Introduction
New PET technologies and image reconstruction methods
Time-of-flight
Philips Ingenuity TF [18] | GE Discovery MI (four-ring system) | Siemens Biograph mCT Flow (TrueV) [11] | Toshiba Celesteion [21] | Mediso Anyscan | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient port (cm) | 70 | 70 Open view | 70 | 70 | 70 | 78 | 88 | 70 | 60 | 60 |
MR | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 3 T | 3 T |
Patient scan range (cm) | 190 | 190 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 198 FlowMotion: 195 | 179 | 235 | 188 | 200 |
Maximum patient weight (kg) | 195 | 195 | 226 | 226 | 226 | 226 | 205 | 229 | 226 | 200 |
Crystal size (mm3) | 4 × 4 × 22 | 4 × 4 × 22 | 4.2 × 6.3 × 25 | 6.3 × 6.3 × 30 | 3.95 × 5.3 × 25 | 4 × 4 × 20 | 4 × 4 × 12 | 3.9 × 3.9 × 20 | 4.0 × 5.3 × 25 | 4 × 4 × 20 |
Photodetector | SiPM | PMT | PMT | PMT | SiPM | PMT | PMT | PMT | SiPM | APD |
Axial FOV (cm) | 16.4 | 18 | 15.7 | 26 | 20 | 22.1 | 19.6 | 23 | 25 | 25.8 |
Scintillation detector material | LYSO | LYSO | LYSO | BGO | LYSO | LSO | LYSO | LYSO | LYSO | LSO |
NEMA system sensitivity at center (kcps/MBq) | 5.7* | 7.4* | 7.1*** | 22.8* | 13.5** | 9.6* | >3.6** | 9.1** | 22.9* | 13.3* |
Effective sensitivity (kcps/MBq) | 24.1* | >18.8** | 17.3* | 22.8* | 46.6** | 25.5** | ≥10.8** | ? | 76.3* | 13.3* |
NEMA radial resolution (FWHM) @ 10 cm | 4.6* | 5.3* | 5.1* (average radial and tangential) | 5.6* | 4.5** (average radial and tangential) | 5.2* | <5.1** (average radial and tangential) | 4.9** (average radial and tangential) | 5.8* | 5.2* |
NEMA tangential resolution (FWHM) @ 10 cm | 4.2* | 5.0* | 5.1* (average radial and tangential) | 5.1* | 4.5** (average radial and tangential) | 4.7* | <5.1** (average radial and tangential) | 4.9** (average radial and tangential) | 4.4* | 4.8* |
NEMA axial resolution (FWHM) @ 1 cm and 10 cm | 3.8/4.0* | 4.7/5.2* | 4.8/5.6* | 4.8/4.8* | 4.8/4.7** | 4.3/5.9* | <5.0/<5.4** | 4.2/5.1** | 5.4/6.8* | 4.3/6.6* |
Peak NECR (kcps) @ kBq/ml | 171@50* | 124@20* | 144@29*** | 124@9* | 180@20** | 185@29* | 61 +/- 10** | 150** | 215@18* | 196@24* |
TOF timing resolution (ps) | 345** | 495** | 544* | N/A | 385** | 540** | <450** | ? | <400* | N/A |
TOF localization accuracy (cm) | 5.2** | 7.4** | 8.2* | N/A | 5.8** | 8.1** | <6.8** | ? | 6.0* | N/A |
PSF | y (PSF) | y (PSF) | y (SharpIR) | y (SharpIR) | y (SharpIR) | y (HD) | y | ? | y (SharpIR) | y (HD) |
Respiratory gating | Phase-based | Phase-based | Phase-based (Q.Static/Q.Freeze) | Phase-based (Q.Static) | Phase-based (Q.Static/Q.Freeze) | Amplitude-based (HD•Chest) | Phase-based | ? | Phase-based (Q.Static/Q.Freeze) | Amplitude-based (HD•Chest) |
Metal artefact reduction | O-MAR | O-MAR | Smart MAR | Smart MAR | iMAR | SEMAR | ? | WARP |