Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar "Chronische Unterbauch- und Viszeralschmerzen in der Praxis managen"

Das Thema chronische Unterbauch- und Viszeralschmerzen wird im Live-Webinar am 7. Mai von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr aus internistischer, gynäkologischer und psychologisch-neurowissenschaftlicher Perspektive beleuchtet. Besprochen werden krankheitsbedingte Ursachen, Mechanismen der kognitiven Schmerzmodulation sowie mögliche Therapieoptionen. Die Fortbildung ist mit 2 CME-Punkten zertifiziert. Melden Sie sich jetzt an!
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Acta Neuropathologica
Erschienen in: Acta Neuropathologica 6/2005

01.06.2005 | Regular Paper

Light and electron microscopic assessment of progressive atrophy following moderate traumatic brain injury in the rat

verfasst von: Alejandra C. Rodriguez-Paez, J. P. Brunschwig, Helen M. Bramlett

Erschienen in: Acta Neuropathologica | Ausgabe 6/2005

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The presence of progressive white matter atrophy following traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been reported in humans as well as in animal models. However, a quantitative analysis of progressive alterations in myelinated axons and other cellular responses to trauma has not been conducted. This study examined quantitative differences in myelinated axons from several white and gray matter structures between non-traumatized and traumatized areas at several time points up to 1 year. We hypothesize that axonal numbers decrease over time within the structures analyzed, based on our previous work demonstrating shrinkage of tissue in these vulnerable areas. Intubated, anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to moderate (1.8–2.2 atm) parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury, and perfused at various intervals after surgery. Sections from the fimbria, external capsule, thalamus and cerebral cortex from the ipsilateral hemisphere of traumatized and sham-operated animals were prepared and. estimated total numbers of myelinated axons were determined by systematic random sampling. Electron micrographs were obtained for ultrastructural analysis. A significant (P<0.05) reduction in the number of myelinated axons in the traumatized hemisphere compared to control in all structures was observed. In addition, thalamic and cortical axonal counts decreased significantly (P<0.05) over time. Swollen axons and macrophage/microglia infiltration were present as late as 6 months post-TBI in various structures. This study is the first to describe quantitatively chronic axonal changes in vulnerable brains regions after injury. Based on these data, a time-dependent decrease in the number of myelinated axons is seen to occur in vulnerable gray matter regions including the cerebral cortex and thalamus along with distinct morphological changes within white matter tracts after TBI. Although this progressive axonal response to TBI may include Wallerian degeneration, other potential mechanisms underlying this progressive pathological response within the white matter are discussed.
Literatur
1.
Adams JH, Doyle D, Ford I, Gennarelli TA, Graham DI, McLellan DR (1989) Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis and grading. Histopathology 15:49–59
2.
Adams JH, Graham DI, Gennarelli TA, Maxwell WL (1991) Diffuse axonal injury in non-missile head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54:481–483
3.
Anderson CV, Bigler ED (1995) Ventricular dilation, cortical atrophy, and neuropsychological outcome following traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 7:42–48
4.
Arvin B, Neville LF, Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ (1996) The role of inflammation and cytokines in brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 20:445–452
5.
Biagas KV, Uhl MW, Schiding JK, Nemoto EM, Kochanek PM (1992) Assessment of posttraumatic polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in rat brain using tissue myeloperoxidase assay and vinblastine treatment. J Neurotrauma 9:363–371
6.
Blumbergs PC, Scott G, Manavis J, Wainwright H, Simpson DA, McLean AJ (1994) Staining of amyloid precursor protein to study axonal damage in mild head injury. Lancet 344:1055–1066
7.
Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD (2002) Quantitative structural changes in white and gray matter 1 year following traumatic brain injury in rats. Acta Neuropathol 103:607–614
8.
Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD (2004) Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and brain trauma: similarities and differences. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24:133–150
9.
Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD, Green EJ, Busto R (1997) Chronic histopathological consequences of fluid-percussion brain injury in rats: effects of post-traumatic hypothermia. Acta Neuropathol 93:190–199
10.
Bramlett HM, Kraydieh S, Green EJ, Dietrich WD (1997) Temporal and regional patterns of axonal damage following traumatic brain injury: a beta-amyloid precursor protein immunocytochemical study in rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56:1132–1141
11.
Braun H, Schafer K, Hollt V (2002) BetaIII tubulin-expressing neurons reveal enhanced neurogenesis in hippocampal and cortical structures after a contusion trauma in rats. J Neurotrauma 19:975–983
12.
Bullock R, Maxwell WL, Graham DI, Teasdale GM, Adams JH (1991) Glial swelling following human cerebral contusion: an ultrastructural study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54:427–434
13.
Carlos TM, Clark RS, Franicola-Higgins D, Schiding JK, Kochanek PM (1997) Expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and recruitment of neutrophils after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Leukoc Biol 61:279–285
14.
Chatzipanteli K, Alonso OF, Kraydieh S, Dietrich WD (2000) Importance of posttraumatic hypothermia and hyperthermia on the inflammatory response after fluid percussion brain injury: biochemical and immunocytochemical studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20:531–542
15.
Chen XH, Iwata A, Nonaka M, Browne KD, Smith DH (2003) Neurogenesis and glial proliferation persist for at least one year in the subventricular zone following brain trauma in rats. J Neurotrauma 20:623–631
16.
Chirumamilla S, Sun D, Bullock MR, Colello RJ (2002) Traumatic brain injury induced cell proliferation in the adult mammalian central nervous system. J Neurotrauma 19:693–703
17.
Chodobski A, Chung I, Kozniewska E, Ivanenko T, Chang W, Harrington JF, Duncan JA, Szmydynger-Chodobska J (2003) Early neutrophilic expression of vascular endothelial growth factor after traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience 122:853–867
18.
Crutcher KA (1990) The regulation of axonal growth in the mature mammalian nervous system. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 50:115–124
19.
Csuka E, Hans VH, Ammann E, Trentz O, Kossmann T, Morganti-Kossmann MC (2000) Cell activation and inflammatory response following traumatic axonal injury in the rat. Neuroreport 11:2587–2590
20.
Cullum CM, Bigler ED (1986) Ventricle size, cortical atrophy and the relationship with neuropsychological status in closed head injury: a quantitative analysis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 8:437–452
21.
Dixon CE, Kochanek PM, Yan HQ, Schiding JK, Griffith RG, Baum E, Marion DW, DeKosky ST (1999) One-year study of spatial memory performance, brain morphology, and cholinergic markers after moderate controlled cortical impact in rats. J Neurotrauma 16:109–122
22.
Feuerstein GZ, Liu T, Barone FC (1994) Cytokines, inflammation, and brain injury: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 6:341–360
23.
Furukawa S, Furukawa Y, Satoyoshi E, Hayashi K (1986) Synthesis and secretion of nerve growth factor by mouse astroglial cells in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 136:57–63
24.
Gahm C, Holmin S, Mathiesen T (2000) Temporal profiles and cellular sources of three nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the brain after experimental contusion. Neurosurgery 46:169–177
25.
Gale SD, Johnson SC, Bigler ED, Blatter DD (1995) Nonspecific white matter degeneration following traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1:17–28
26.
Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, Graham DI, Thompson CJ, Marcincin RP (1982) Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol 12:564–574
27.
Gentleman SM, Roberts GW, Gennarelli TA, Maxwell WL, Adams JH, Kerr S, Graham DI (1995) Axonal injury: a universal consequence of fatal closed head injury? Acta Neuropathol 89:537–543
28.
Gentleman SM, Leclercq PD, Moyes L, Graham DI, Smith C, Griffin WS, Nicoll JA (2004) Long-term intracerebral inflammatory response after traumatic brain injury. Forensic Sci Int 146:97–104
29.
Goss JR, O’Malley ME, Zou L, Styren SD, Kochanek PM, DeKosky ST (1998) Astrocytes are the major source of nerve growth factor upregulation following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Exp Neurol 149:301–309
30.
Grad S, Ertel W, Keel M, Infanger M, Vonderschmitt DJ, Maly FE (1998) Strongly enhanced serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after polytrauma and burn. Clin Chem Lab Med 36:379–383
31.
Graham DI, Gentleman SM, Lynch A, Roberts GW (1995) Distribution of beta-amyloid protein in the brain following severe head injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 21:27–34
32.
Graham DI, McIntosh TK, Maxwell WL, Nicoll JA (2000) Recent advances in neurotrauma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59:641–651
33.
Graham DI, Raghupathi R, Saatman KE, Meaney D, McIntosh TK (2000) Tissue tears in the white matter after lateral fluid percussion brain injury in the rat: relevance to human brain injury. Acta Neuropathol 99:117–124
34.
Hamberger A, Huang YL, Zhu H, Bao F, Ding M, Blennow K, Olsson A, Hansson HA, Viano D, Haglid KG (2003) Redistribution of neurofilaments and accumulation of beta-amyloid protein after brain injury by rotational acceleration of the head. J Neurotrauma 20:169–178
35.
Holmin S, Schalling M, Hojeberg B, Nordqvist AC, Skeftruna AK, Mathiesen T (1997) Delayed cytokine expression in rat brain following experimental contusion. J Neurosurg 86:493–504
36.
Hughes CC, Lantos PL (1987) A morphometric study of blood vessel, neuron and glial cell distribution in young and old rat brain. J Neurol Sci 79:101–110
37.
Jafari SS, Maxwell WL, Neilson M, Graham DI (1997) Axonal cytoskeletal changes after non-disruptive axonal injury. J Neurocytol 26:207–221
38.
Jafari SS, Nielson M, Graham DI, Maxwell WL (1998) Axonal cytoskeletal changes after nondisruptive axonal injury. II. Intermediate sized axons. J Neurotrauma 15:955–966
39.
Kimbelberg HK, Norenberg MD (1994) Astroglial response to CNS trauma. In: Salzman SK, Faden AI (eds) The neurobiology of central nervous system trauma. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 193–208
40.
Kinoshita K, Chatzipanteli K, Vitarbo E, Truettner JS, Alonso OF, Dietrich WD (2002) Interleukin-1beta messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels after fluid-percussion brain injury in rats: importance of injury severity and brain temperature. Neurosurgery 51:195–203
41.
Kunz T, Marklund N, Hillered L, Oliw EH (2002) Cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin synthases, and prostaglandin H2 metabolism in traumatic brain injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma 19:1051–1064
42.
Leclercq PD, McKenzie JE, Graham DI, Gentleman SM (2001) Axonal injury is accentuated in the caudal corpus callosum of head-injured patients. J Neurotrauma 18:1–9
43.
Leclercq PD, Stephenson MS, Murray LS, McIntosh TK, Graham DI, Gentleman SM (2002) Simple morphometry of axonal swellings cannot be used in isolation for dating lesions after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 19:1183–1192
44.
Lewen A, Li GL, Nilsson P, Olsson Y, Hillered L (1995) Traumatic brain injury in rat produces changes of beta-amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity. Neuroreport 6:357–360
45.
Li S, Jiang Q, Stys PK (2000) Important role of reverse Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange in spinal cord white matter injury at physiological temperature. J Neurophysiol 84:1116–1119
46.
Liberto CM, Albrecht PJ, Herx LM, Yong VW, Levison SW (2004) Pro-regenerative properties of cytokine-activated astrocytes. J Neurochem 89:1092–1100
47.
Liedtke W, Edelmann W, Bieri PL, Chiu FC, Cowan NJ, Kucherlapati R, Raine CS (1996) GFAP is necessary for the integrity of CNS white matter architecture and long-term maintenance of myelination. Neuron 17:607–615
48.
Liu D, Smith CL, Barone FC, Ellison JA, Lysko PG, Li K, Simpson IA (1999) Astrocytic demise precedes delayed neuronal death in focal ischemic rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 68:29–41
49.
LoPachin RM, Lehning EJ (1997) Mechanism of calcium entry during axon injury and degeneration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 143:233–244
50.
Lu J, Moochhala S, Shirhan M, Ng KC, Tan MH, Teo AL, Ling EA (2003) Nitric oxide induces macrophage apoptosis following traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 339:147–150
51.
Maxwell WL (1996) Histopathological changes at central nodes of Ranvier after stretch-injury. Microsc Res Tech 34:522–535
52.
Maxwell WL, Graham DI (1997) Loss of axonal microtubules and neurofilaments after stretch-injury to guinea pig optic nerve fibers. J Neurotrauma 14:603–614
53.
Maxwell WL, Irvine A, Graham, Adams JH, Gennarelli TA, Tipperman R, Sturatis M (1991) Focal axonal injury: the early axonal response to stretch. J Neurocytol 20:157–164
54.
Maxwell WL, Watt C, Graham DI, Gennarelli TA (1993) Ultrastructural evidence of axonal shearing as a result of lateral acceleration of the head in non-human primates. Acta Neuropathol 86:136–144
55.
Maxwell WL, Povlishock JT, Graham DL (1997) A mechanistic analysis of nondisruptive axonal injury: a review. J Neurotrauma 14:419–440
56.
Maxwell WL, Kosanlavit R, McCreath BJ, Reid O, Graham DI (1999) Freeze-fracture and cytochemical evidence for structural and functional alteration in the axolemma and myelin sheath of adult guinea pig optic nerve fibers after stretch injury. J Neurotrauma 16:273–284
57.
Maxwell WL, Domleo A, McColl G, Jafari SS, Graham DI (2003) Post-acute alterations in the axonal cytoskeleton after traumatic axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 20:151–168
58.
McKenzie KJ, McLellan DR, Gentleman SM, Maxwell WL, Gennarelli TA, Graham DI (1996) Is beta-APP a marker of axonal damage in short-surviving head injury? Acta Neuropathol 92:608–613
59.
Medana IM, Esiri MM (2003) Axonal damage: a key predictor of outcome in human CNS diseases. Brain 126:515–530
60.
Morganti-Kossman MC, Lenzlinger PM, Hans V, Stahel P, Csuka E, Ammann E, Stocker R, Trentz O, Kossmann T (1997) Production of cytokines following brain injury: beneficial and deleterious for the damaged tissue. Mol Psychiatry 2:133–136
61.
Morganti-Kossmann MC, Rancan M, Stahel PF, Kossmann T (2002) Inflammatory response in acute traumatic brain injury: a double-edged sword. Curr Opin Crit Care 8:101–105
62.
Murphy S, Pearce B (1987) Functional receptors for neurotransmitters on astroglial cells. Neuroscience 22:381–394
63.
Nag S, Eskandarian MR, Davis J, Eubanks JH (2002) Differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and VEGF-B after brain injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:778–788
64.
Nonaka M, Chen XH, Pierce JE, Leoni MJ, McIntosh TK, Wolf JA, Smith DH (1999) Prolonged activation of NF-kappaB following traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 16:1023–1034
65.
Orihara Y, Ikematsu K, Tsuda R, Nakasono I (2001) Induction of nitric oxide synthase by traumatic brain injury. Forensic Sci Int 123:142–149
66.
Paxinos G, Watson C (1982) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Academic Press, New York
67.
Peters A, Palay SL, Webster HdeF. (1976) The fine structure of the nervous system. Saunders, Philadelphia
68.
Pettus EH, Povlishock JT (1996) Characterization of a distinct set of intra-axonal ultrastructural changes associated with traumatically induced alteration in axolemmal permeability. Brain Res 722:1–11
69.
Pierce JE, Trojanowski JQ, Graham DI, Smith DH, McIntosh TK (1996) Immunohistochemical characterization of alterations in the distribution of amyloid precursor proteins and beta-amyloid peptide after experimental brain injury in the rat. J Neurosci 16:1083–1090
70.
Pierce JE, Smith DH, Trojanowski JQ, McIntosh TK (1998) Enduring cognitive, neurobehavioral and histopathological changes persist for up to one year following severe experimental brain injury in rats. Neuroscience 87:359–369
71.
Povlishock JT, Christman CW (1995) The pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and humans: a review of current thoughts. J Neurotrauma 12:555–564
72.
Povlishock JT, Jenkins LW (1995) Are the pathobiological changes evoked by traumatic brain injury immediate and irreversible? Brain Pathol 5:415–426
73.
Povlishock JT, Pettus EH (1996) Traumatically induced axonal damage: evidence for enduring changes in axolemmal permeability with associated cytoskeletal change. Acta Neurochir (Wien) Suppl 66:81–86
74.
Rosenberg LJ, Wrathall JR (1997) Quantitative analysis of acute axonal pathology in experimental spinal cord contusion. J Neurotrauma 14:823–838
75.
Schwab JM, Seid K, Schluesener HJ (2001) Traumatic brain injury induces prolonged accumulation of cyclooxygenase-1 expressing microglia/brain macrophages in rats. J Neurotrauma 18:881–890
76.
Sherriff FE, Bridges LR, Sivaloganathan S (1994) Early detection of axonal injury after human head trauma using immunocytochemistry for beta-amyloid precursor protein. Acta Neuropathol 87:55–62
77.
Shohami E, Novikov M, Bass R, Yamin A, Gallily R (1994) Closed head injury triggers early production of TNF alpha and IL-6 by brain tissue. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14:615–619
78.
Shore PM, Jackson EK, Wisniewski SR, Clark RS, Adelson PD, Kochanek PM (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor is increased in cerebrospinal fluid after traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Neurosurgery 54:605–611; discussion 611–612
79.
Smith DH, Chen XH, Pierce JE, Wolf JA, Trojanowski JQ, Graham DI, McIntosh TK (1997) Progressive atrophy and neuron death for one year following brain trauma in the rat. J Neurotrauma 14:715–727
80.
Soares HD, Hicks RR, Smith D, McIntosh TK (1995) Inflammatory leukocytic recruitment and diffuse neuronal degeneration are separate pathological processes resulting from traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci 15:8223–8233
81.
Strauss KI, Barbe MF, Marshall RM, Raghupathi R, Mehta S, Narayan RK (2000) Prolonged cyclooxygenase-2 induction in neurons and glia following traumatic brain injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma 17:695–711
82.
Tanaka K, Nogawa S, Suzuki S, Dembo T, Kosakai A (2003) Upregulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells associated with restoration of mature oligodendrocytes and myelination in peri-infarct area in the rat brain. Brain Res 989:172–179
83.
Van der Naalt J, Hew JM, Van Zomeren AH, Sluiter WJ, Minderhoud JM (1999) Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in mild to moderate head injury: early and late imaging related to outcome. Ann Neurol 46:70–78
84.
Vega JA, Del Valle M, Amenta F (1994) Expression of neurofilament proteins in the rat cerebellar cortex as a function of age: an immunohistochemical study. Mech Ageing Dev 73:9–16
85.
Wada K, Chatzipanteli K, Kraydieh S, Busto R, Dietrich WD (1998) Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression after traumatic brain injury and neuroprotection with aminoguanidine treatment in rats. Neurosurgery 43:1427–1436
86.
West MJ (1993) New stereological methods for counting neurons. Neurobiol Aging 14:275–285
Metadaten
Titel
Light and electron microscopic assessment of progressive atrophy following moderate traumatic brain injury in the rat
verfasst von
Alejandra C. Rodriguez-Paez
J. P. Brunschwig
Helen M. Bramlett
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2005
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Acta Neuropathologica / Ausgabe 6/2005
Print ISSN: 0001-6322
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0533
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-005-1010-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2005

Acta Neuropathologica 6/2005 Zur Ausgabe

Regular Paper

Common mutations of β-catenin in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas but not in other tumours originating from the sellar region

Regular Paper

Significance of immunohistochemical expression of Rab3B and SNAP-25 in growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas

Announcement

Kurt Jellinger Prize for Outstanding Scientific Writing in Neuropathology

Regular Paper

Cardiac sympathetic denervation precedes neuronal loss in the sympathetic ganglia in Lewy body disease

Regular Paper

Sublethal dose of 4-hydroxynonenal reduces intracellular calcium in surviving motor neurons in vivo

Case Report

Severe vascular disturbance in a case of familial brain calcinosis

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Stuhltransfusion könnte Fortschreiten von Parkinson-Symptomen bremsen

03.05.2024 Parkinson-Krankheit Nachrichten

Kann eine frühzeitige Stuhltransplantation das Fortschreiten von Parkinson-Symptomen verlangsamen? Die Ergebnisse einer randomisierten Phase-2-Studie scheinen dafür zu sprechen.

Frühe Tranexamsäure-Therapie nützt wenig bei Hirnblutungen

02.05.2024 Hirnblutung Nachrichten

Erhalten Personen mit einer spontanen Hirnblutung innerhalb von zwei Stunden nach Symptombeginn eine Tranexamsäure-Therapie, kann dies weder die Hämatomexpansion eindämmen noch die Mortalität senken.

Sind Frauen die fähigeren Ärzte?

30.04.2024 Gendermedizin Nachrichten

Patienten, die von Ärztinnen behandelt werden, dürfen offenbar auf bessere Therapieergebnisse hoffen als Patienten von Ärzten. Besonders scheint das auf weibliche Kranke zuzutreffen, wie eine Studie zeigt.

Akuter Schwindel: Wann lohnt sich eine MRT?

28.04.2024 Schwindel Nachrichten

Akuter Schwindel stellt oft eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar. Wie nützlich dabei eine MRT ist, hat eine Studie aus Finnland untersucht. Immerhin einer von sechs Patienten wurde mit akutem ischämischem Schlaganfall diagnostiziert.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise