fulfil clinical necessity? J Urol 165: 1067–1077

Lokeshwar VB, Bono AV, Schmitz-Drager B, Droller MJ, Fradet Y, Goebell P, Getzenberg RH, Grossman HB, Habuchi T, Hautmann SH, Hemstreet GP, Marberger M, Messing E, Murphy W, Schalken JA (2005) Bladder tumor markers beyond cytology. SIU Consensus Conference.

Lotan Y, Roehrborn CG (2003) Sensitivity and specificity of commonly available bladder tumor markers versus cytology: results of a comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis. Urol 61: 109–118PubMed

Malmström PU, Sylvester RJ, Crawford D (2009) An individual patient data meta-analysis of the longterm outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette- Guérin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 56 (2): 247–56PubMed

Malmstrom PU, Wijkstrom H, Lundholm C, Wester K, Busch C, Norlen BJ et al. (1999) 5 year follow up of a randomized prospective study comparing mitomycin C and bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 161: 1124–1127PubMed

Martinez-Pineiro JA, Flores N, Isorna S, Solsona E, Sebastian JL, Pertusa C, Rioja LA, Martinez-Pineiro L, Vela R, Camacho JE, Nogueira JL, Pereira I, Resel L et al. (2002) Long-term follow up of a randomized prospective trial comparing a standard 81 mg dose of intravesical bacilli Calmette-Guerin with a reduced dose of 27 mg in superficial bladder cancer. BJU Int 89: 671–680PubMed

May F, Treiber U, Hartung R, Schwaibold H. (2003) Significance of random bladder biopsies in superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 44 (1): 47–50).PubMed

Melamed MR, Koss LH Ricci A, Whitmore WF (1960) Cytohistological observation on developing carcinoma of the urinary bladder in man. Cancer 13: 67–74

Merz VW, Marth D, Kraft R, Ackermann DK, Zingg EJ, Studer UE (1995) Analysis of early failures after intravesical instillation therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin for carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Br J Urol 75: 180–184PubMed

Millan-Rodriguez F, Chechile-Toniolo G, Salvador-Bayarri J, Palou J, Vicente-Rodriquez J (2000) Multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors of primary superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 163: 73–78PubMed

Millan-Rodriguez F, Chechile-Toniolo G, Salvador-Bayarri J, Palou J, Algaba F, Vicente-Rodriquez J (2000) Primary superficial bladder cancer risk groups according to progression, mortality and recurrence. J Urol 164: 680–684PubMed

Morgia G, Falsaperla M, Madonia M, Vacirca F, La Pira G, De Grande G, Nicololosi D, Raciti G, Capizzi G, Serrao A, Torrisi B (2002) Use of BCG in immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer: multicentric investigation on safety and compliance. UroOncol 2: 129–135

Murphy WM, Crbtree WN, Jukkola AF, Soloway MS (1981) The diagnostic value of urine versus bladder washing in patients with bladder cancer. J Urol 1981: 126–320

Nasterlack M, Feil G, Leng G, Pesch B, Huber S, Sievert KD, Johnen G, Taeger D, Mayer T, Kluckert M, Brüning T, Stenzl A. (2011) Bladder cancer screening with urine-based tumour markers - occupational medical experience. Aktuelle Urol 42 (2): 128–34PubMed

Nonomura N, Ono Y, Nozawa M, Fukui T, Harada Y, Nishimura K, Takaha N, Takahara S, Okuyama A (2000) Bacillus Calmette-Guerin perfusion therapy for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in situ of the upper urinary tract. Eur Urol 38: 701–705PubMed

Norming U, Tribukait B, Gustafson H, Nyman CR, Wang NN, Wijkstrom H (1992) Deoxyribonucleic acid profile and tumor progression in primary carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a study of 63 patients with grade 3 lesions. J Urol 147: 11–15PubMed

Ovesen H, Horn T, Steven K (1997) Long-term efficacy of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin for carcinoma in situ: relationship of progression to histological response and p53 nuclear accumulation. J Urol 157: 1655–1659PubMed

Palou J, Salvador J, Parada R, Chechile G, Millan F, Vicente J (2001) Carcinoma in situ of the prostatic urethra: the role of intravesical BCG. Urol Integr Invest 6: 165–170

Pansadoro V, Emiliozii P, de Paula F, Scarpone P, Pansadoro A, Sternberg CN (2002) Long-term follow-up of G3T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder treated with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin: 18–year experience, Urology, Volume 59, Issue 2: 227–231PubMed

Ramakumar S, Bhuijan J, Besse JA, Roberts SG, Wollan PC, Blute ML (1999) Comparison of screening methods in the detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 161: 388–394PubMed

Saad F, Clarke N, Colombel M (2006) Natural history and treatment of bone complications in prostate cancer. Eur Urol 49) 429–440

Saint F, Irani J, Patard JJ, Salmon L, Hoznek A, Zammattio S, Debois H, Abbou CC, Chopin DK (2001) Tolerability of bacille Calmette-Guerin maintenance therapy for superficial bladder cancer. Urol 57: 883–888PubMed

Sarosdy MF, Manyak MJ, Sagalowsky AI, Belldegrun A, Benson MC, Bihlre W, Caroll PR, Ellis WJ, Hudon M, Sharkey FE (1998) Oral bropirimine immunotherapy of bladder carcinoma in situ after prior intravesical bacille calmette-guérin. Urology 51: 226–231PubMed

Sauter G, Algabe F, Amin M, Busch C, Cheville J, Gasser T et al. (2004) Non invasive urothelial neoplasias. WHO classification of non-invasive papillary urothelial tumors. In: Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, Stesterhenn I (eds) Wordl Health Organization classification of tujors. Pathology and genetics: Tumors of the urinary system and male genital organs. IARCC Press, Lyon, pp 89–157

Schellhammer PF, Lagoda LE, Moriatry RP (1995) Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin for treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the prostatic urethra in association with carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 153: 53–56PubMed

Schmidbauer J, Witjes F, Schmeller N, Donat R, Susani M, Marberger M (2004) Improved detection of urothelial carcinoma in situ with hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy. J Urol 171: 135–138PubMed

Schwalb DM, Herr HW, Sogani PC, Russo P, Sheinfeld J, Fair WR (1992) Upper tract disease following intravesical BCG for superficial bladder cancer: five year follow-up. J Urol 147 (Suppl): 273A, 237

Shariat SF, Pahlavan S, Baseman AG, Brown RM, Green AE, Wheeler TM, Lerner SP (2001) E-cadherin expression predicts clinical outcome in carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Urol 57: 60–65PubMed

Shariat SF, Kim J, Raptidis G, Ayala GE, Lerner S (2003) Association of p53 and p21 expression with clinical outcome in patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Urol 61: 1140–1145PubMed

Shariat SF, Zippe C, Ludecke G, Boman H, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Casella R et al. (2005) Nomograms including nuclear matrix protein 22 for prediction of disease recurrence and progression in patients with Ta, T1 or CIS transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 173 (5): 1518–1525PubMed

Sharkey FE, Sarosdy MF (1997) The significance of central pathology review in clinical studies of transitional cell carcinoma in situ. J Urol 157: 68–70PubMed

Shelley MD, Court JB, Kynaston H et al. (2003) Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T1 bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD003231

Sobin LH, Wittekind C (2002) Union Internationale Contre le Cancer. TNM Classification of malignant tumors, 6th edition. Wiley-Liss, New York

Solsona E, Iborra I, Ricos JV, Monros JL, Dumont R, Casanova J, Calabuig C (1991) Carcinoma in situ associated with superficial bladder tumor. Eur Urol 19: 93–96PubMed

Solsona E, Iborra I, Ricos JV, Monros JL, Dumont R, Almenar S (1996) Extravesical involvement in patients with bladder carcinoma in situ: biological and therapy implications. J Urol 155: 895–900PubMed

Solsona E, Iborra I, Ricos JV, Dumont R, Casanova JL, Calabuig C (1997) Upper urinary tract involvement in patients with bladder carcinoma in situ (Tis): its impact on management. Urol 49: 347–352PubMed

Stein JP, Cote RK,. Freeman JA, Esrig D, Elmajian DA, Groshen S et al: Indications for lower urinary tract reconstruction in women after cystectomy for bladder ance: a pathological review of female cystectomy specimens. J Urol 154: 1329

Steinberg G, Bahnson R, Brosman S, Middleton R, Wajsman Z, Wehle M (2000) Efficacy and safety of valrubicin for the treatment of bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory carcinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol 163: 761–767PubMed

Studer UE, Casanova G, Kraft R, Zingg EJ (1989) Percutaneous Bacillus Calmette-Guerin perfuision of the upper urinary tract for carcinoma in situ. J Urol 142: 975PubMed

Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM, Lamm DL (2002) Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol: 168: 1964–1970PubMed

Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA, Bouffioux C, Denis L, Newling DWW, Kurth Kh (2006) Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage T1 T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol 49: 466–477PubMed

Sylvester RJ, Brausi MA, Kirkels WJ et al.; EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Group (2010) Long-term efficacy results of EORTC Genito-Urinary Group randomized phase 3 study 30911 comparing intravesical instillations of epirubicin, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus isoniazid in patients with intermediate- and high-risk stage Ta T1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 57 (5): 766–73PubMedPubMedCentral

Thalmann GN, Markwalder R, Walter B, Studer UE (2002) Long-term experience with bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients not eligible for surgery. J Urol 168: 1381–1385PubMed

Utz DC, Zincke H (1974) The masquerade of bladder cancer in situ of the bladder. The case for surgical management. Urol Clin N Am 7: 533–542

Van der Meijden APM, Sylvester R, Oosterlinck W, Solsona E, Bohele A, Lobel B, Rintale E for the EAU Working Party on Non Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (2005) EAU Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ. Eur Urol 48: 363–371

Van der Meijden APM, Brausi M, Zambon V, Kirkels W, de Balincourt C, Sylvester R (2001) Intravesical instillation of epirubicin, bacillus Calmette-Guerin and bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus isoniazid for intermediate and high risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the bladder: a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Group randomized phase III trial. J Urol 166: 476–481

Van der Meijden APM, Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, Hoeltl W, Bono AV (2003) Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin for Ta T1 bladder tumors is not associated with increased toxicity: Results from a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Group phase III trial. Eur Urol 44: 429–434

Van Der Molen AJ, Cowan NC, Mueller-Lisse UG et al.; CT Urography Working Group of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) (2008) CT urography: definition, indications and techniques. A guideline for clinical practice. Eur Radiol 18 (1): 4–17

Van Gils-Gielen RJM, Witjes WPJ, Caris CTM, Debruyne FMJ, Witjes JA, Oosterhof GON (1995) Risk factors in carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Urol 45: 581–586

Vegt PD, Witjes JA, Witjes WP, Doesburg WH, Debruyne FM, van der Meijden AP (1995) A randomized study of intravesical mitomycin C, bacillus Calmette-Guerin Tice and bacillus Calmette-Guerin RIVM treatment in pTa-pT1 papillary carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol 153: 929–933PubMed

Wijkström H, Kasinen E (1999) The urothelial cancer group of the Nordic Association of Urology: a Nordic study comparting intravesical instillations of alternating mitomycin C and BCG with BCG alone in carcinoma in situ of the urinary blader. J. Urol Suppl A: 1107: 286

Williams RD, Gleason DM, Smith AY, Zinner NR, Sagalowsky AI, Montie JE, Brosman SA, Marks LS, Brito G, Boxer RJ, Blank BH, Neri R, Rudeen J (1996) Pilot study of intravesical alpha-2b interferon for treatment of bladder carcinoma in situ following BCG failure. J Urol 155 (Supplement), 494A, Abstract 735

Witjes JA, Kiemneney LALM, Verbeek ALM et al. (1992) Random biopsies and the risk of recurrent superficial bladder cancer: a prospective study in 1026 patients. Wordld J Urol 10: 231–234

Witjes JA, van der Meijden APM, Collette L, Sylvester R, Debruyne FMJ., van Aubel A., Witjes WPJ (1998) Long-term follow-up of an EORTC randomized prospective trial comparing intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin-RIVM and Mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer. Urol 52: 403–410PubMed

Witjes AJ, Hendricksen K, Gofrit O, Risi O, Nativ O (2009) Intravesical hyperthermia and mitomycin-C for carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: experience of the European Synergo working party. World J Urol 27 (3): 319–324

Witjes WPJ, Konig M, Boeminghaus FP, Hall RR, Schulman CC, Zurlo M, Fittipaldo A, Riggi M, Debruyne FMJ for the European Bropirimine Study Group (1999) Results of a European comparative randomized study comparing oral bropirimine versus intravesical BCG treatment in BCG naïve patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Eur Urol 36: 576–581PubMed

Wolf H, Melsen F, Pedersen SE, Nielsen KT (1994) Natural history of carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol 157: 147–151

Zaak D, Hungerhuber E, Schneede P, Stepp H, Frimberger D, Corvin S, Schmeller N, Kriegmair M, Hofstetter A, Knuechel R (2002) Role of 5-aminolevulinic acid in the detection of urothelial premalignant lesions. Cancer 95: 1234–1238PubMed

ABC – Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis Collaboration (2003) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 361: 1927–1934

ABC – Advanced Bladder cancer Meta Analysis Collaboration (2005a) Adjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Eur Urol 48: 189–201

ABC – Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis Collaboration. (2005b) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of systemic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Advanced bladder cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis collaboration Eur Urol 48: 202–206

Bardot F, Montie JE (1991) Urethral recurrence after cystoprostatectomy. J Urol 145: 501

Blandy JP, England HR, Evans SJ et al. (1980) T3 bladder cancer–the case for salvage cystectomy. Br J Urol 52: 506–510PubMed

Bono AV, Benvenuti C, Gibba A, Guazzeri S, Cosciani-Cunico S, Anselmo G, et al. (1997) Adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced bladder cancer. Final analysis of a controlled multicentre study. Acta Urol Ital 11: 5–8

Brannan W, Fuselier HA Jr, Ochsner M, Randrup ER (1981) Critical evaluation of 1-stage cystectomy–reducing morbidity and mortality. J Urol 125: 640–642PubMed

Brendler CB, Steinberg GD, Marshall FF, Mostwin JL, Walsh PC. (1990) Local recurrence and survival following nerve-sparing radical cystoprostatectomy. J Urol 144: 1137–11340PubMed

Canda AE, Atmaca AF, Altinova S, Akbulut Z, Balbay MD (2011) Robot-assisted radiacal cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection (PNLD) and intracorporeal urinary diversion for bladder cancer: initial experience in 27 cases. BJU Int 110:434–444PubMed

Chang SS, Cole E, Cookson MS, Peterson M, Smith JA Jr. (2002) Preservation of the anterior vaginal wall during female radical cystectomy with orthotopic urinary diversion: technique and results. J Urol 168: 1442–1445PubMed

Clark PE, Stein JP, Groshen SG, Miranda G, Cai J, Lieskovsky G, Skinner DG. (2004) The management of urethral transitional cell carcinoma after radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 172: 1342–1347PubMed

Colombo R, Hautmann RE (2008) Open to debate. The motion: seminal-nerve sparing radical cystectomy is an efficacious and safe treatment for selected bladder cancer patients. Eur Urol 53:: 203–207PubMed

Coppin CM, Gospodarowicz MK, James K et al. (1996) Improved local control of invasive bladder cancer by concurrent cisplatin and preoperative or definitive radiation. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 14: 2901–2907PubMed

Dhar NB, Klein EA, Reuther AM et al (2007) Outcome after radical cystectomy with limited or extended pelvic lymph node dissection. J Urol 179:873–878

Einstein AB, Shipley W, Coombs J, Cummings KB, Soloway MS, Hawkins I, for the National Bladder Cancer Cooperative Group (1984) Cisplatin as adjunctive treatment for invasive bladder carcinoma: Tolerance and toxicities. Urology 23: 110–117PubMed

Fleischmann A, Thalmann GN, Markwalder R, Studer UE (2005) Prognostic implications of extracapsular extension of pelvic lymph node metastases in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Am J Surg Pathol 29: 89–95PubMed

Freiha FS (1980) Complications of cystectomy. J Urol 123: 168–169PubMed

Freiha F, Reese J, Torti FM (1996) A Randomised Trial of Radical Cystectomy versus Radical Cystectomy plus Cisplatin, Vinblastine and Methotrexate Chemotherapy for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Urol 155: 495–500PubMed

Goffinet DR, Schneider MJ, Glatstein EJ et al. (1975) Bladder cancer: results of radiation therapy in 384 patients. Radiology 117: 149–153PubMed

Goodman GB, Hislop TG, Elwood JM et al. (1981) Conservation of bladder function in patients with invasive bladder cancer treated by definitive irradiation and selective cystectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7: 569–573PubMed

Greiner R, Skaleric C, Veraguth P (1977) The prognostic significance of ureteral obstruction in carcinoma of the bladder. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2: 1095–1100PubMed

Grossman et al. (2003)

Gschwend JE, Dahm P, Fair WR (2002) Disease specific survival as endpoint of outcome for bladder cancer patients following radical cystectomy. Eur Urol 41: 440–448PubMed

Hagan MP, Winter KA, Kaufman DS et al. (2003) RTOG 97–06: initial report of a phase I-II trial of selective bladder conservation using TURBT, twice-daily accelerated irradiation sensitized with cisplatin, and adjuvant MCV combination chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57: 665–672PubMed

Hassan JM, Cookson MS, Smith JA Jr, Chang SS (2004a) Urethral recurrence in patients following orthotopic urinary diversion. J Urol 172: 1338–1341

Hassan JM, Cookson MS, Smith JA Jr, Johnson DL, Chang SS (2004b) Outcomes in patients with pathological carcinoma in situ only disease at radical cystectomy. J Urol 172: 882–884

Hautmann RE, Paiss T (1998) Does the option of the ileal neobladder stimulate patient and physician decision toward earlier cystectomy? J Urol 159: 1845–18450PubMed

Hautmann RE, Simon J (1999) Ileal neobladder and local recurrence of bladder cancer: patterns of failure and impact on function in men. J Urol 162: 1963–1966PubMed

Henningsohn L, Wijkstrom H, Dickman PW et al. (2002) Distressful symptoms after radical radiotherapy for urinary bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol 62: 215–225PubMed

Henry K, Miller J, Mori M, Loening S, Fallon B (1988) Comparison of transurethral resection to radical therapies for stage B bladder tumors. J Urol 140: 964–967PubMed

Herr HW (1987) Conservative management of muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer: prospective experience. J Urol 138: 1162–1163PubMed

Holzbeierlein JM, Lopez-Corona E, Bochner BH, Herr HW, Donat SM, Russo P, Dalbagni G, Sogani PC (2004) Partial cystectomy: a contemporary review of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience and recommendations for patient selection. J Urol 172: 878–881PubMed

Horwich A, Pendlebury S, Dearnaley DP (1995) Organ conservation in bladder cancer. Eur J Cancer Suppl 31: 208

Kachnic LA, Kaufman DS, Heney NM et al. (1997) Bladder preservation by combined modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 15: 1022–1029PubMed

Kaufman DS, Winter KA, Shipley WU et al. (2000) The initial results in muscle-invading bladder cancer of RTOG 95–06: phase I/II trial of transurethral surgery plus radiation therapy with concurrent cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil followed by selective bladder preservation or cystectomy depending on the initial response. Oncologist 5: 471–476PubMed

Kulkarni JN, Pramesh CS, Rathi S, Pantvaidya GH (2003) Long-term results of orthotopic neobladder reconstruction after radical cystectomy. BJU Int 91: 485–488PubMed

Lebret T, Herve JM, Yonneau L, Barre P, Lugagne PM, Butreau M, Molinie V, Botto H (2000) Study of survival after cystectomy for bladder cancer. Report of 504 cases Prog Urol 10: 553–560PubMed

Leissner J, Ghonheim MA, Abol-Enein H et al (2004) Extended radical lymphadenectomy in patients with urothelial bladder cancer:results of a prospective multicenter study. J Urol 171:139–144PubMed

Leissner J, Allhoff EP, Hohenfellner R et al. (2003) Stellenwert der pelvinen Lymphadenektomie für Therapie und Prognose des Harnblasenkaruzinoms. Aktuel Urol 34:392–397

Liedberg F, Chebil G, Davidsson T, Malmstrom PU, Sherif A, Mansson W (2003) Transitional cell carcinoma der Prostata im Zystoprostatektomiepräparat. Aktuelle Urol 34: 333–336PubMed

Madersbacher S, Hochreiter W, Burkhard F, Thalmann GN, Danuser H, Markwalder R, Studer UE (2003) Radical cystectomy for bladder cancer today–a homogeneous series without neoadjuvant therapy. J Clin Oncol 21: 690–696PubMed

Miller K, Wenderoth UK, de Petriconi R, Kleinschmidt K, Hautmann R. (1991) The ileal neobladder. Operative technique and results. Urol Clin North Am.18: 623–630PubMed

Miller LS (1977) Bladder cancer (1977) superiority of preoperative irradiation and cystectomy in clinical stages B2 and C. Cancer 39: 973–980PubMed

Miller LS, Johnson DE (1973) Megavoltage irradiation for bladder cancer: alone, postoperative, or preoperative? Genitourin Cancer 10: 771–782

Morrison R (1975) The results of treatment of cancer of the bladder - a clinical contribution to radiobiology. Clin Radiol 26: 67–75PubMed

Nix et al. (2010)

Novick AC, Stewart BH (1976) Partial cystectomy in the treatment of primary and secondary carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 116: 570–574PubMed

Ong CH, Schmitt M, Thalmann GN, Studer UE (2010) Individualized seminal vesicle sparing cystoprostatectomy combined with ileal orthotopic bladder substitution achieves good functional results. J Urol 183: 1337–1341PubMed

Otto T, Börgermann C, Krege S, Rübben H (2001) Radical cystectomy +/-adjuvant chemotherapy in bladder cancer: A randomized phase III study. J Urol 165: 279

Parmar Mahesh KB, Burdett S (1999) Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy. In: Hall R, editor. Clinical management of bladder cancer 1 ed. London: Arnold; 249–263

Perdona S, Autorino R, Damiano R, De Sio M, Morrica B, Gallo L, Silvestro G, Farella A, De Placido S, Di Lorenzo G (2008) Bladder-sparing, combined modality approach for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a multi-institutional, long-term experience. Cancer 112:75–83PubMed

Pisters LL, Westney L (1996) The management of locally recurrent invasive bladder cancer following radical cystectomy. Semin Urol Oncol 14: 112–119PubMed

Poulsen AL, Horn T, Steven K (1998) Radical cystectomy: extending the limits of pelvic lymph node dissection improves survival of patients with bladder cancer confined to the bladder wall. J Urol 160:2015–2019PubMed

Pritchett TR, Schiff WM, Klatt E, Lieskovsky G, Skinner DG (1988) The potency-sparing radical cystectomy: does it compromise the completeness of the cancer resection? J Urol 140: 1400–1403PubMed

Richards B, Bastable JRG, Freedman L, Glashan RW, Harris G, Newling DWW, et al. (1983) Adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin, and 5-florouracil in T3, NX, MO bladder cancer treated with radiotherapy. Br J Urol 55: 386–391PubMed

Rödel C (2004) Current status of radiation therapy and combined-modality treatment for bladder cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 180: 701–709PubMed

Rödel C, Grabenbauer GG, Kuhn R et al. (2002) Combined-modality treatment and selective organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: long-term results. J Clin Oncol 20: 3061–3071PubMed

RUTT – Registry of Urinary Tract Tumors (1985) Harnwegstumorregister. Jahresbericht. Verh Dtsch Ges Urol 37: 665

Sanchez-Ortiz RF, Huang WC, Mick R, van Arsdalen KN, Wein AJ, Malkowicz SB (2003) An interval longer than 12 weeks between the diagnosis of muscle invasion and cystectomy is associated with worse outcome in bladder carcinoma. J Urol 169:110–115PubMed

Schilling A, Friesen A (1990) Transprostatic selective cystectomy with an ileal bladder. Eur Urol 18: 253–257PubMed

Schubert J (1988) Status and trends of curative therapeutic procedures in localized prostate cancer. Z Urol Nephrol 1988 81: 525–532PubMed

Schuster TG, Smith DC, Montie JE (2001) Pelvic recurrences post cystectomy: current treatment strategies. Semin Urol Oncol 19: 45–50PubMed

Sell A, Jakobsen A, Nerstrom B et al. (1991) Treatment of advanced bladder cancer category T2 T3 and T4a. A randomized multicenter study of preoperative irradiation and cystectomy versus radical irradiation and early salvage cystectomy for residual tumor. DAVECA protocol 8201. Danish Vesical Cancer Group. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 138: 193–201PubMed

Sevin G, Soyupek S, Armagan A, Hoscan MB, Dilmen C, Tukel O (2004) What is the ratio of urethral recurrence risk after radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer? Int Urol Nephrol 36: 523–527PubMed

Sherif A, Holmberg L, Rintala E, Mestad O, Nilsson J, Nilsson S, Malmström PU, Nordic urothelial cancer group (2004) Neoadjuvant cisplatinum based combination chemotherapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer: a combined analysis of two Nordic studies. Eur Urol 45:297–303PubMed

Shipley WU, Rose MA, Perrone TL et al. (1985) Full-dose irradiation for patients with invasive bladder carcinoma: clinical and histological factors prognostic of improved survival. J Urol 134: 679–683PubMed

Shipley WU, Winter KA, Kaufman DS et al. (1998) Phase III trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer treated with selective bladder preservation by combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy: initial results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 89–03. J Clin Oncol 16: 3576–3583PubMed

Shipley WU, D’Amico AV, Zietman AL et al. (2000) Radiation oncology update. Urol Oncol 6: 29–30PubMed

Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, Zehr E, Heney NM, Lane SC, Thakral HK, Althausen AF, Zietman AL (2002) Selective bladder preservation by combined modality protocol treatment: long-term outcomes of 190 patients with invasive bladder cancer. Urology 60: 62–67PubMed

Simon J, Gschwend JE, Volkmer BG (2005) Lokalrezidiv nach radikaler Zystektomie bei Harnblasenkarzinom. Urologe A 44: 375–81PubMed

Skinner DG, Daniels JR, Russel CA, Lieskovsky G, Boyd SD, Krailo M et al. (1990) Adjuvant chemotherapy following cystectomy benefits patients with deeply invasive bladder cancer. Semi Urol 8: 279–284

Skinner DG, Stein JP, Lieskovsky G, Skinner EC, Boyd SD, Figueroa A, Jones P, Cote R, Groshen S (1998) 25-year experience in the management of invasive bladder cancer by radical cystectomy. Eur Urol 33 Suppl 4: 25–26PubMed

Smith JA Jr., Whitmore WF Jr (1981) Regional lymphnode metastases from bladder cancer. J Urol 126: 591

Solsona E, Iborra I, Ricos JV et al. (1998) Feasibility of transurethral resection for muscle infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder: long-term follow-up of a prospective study. J Urol 159: 95–98PubMed

Solsona E, Climent MA, Iborra I, Collado A, Rubio J, Ricos JV, Casanova J, Calatrava A, Monros JL (2008) Bladder preservation in selected patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer by complete transurethral resection of the bladder plus systemic chemotherapy: long-term follow-up of a phase II nonrandomized comparative trial with radical cystectomy. Eur Urol (ahead of print).

Smith JA, Whitmore WF Jr. (1981) Regional lymph node metastasis from bladder cancer. J Urol 126:591–593PubMed

Stein JP, Cai J, Groshen S, Skinner DG (2003a) Risk factors for patients with pelvic lymph node metastases following radical cystectomy with en bloc pelvic lymphadenectomy: concept of lymph node density. J Urol 170: 35–41

Stein P, Skinner DG (2003b) Results with radical cystectomy for treating bladder cancer: a reference standard for high-grade invasive bladder cancer. BU Int 92:12–17

Stein JP, Clark P, Miranda G, Cai J, Groshen S, Skinner DG (2005) Urethral tumor recurrence following cystectomy and urinary diversion: clinical and pathological characteristics in 768 male patients. J Urol 173: 1163–1168PubMed

Stenzl A, Janetschek G, Bartsch G, Hofer C, Hartung R (1994) Report of experience in reconstruction of the lower urinary tract in the man and woman Urologe A 33: 9–14PubMed

Stenzl A, Bartsch G, Rogatsch H. (2002) The remnant urothelium after reconstructive bladder surgery. Eur Urol 4: 124–131

Sternberg CN, Pansadoro V, Calabro F, Schnetzer S, Gianarelli D, Emiliozzi P, De Paula F, Scarpone P, De Carli P, Pizzo M, Platania A, Amini M (2003) Can patient selection for bladder preservation be based on response to chemotherapy? Cancer 97: 1644–1652PubMed

Studer UE, Danuser H, Hochreiter W, Springer JP, Turner WH, Zingg EJ (1996) Summary of 10 years´ experience with an ileal low-pressure bladder substitute combined with an afferent tubular isoperistaltic segment. World J Urol 14: 29–39PubMed

Suttmann H, Kamradt J, Lehmann J et al. (2007) Improving prognosis of patients after radical cystectomy. Part I: the role of lymph node dissection. BJU 10 (6):1221–1224

Tester W, Porter A, Asbell S et al. (1993) Combined modality program with possible organ preservation for invasive bladder carcinoma: results of RTOG protocol 85–12. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 25: 783–790PubMed

Tester W, Caplan R, Heaney J et al. (1996) Neoadjuvant combined modality program with selective organ preservation for invasive bladder cancer: results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group phase II trial 8802. J Clin Oncol 14: 119–126PubMed

Varol C, Thalmann GN, Burkhard FC, Studer UE (2004) Treatment of urethral recurrence following radical cystectomy and ileal bladder substitution. J Urol 172: 937–942PubMed

Villar A, Munoz J, Aguilo F et al. (1987) External beam irradiation for T1, T2–3 and T4 transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Radiother Oncol 9: 209–215PubMed

Yossepowitch O, Dalbagni G, Golijanin D, Donat SM, Bochner BH, Herr HW, Fair WR, Russo P (2003) Orthotopic urinary diversion after cystectomy for bladder cancer: implications for cancer control and patterns of disease recurrence. J Urol 169: 177–181PubMed

Yu WS, Sagerman RH, Chung CT et al. (1985) Bladder carcinoma. Experience with radical and preoperative radiotherapy in 421 patients. Cancer 56: 1293–1299PubMed

Zietman AL, Grocela J, Zehr E et al. (2001) Selective bladder conservation using transurethral resection, chemotherapy, and radiation: management and consequences of Ta, T1, and Tis recurrence within the retained bladder. Urology 58: 380–385PubMed

Zietman AL, Shipley WU, Kaufman DS et al. (1998) A phase I/II trial of transurethral surgery combined with concurrent cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and twice daily radiation followed by selective bladder preservation in operable patients with muscle invading bladder cancer. J Urol 160: 1673–1677PubMed

Abe T, Shinohara N, Harabayashi T et al. (2007) Impact of multimodal treatment on survival in patients with metastatic urothelail cancer. Eur Urol 52: 1106–1114PubMed

Albers P et al. (2008) Randomized phase III trial of 2nd line Gemcitabine/Paclitaxel chemotherapy in patients with advanced bladder cancer: temporary versus maintenance treatment (AUO trial AB 20/99). J Clin Oncol 26: 5030

Albers P, Siener R, Hartlein M et al. (2002) Gemcitabine monotherapy as second-line treatment in cisplatin-refractory transitional-cell carcinoma: prognostic factors for response and improvement of quality of life. Onkologie 25: 47–52PubMed

Albers P, Park SI, Niegisch G et al. (2011) Randomized phase III trial of 2^nd line gemcitabine and paclitaxel chemotherapy in patients with advanced bladdercancer: short-term versus prolonged treatment (German Association of Urological Oncology (AUO) trial AB 20/99). Ann Oncol 22: 288–294PubMed

Ardavanis A, Tryfonopoulos D, Alexopoulos A et al. (2005) Gemcitabine and docetaxel as first-line treatment for advanced urothelial carcinoma: a phase II study. Br J Cancer 92: 645–650PubMedPubMedCentral

ASCO-GU (2010)

Bajorin DF, Dodd PM, Mazumbar M et al. (1999) Long-term survival in metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma: prognostic factors predicting outcome of therapy. J Clin Oncol 17: 3173–3181PubMed

Bajorin DF, McCaffrey JA, Dodd PM et al. (2000) Ifosfamide, paclitaxel and cisplatin for patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract: final report of a phase II trial evaluating two dosing schedules. Cancer 88: 1671–1678PubMed

Bajorin DF, McCaffrey JA, Dodd PM et al. (2000) Ifosfoamide, paclitaxel, and cisplatin for patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract: a final report of a phase II trial evaluating two dosing schedules. Cancer 88: 1671–1678PubMed

Bamias A, Aravantinos G, Deliveliotis C (2004) Docetaxel and cisplatin with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) versus MVAC with G-CSF in advanced urothelial carcinoma: a multicenter, randomised, phase III study from the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 22: 220–228PubMed

Bamias A, Moulopoulos LA, Koutras A et al. (2006) The combination of gemcitabine and carboplatin as first-line treatment in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. A Phase II Study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer 106: 297–303PubMed

Bellmunt J et al. (2008) Randomized phase III trial of Vinflunine plus best supportive care versus best supportive care alone as 2nd line therapy after a platinum containing regimen in advanced TCC. J Clin Oncol 26: 5028

Bellmunt J, Guillem V, Paz-Ares L et al. (2000) Phase I-II study of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and gemcitabine in advanced transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Spanish Oncology Genitourinary Group. J Clin Oncol 18: 3247–3255PubMed

Bellmunt J, Albanell J, Paz-Ares L et al. (2002a) Pretreatment prognostic factors for survival in patients with advanced urothelial tumors treated in a phase I/II trial with paclitaxel, cisplatin and gemcitabine. Cancer 95: 751–757

Bellmunt J, Cos J, Cleries R et al. (2002b) Feasibility trial of methotrexate-paclitaxel as a second line therapy in advanced urothelial cancerCancer Invest 20: 673–685Pagliaro LC, Millikan RE, Tu SM et al. (2002) Cisplatin, gemcitabine, and ifosfamide as weekly therapy: a feasibility and phase II study of salvagetreatment for advanced transitional-cell carcinoma. JCO 20: 2965–2970

Bellmunt J, von der Maase H, Mead GM et al. (2012) Randomized phase III study comparing paclitaxel/ cisplatin/ gemcitabine and gemcitabine/ cisplatin in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer without prior systemic therapy; EORTC Intergroup Study 30987. J Clin Oncol 30: 1107–1113PubMedPubMedCentral

Bellmunt J, Theodore C, Demkov T (2009) Phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone after a platinum-Containing regimen in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract. JCO 27: 4454–4461

Bellmunt JCT, Choueiri TK, Fougeray R et al. (2010) Prognostic factors in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract experiencing treatment failure with platinum-containing regimens. JCO 28: 1850–1855

Boukovinas I, Androulakis N, Kentepozidis N et al (2011) Chemotherapy with gemcitabine, cisplatin, and docetaxel in the treatment for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a multicenter phase II study of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol Jul 12 (Epub ahead of print)

Bui A, Theodore C, Culine S et al. (2003) Preliminary results of a phase II study testing intravenous (iv) vinflunine (VFL) as second line therapy. In patients with advanced transitional cell cancer (TCC) of the bladder. J Clin Oncol 22: 391 (abstr 1571)

Burch PA, Richardson RL, Cha SS et al. (2000) Phase II study of paclitaxel and cisplatin for advanced urothelial cancer. J Urol 164: 1538–1542PubMed

Calabro F, Lorusso V, Rosati G et al. (2009) Gemcitabine and paclitaxel every 2 weeks in patients with previously untreated urothelial carcinoma. Cancer 115: 2652–2659PubMed

Carles J, Esteban E, Climent M et al. (2007) Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin combination: a multicenter phase II trial in unfit patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer. Ann Oncol 18: 1359–1362PubMed

Culine S, Theodore C, De Santis M et al. (2006) A phase II study of vinflunine in bladder cancer patients progressing after first-line platinum-containing regimen. Br J Cancer 94: 1395–1401PubMedPubMedCentral

De Santis M, Bellmunt J, Mead G et al. (2011) Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: EORTC Study 30986. JCO 29: 1–9

DeMulder PH, Debruyne FM, Keizer HJ et al. (1990) Randomized phase II study of methotrexate (M), cisplatin (C) and methotrexate, cisplatin and vinblastine (V) in patients with advanced transitional carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 18 (suppl 1) : 5

Dimopoulos MA, Bakoyiannis C, Georgoulias V et al. (1999) Docetaxel and cisplatin combination chemotherapy in advanced carcinoma of the urothelium:. A multicenter phase II study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Ann Oncol 10: 1385–1388PubMed

Dodd PM, John A, McCaffrey et al. (1999) Outcome of postchemotherapy surgery after treatment with methotrexate, vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and cisplatin in patients with unresectable or metastatic transitional cell Carcinoma. JCO 17: 2546–2552

Dodd PM, McCaffrey JA, Herr H et al. (1999) Outcome of postchemotherapy surgery after treatment with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and, cisplatin in patients with unresectable or metastatic transitional cell. carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 17: 2546–2551PubMed

Dogliotti L, Carteni G, Siena S et al. (2007) Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus gemcitabine plus carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: results of a randomised phase II trial. Eur Urol 52: 134–141PubMed

Dreicer R, Li S, Manola J et al. (2007) Phase 2 trial of epothilone B analog BMS-247550 (ixabepilone) in advanced carcinoma of the urothelium (E3800): a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer 110: 759–763PubMed

Dreicer R, Li H, Cooney MM et al. (2008) Phase 2 trial of pemetrexed disodium and gemcitabine in advanced urothelial cancer (E4802) A trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer 112: 2671–2675PubMedPubMedCentral

Dreicer R, Li H, Stein M et al. (2009) Phase 2 trial of sorafenib in patients with advanced urothelial cancer. Cancer 115: 4090–4095PubMedPubMedCentral

Dreicer R, Manola J, Roth BJ et al. (2000) Phase II study of cisplatin and paclitaxel in advanced carcioma of the urothelium: an Eastern Cooperative. Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 18: 1058–1061PubMed

Dreicer R, Manola J, Roth BJ et al. (2004) Phase III trial of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin versus carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced carcinoma of the urothelium. Cancer 100: 1639–1645PubMed

Friedland DM, Dakhil S, Hollen C et al. (2004) A phase II evaluation of weekly paclitaxel plus carboplatin in advanced urothelial cancer. Cancer Invest 22: 374–382PubMed

Gallagher DJ et al. (2008) Final results of a phase II study of sunitinib in patients with relapsed or refractory urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 26: 5082

Gallagher DJ, Matthew I, Milowsky SR et al. (2010) Phase II Study of sunitinib in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. JCO 28: 1373–1379

Galsky MD, Mironov S, Iasonos A et al. (2007a) Phase II trial of pemetrexed as second-line therapy in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Invest New Drugs 25: 265–270

Galsky MD, Iasonos A, Mironov S et al. (2007b) Phase II trial of dose-dense doxorubicin plus gemcitabine followed by paclitaxel plus carboplatin in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma and impaired renal function. Cancer 109: 549–555

Galsky MD, Sonpavde G, Hellerstedt BA et al. (2010) Phase II study of gemcitabine, cisplatin, and sunitinib in patients with advancedurothelial carcinoma (UC). JCO 28 (Suppl) Abstr. 4573

Galsky MD, Hahn NM, Powles T et al. (2013) Gemcitabine, cisplatin, and sunitinib for metastatic urothelial carcinoma and as preoperative therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 11: 175–181PubMed

Garcia del Muro X, Marcuello E, Guma J et al. (2002) Phase II multicenter study of docetaxel plus cisplatin in patients with advanced urothelial cancer. Br J Cancer 86: 326–330PubMedPubMedCentral

Geller NL, Sternberg CN, Penenberg D et al. (1991) Prognostic factors for survival of patients with advanced urothelial tumors treated with. Methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin chemotherapy. Cancer 67: 1525–1531PubMed

Gitlitz BJ, Baker C, Chapman Y et al. (2003) A phase II study of gecitabine and docetaxel therapy in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Cancer 98: 1863–1869PubMed

Hahn NM, Stadler WM Zon R et al. (2010) Mature results from Hoosier Oncology Group GU04–75 phase II trial of cisplatin (C), gemcitabine (G), and bevacizumab (B) as first-line chemotherapy for metastaticurothelial carcinoma (UC). JCO 28 (Suppl), Abstr. 4541

Hainsworth JD, Meluch AA, Litchy S et al. (2005) Paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma. Of the urothelium. Cancer 103: 2298–2303PubMed

Hillcoat BL, Raghavan D, Matthews J et al. (1989) A randomised trial of cisplatin versus cisplatin plus methotrexate in advanced cancer of the urothelial tract. J Clin Oncol 7: 706–709PubMed

Hussain M, Petrylak DP, Dunn R et al. (2005) Trastuzumab, paclitaxel, carboplatin and, gemcitabine in advanced HER2-positive urothelial carcinoma: Results of a multi-center phase II NCI trial. J Clin Oncol 23: 379 (abstract 4507)

Hussain M, Vaishampayan U, Du W et al. (2001) Combination paclitaxel, carboplatin and gemcitabine is an active treatment for advanced urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 19: 2527–2533PubMed

Hussain MH, MacVicar GR, Petrylak DP et al. (2007) Trastuzumab, paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor-2/neu-positive urothelial carcinoma: results of a multicenter phase II National Cancer Institute trial. J Clin Oncol 25: 2218–2224PubMed

Joly F. Houede N, Noal S et al. (2009) Do patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma benefit from weekly paclitaxel chemotherapy? A GETUG phase Ii study. Clin Genitourin Cancer 7: 28–33

Kanai K, Kikuchi E, Ohigashi T et al. (2008) Gemcitabine and paclitaxel chemotherapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma in patients who have received priorcisplatin-based chemotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol/ Japan Soc Clin Oncol 13 : 510–514

Kaufman DS, Carducci MA, Kuzel TM et al. (2004) A multi-institutional phase II trial of gemcitabine plus paclitaxel in patients with locally. advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer. Urol Oncol 22: 393–397PubMed

Kaufman DS, Raghavan D, Carducci M et al. (2000) Phase II trial of gemcitabine plus cisplatin in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 18: 1921–1927PubMed

Khandekar JD, Elson PJ, DeWys WD et al. (1985) Comparative activity and toxicity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (DDP) and a combination of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and DDP in disseminated transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract. J Clin Oncol 3: 539–545PubMed

Krege S, Rembrink V, Börgermann C et al. (2001) Docetaxel and ifosfamide as second line treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic urothelialcancer after failure of platinum chemotherapy: a phase 2 study. J Urol 165: 67–71PubMed

Krege S, Rembrink V, Börgermann Ch et al. (2001) Docetaxel and ifosfamide as second line treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer after failure of platinum chemotherapy: a phase II study. J Urol 165: 67–71PubMed

Krege S, Rexer H, vom Dorp F, Albers P et al. (2010) Gemcitabine and cisplatin with or without sorafenib in urothelial carcinoma (AUO-AB 31/05). JCO 28 (Suppl) Abstr 4574

Krege et al. (2013) BJU (eingereicht)

Lae M, Couturier J, Oudard S et al. (2010) Assessing Her-2 gene amplification as a potential target for therapy in invasiveurothelial bladder cancer with a standardized methodology: results in 1005 patients. Ann Oncol 21: 815–819PubMedPubMedCentral

Law LY, Lara PN, Meyers FJ et al. (2004) Platinum-free combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced or metastatic transitional cell. Carcinoma. Cancer 100: 82–88PubMed

Lehmann J, Suttmann H, Albers P et al. (2009) Surgery for metastatic urothelail carcinoma with curative intent: The German experience (AUO AB 30/05). Eur Urol 55: 1293–1299PubMed

Li J, Juliar B, Yiannoutsos C et al. (2005) Weekly paclitaxel and gemcitabine in advanced transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelium:. A phase II Hoosier Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 23: 1185–1191PubMed

Lin CC, Hsu CH, Huang CY et al. (2007) Phase II trial of weekly paclitaxel, cisplatin plus infusional high dose 5- fluorouracil and leucoverin for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 177: 84–89PubMed

Lin CC, Hsu CH, Huang CY et al. (2007) Gemcitabine and ifosfamide as a second-line treatment for cisplatin-refractory metastatic urothelial carcinoma:A phase II study. Anticancer Drugs 18: 487–491PubMed

Loehrer Sr PJ, Einhorn LH, Elson PJ et al. (1992) A randomized comparison of cisplatin alone or in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine and doxorubicin in patients with metastatic urthelial carcinoma: a kooperative group study. J Clin Oncol 10: 1066–1073PubMed

Logothetis CJ, Dexeus FH, Finn L et al. (1990) A prospective randomized trial comparing MVAC and CISCA chemotherapy for patients with metastatic urothelial tumors. J Clin Oncol 8: 1050–1055PubMed

Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Giordano A et al. (2004) FOLFOX-4 in pre-treated patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Jpn J Clin Oncol 34: 747–750PubMed

Lorusso V, Crucitta E, Silvestris N et al. (2005) Randomised, open-label, phase Ii trial of paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and cisplatin versus cisplatin as first-line. chemotherapy in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Oncol Rep 13: 283–287PubMed

Mead GM, Russell M, Clark P et al. (1998) A randomised trial comparing methotrexate and vinblastine (MV) with cisplatin, methotrexate and vinblastine (CMV) in advanced transitional cell carcinoma: results and a report on prognostic factors in a Medical Research Council study. MRC Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party. Br J Cancer 78: 1067–1075PubMedPubMedCentral

Meluch AA, Greco FA, Burris HA et al. (2001) Paclitaxel and gemcitabine chemotherapy for advanced transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract: a phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Clin Oncol 19: 3018–3024PubMed

Milowsky MI, Nanus DM, Maluf FC et al. (2009) Final results of sequential doxorubicin plus gemcitabine and ifosfamide, paclitaxel, and cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with metastatic or locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. JCO 25: 4062–4067

Moore MJ, Winquist E, Murray N et al. (1999) Gemcitabine plus cisplatin, an active regime in advanced urothelial cancer: a phase II trial of the. National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 17: 2876–2881PubMed

Nogue-Aliguer M, Carles J, Arrivi A et al. (2003) Gemcitabine and carboplatin in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. Cancer 97: 2180–2186PubMed

Otto T, Krege S, Suhr J, Rübben H (2001) Impact of surgical resection of bladder cancer metastases refractory to systemic therapy on performance status: a phase II trial. Urology 57: 55–59PubMed

Otto T, Suhr J, Krege S, Goebell PJ, Wishahi M, Bier UW, Kimmig R, Rübben H (2002) Surgical treatment of disseminated peritoneal metastases from urological cancer: results from a prospective study. BJU Int 90: 823–827PubMed

Pagliaro LC, Millikan RE, Tu SM et al. (2002) Cisplatin, gemcitabine and ifosfamide as weekly therapy: a feasibility and phase II study. Of salvage treatment for advanced transitional-cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 20: 2965–2970PubMed

Paz-Ares L, Bezares S, Tabernero JM et al. (2003) Review of a promising new agent – pemetrexed disodium. Cancer 97 (Suppl 8) 2056–2063PubMed

Pectasides D, Aravantinos G, Kalofonos H et al. (2001) Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and ifosfamide as second-line treatment in metastatic. urothelial cancer. A phase II trial conducted by the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Ann Oncol 12: 1417–1422PubMed

Pectasides D, Glotsos J, Bountouroglou N et al. (2002) Weekly chemotherapy with docetaxel, gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced transitional cell urothelial cancer: a phase II trial. Ann Oncol 13: 243–250PubMed

Petrylak DP, Faulkner JR, van Veldhuizen PJ et al. (2003) Evaluation of ZD 1839 for advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: A Southwest Oncology Group Trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22: 403

Philips G, Sanford B, Halabi S et al. (2009) A phase II trial of cisplatin, fixed dose-rate gemcitabine and gefitinib for advanced urothelial carcinoma: results of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B 90102. BJU Int 101: 20–25

RUTT (Registry of Urinary Tract Tumors) (1985) Harnwegstumorregister. Jahresbericht. Verh Dtsch Ges Urol 37: 665

Sengelov L, Kamby C, Lund B et al. (1998) Docetaxel and cisplatin in metastatic urothelial cancer: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 16: 3392–3397PubMed

Shannon C, Crombie C, Brooks A et al. (2001) Carboplatin and gemcitabine in metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: effective treatment. Of patients with poor prognostic features. Ann Oncol 12: 947–952PubMed

Siefker-Radtke AO, Millikan RE, Tu SM et al. (2002) Phase III trial of fluorouracil, interferon alpha 2b, and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in metastatic or unresectble urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 20: 1361–1367PubMed

Siefker-Radtke AO, Walsh GL, Pisters LL et al. (2004) Is there a role for surgery in the management of metastatic urothelial cancer?. The M.D. Anderson experience. J Urol 171: 145–148PubMed

Small EJ, Lew D, Redman BG et al. (2000) Southwest Oncology Group Study of paclitaxel and carboplatin for advanced transitional-cell carcinoma: the importance of survival as a clinical trial end point. J Clin Oncol 18: 2537–2544PubMed

Sridhar SS, Winquist E, Eisen A (2011) A phase II study of first-line sorafenib (Bay 43–9006) in advanced or metastaticurothelial cancer. A trial of the PMH Phase II Consortium. Invest New Drugs 29: 1045–1049 (2011)PubMed

Sternberg CN, Calabro F, Pizzocaro G et al. (2001) Chemotherapy with an every 2-week regimen of gemcitabine and paclitaxel in patients with transitional cell carcinoma who have received prior cisplatin-based therapy. Cancer 92: 2993–2998PubMed

Sternberg CN, Calabro F, Pizzocaro<G et al. (2001) Chemotherapy with an every 2-week regimen of gemcitabine and paclitaxel in patients with transitionalcell carcinoma who have received prior cisplatin-based therapy. Cancer 92: 2993–2998PubMed

Sternberg CN, deMulder PH, Schornagel JH et al. (2006) Seven year update of an EORTC phase III trial of high-dose intensity M-VAC chemotherapy and G-CSF versus classic M-VAC in advanced urothelial tract tumours. Eur J Cancer 42: 50–54PubMed

Sternberg CN, Yagoda A, Scher HI et al. (1989) Methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin for advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: efficacy and patterns of response and relapse. Cancer 64: 2448–2458PubMed

Suyama T, Ueda T, Fukasawa S et al. (2009) Combination of gemcitabine and paclitaxel as second-line chemotherapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma. Jpn JCO 39: 244–250

Sweeney P, Millikan R, Donat M et al. (2003) Is there a therapeutic role for post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. In metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder? J Urol 169: 2113–2117PubMed

Sweeney CJ, Roth BJ, Kabbinavar FF et al. (2006) Phase II study of pemetrexed for second-line treatment of transitional cell cancer of the urothelium. J Clin Oncol 24: 3451–3457PubMed

Takahashi T, Higashi S, Nishiyama H et al. (2006) Biweekly paclitaxel and gemcitabine for patients with advanced urothelial bcancer ineligible for cisplatin-Based regimen. Jpn JCO 36: 104–108

Theodore C, Bidault F, Bouvet-Forteau N et al. (2006) A phase II monocentric study of oxaliplatin in combination with gemcitabine (GEMOX) in patients with advanced/metastatic transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urothelial tract. Ann Oncol 17: 990–994PubMed

Tsukamoto T, Yonese J, Ohkubo Y, Fukui I (2006) Phase I/II study of a combined gemcitabine, etoposide, and cisplatin chemotherapy regimen for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Cancer 106: 2363–2368PubMed

Vaishampayan UN, Faulkner JR, Small EJ et al. (2005) Phase II trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel in cisplatin-pretreated advanced transitional cell carcinoma:a Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer 104: 1627–1632PubMed

Vaughn DJ, Broome CM, Hussain M et al. (2002) Phase II trial of weekly paclitaxel in patients with previously treated advanced urothelial cancer. JCO 20: 937–940

Vaughn DJ, Malkowicz B, Zoltick B et al. (1998) Paclitaxel plus carboplatin in advanced carcinoma of the urothelium: an active and tolerable outpatient. Regime. J Clin Oncol 16: 255–260. Redman BG, Smith DC, Flaherty L et al. (1998) Phase II trial of paclitaxel and carboplatin in the treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma:. J Clin Oncol 16: 1844–1848

Vaughn DJ, Srinivas S, Petrylak DP et al. (2008) Vinflunine (VFL) in patients with platinum-refractory transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium (TCCU) : results of a large phase II study. GU ASCO 2008, Abstract 316

Von der Maase H, Andersen L, Crino L et al. (1999) Weekly gemcitabine and cisplatin combination therapy in patients with transitional cell carcinoma. Of the urothelium: a phase II trial. Ann Oncol 10: 1461–1465PubMed

Von der Maase H, Hansen SW, Roberts JT et al. (2000) Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomised, multinational, multicenter phase III study. J Clin Oncol 18: 3068–3077PubMed

Von der Maase H, Lehmann J, Gravis G et al. (2006) A phase II trial of pemetrexed plus gemcitabine in locally advanced and/ ormetastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Ann Oncol 17: 1533–1538PubMed

Von der Maase H, Lehmann J, Gravis G et al. (2006) A phase II trial of pemetrexed plus gemcitabine in locally advanced and/or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Ann Oncol 17: 1533–1538PubMed

Wülfing C, Machiels J, Richel D et al. (2005) A single arm, multicenter, open label, phase II study of lapatinib as 2-line treatment of patients with locally advanced/metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract. J Clin Oncol 23: 422 (abstract 4677) Murphy BA, Johnson DR, Smith J et al. (1996) Phase II trial of paclitaxel and cisplatin for metastatic or locally unresectable urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 15 (Suppl) 245a (abstr 617)

Zielinski CC, Schnack B, Grbovic M et al. (1998) Paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer: results of a phase II trial. Br J Cancer 78: 370–374PubMedPubMedCentral

Abdi H et al. (2007) Randomized clinical trial of bowel preparation versus no preparation before ileal urinary diversion. Eur Urol 6 (2): 291

Barbieri CE et al. (2007) Association of procedure volume with radical cystectomy outcomes in a nationwide database. J Urol 177 (4): 1513

Budäus L et al. (2010) Impact of hospital and surgeons volume on complication rates after radical cystectomy: population based study. J Urol 183 (4): 113

Choi H et al. (2011) Chewing gum has a stimulatory effect on bowel motility in patients after open or robotic radical Cystectomy for bladder cancer. EAU: 872

Dayyani (2012)

Dreicer et al. (2008)

Ehdaie et al. (2012)

El-Mekresh M et al. (2007) Survival predictors among 2730 cases of radical cystectomy. Eur Urol 6 (2): 12

Fedeli U et al. (2011) Treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol. 185: 72–78PubMed

Gallagher et al. (2008)

Gallardo et al. (1998)

Garcia-Closas M et al. (2006) Lancet 366: 649–659

Garcia-Rojo D. et al. (2008) Risk of bladder cancer associated with family history of cancer: Do low penetrance polymorphism account for the increased risk? J Urol 179 (4): 936

Hailemariam et al. (1998)

Jain S et al. (2011) Radical cystectomy improves overall survival in elderly patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer. AUA: 1599

Jezkowski et al. (1998)

Kawaguchi et al. (2012)

Keck et al. (2011) Das plasmazytoide und mikropapillere Urothelkarzinom. Uro 50: 217–220

Lewinshtein D et al. (2010) Impact of age, comorbidity and type of urinary diversion on hospital stay and cost in radical cystectomy patients. J Urol 183 (4): 1820

Madersbacher et al. (2010)

Mourad et al. (1998)

Nishida et al. (1998)

Otto T (2008) Metastasenchirurgie urologischer Tumore: In engen Grenzen erfolgreich. URO-NEWS 9: 2–4

Otto T (2013) Seltene Tumore. In: Otto T, Rübben H (Hrsg) Colloquium Urologie. Agileum-Verlag, München

Otto T et al. (2009) Targeted Therapy in der Uro Onkologie. DZO 41 (1): 10–14

Paget S (1889) The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1: 571–573

Pruthi RS et al. (2010) Diagnostic urology, urinary diversion and perioperative care. J Am Coll Surg 210: 93–99PubMed

Quast SM, Janusch B, Wishanhi MM (2010) Seltene Tumore. In: Otto T, Rübben H (Hrsg) Colloquium Urologie. Agileum-Verlag, München

Ricardo-Gonzales et al. (2012)

Roth et al. (2010)

Sabir E et al. (2010) Impact of hospital volume in local recurrence and distant metastasis in patients with bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy in Sweden. EAU: 328

Seeber (1977)

Stimson et al. (2010)

Wang Y et al. (2007) Polymorphism in DNA repair genes, cigarrete smoking and the risk of urothelial cancer. J Urol 177 (4): 234

Wang et al. (2011) Genomics and drug response. N Engl J Med 364: 1144–1153

Dalbagni G, Bochner BH, Cronin A, Herr HW, Donat SM (2011) A plea for a uniform surveillance schedule after radical cystectomy. J Urol 185 (6): 2091–2096PubMed

Holmäng S, Ströck V (2012) Should follow-up cystoscopy in bacillus Calmette-Guérin-treated patients continue after five tumour-free years? Eur Urol 61 (3): 503–507PubMed

Lammers RJ, Witjes WP, Hendricksen K, Caris CT, Janzing-Pastors MH, Witjes JA (2011) Smoking status is a risk factor for recurrence after transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 60 (4): 713–720PubMed

Soukup V, Babjuk M, Bellmunt J, Dalbagni G, Giannarini G, Hakenberg OW, Herr H, Lechevallier E, Ribal MJ (2012) Follow-up After Surgical Treatment of Bladder Cancer: A Critical Analysis of the Literature. Eur Urol 62 (2): 290–302PubMed

Titel: Harnblasenkarzinom
verfasst von: F. vom Dorp
A. Eisenhardt
P.-J. Goebell
J. Gschwend
G. Jakse
T. Jäger
D. Jocham
A. Karl
R. Knüchel Clarke
S. Krege
G. Lümmen
C. Ohlmann
T. Olbricht
T. Otto
A. Rettenmeier
H. Rübben
M. Schenck
K.W. Schmid
C. Stief
M. Stöckle
S. Tritschler
D. Zaak
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Uroonkologie
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-35031-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-35032-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35032-0_22

Neu im Fachgebiet Urologie

25.04.2024 | Nierenkarzinom | Nachrichten

Update Urologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

22. Harnblasenkarzinom

Zusammenfassung

Neu im Fachgebiet Urologie

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

Stufenschema weist Prostatakarzinom zuverlässig nach

Harnwegsinfektprophylaxe: Es geht auch ohne Antibiotika

Update Urologie

Springer Medizin

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Neu im Fachgebiet Urologie

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

Stufenschema weist Prostatakarzinom zuverlässig nach

Harnwegsinfektprophylaxe: Es geht auch ohne Antibiotika

Update Urologie