Introduction
Materials and methods
The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program
The Current Population Survey and National Longitudinal Mortality Study
The SEER-NLMS study
Demographic, socioeconomic, and other variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Representativeness of matched cancer cases included for study
SEER cases submitted % (N) total cases submitted | Matched cases % (N) of matched cases | |
---|---|---|
Total population | 100.0 (3,071,661) | 100.0 (11,464) |
Age group | ||
25–34 | 5.0 (154,918) | 0.8 (96) |
35–44 | 7.5 (229,915) | 4.9 (557) |
45–54 | 11.7 (359,009) | 11.1 (1,269) |
55–64 | 19.9 (611,362) | 21.1 (2,418) |
65–74 | 29.0 (890,605) | 32.9 (3,777) |
75–84 | 20.4 (627,770) | 22.8 (2,617) |
85+ | 6.4 (198,082) | 6.4 (730) |
Sex | ||
Male | 48.7 (1,496,772) | 52.5 (6,019) |
Female | 51.3 (1,574,889) | 47.5 (5,445) |
Race | ||
White | 85.6 (2,630,827) | 85.7 (9,819) |
Black | 8.0 (246,387) | 7.2 (824) |
API | 4.7 (143,387) | 6.3 (718) |
AI/AN | 0.2 (4,612) | 0.2 (20) |
Other | 0.2 (4,795) | 0.1 (14) |
Unknown | 1.4 (41,653) | 0.6 (69) |
Ethnicity | ||
Non-Hispanic white | 79.8 (2,452,160) | 79.7 (9,138) |
Non-Hispanic black | 7.9 (243,357) | 7.1 (814) |
Hispanic | 5.4 (165,478) | 5.4 (623) |
Others | 5.5 (169,867) | 7.2 (823) |
Unknown | 1.3 (40,799) | 0.6 (66) |
Registry | ||
San Francisco/Oakland | 10.1 (310,933) | 5.9 (682) |
Connecticut | 9.7 (297,011) | 8.4 (959) |
Detroit | 11.2 (344,754) | 11.3 (1,293) |
Hawaii | 2.4 (72,967) | 6.6 (752) |
Iowa | 8.2 (252,294) | 11.1 (1,278) |
Seattle | 8.8 (271,556) | 7.6 (869) |
Utah | 2.9 (88,594) | 7.9 (906) |
San José/Monterey | 2.9 (89,336) | 2.2 (253) |
Los Angeles | 11.9 (364,961) | 11.3 (1,299) |
Greater California | 23.1 (709,437) | 17.2 (1,968) |
Louisiana | 6.3 (192,375) | 6.9 (789) |
Kentucky | 2.5 (77,443) | 3.6 (416) |
Year of diagnosis | ||
1979–1983 | 11.0 (339,057) | 5.6 (645) |
1984–1988 | 16.5 (506,413) | 15.2 (1,743) |
1989–1993 | 34.9 (1,071,441) | 35.2 (4,037) |
1994–1998 | 37.6 (1,154,750) | 44.0 (5,039) |
Cancer site | ||
Breast | 15.6 (477,812) | 14.8 (1,697) |
Prostate | 13.4 (411,486) | 16.4 (1,881) |
Colorectal | 11.6 (357,788) | 12.0 (1,375) |
Lung/Bronchus | 13.6 (416,522) | 14.9 (1,713) |
Cervix | 4.8 (147,140) | 1.0 (116) |
Melanoma of skin | 3.8 (116,850) | 2.6 (302) |
Other | 37.2 (1,144,063) | 38.2 (4,380) |
Selected findings on individual-level SES disparities in cancer
Differentials in cancer incidence
Characteristic | All cancers and both sexes combined (N = 203,908) | All cancers, male (N = 95,964) | All cancers, female (N = 107,944) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Rate | SE | RR | 95% CI | No. | Rate | SE | RR | 95% CI | No. | Rate | SE | RR | 95% CI | ||||
Total population | 11,464 | 550.21 | 4.89 | – | – | – | 6,018 | 671.00 | 8.07 | – | – | – | 5,445 | 470.89 | 6.18 | – | – | – |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 9,068 | 567.24 | 5.70 | 1.00 | Reference | 4,716 | 683.06 | 9.25 | 1.00 | Reference | 4,352 | 494.46 | 7.35 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Non-Hispanic black | 834 | 671.68 | 22.28 | 1.23 | 1.15 | 1.32 | 471 | 980.95 | 43.31 | 1.49 | 1.35 | 1.64 | 363 | 482.86 | 24.32 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 1.09 |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 39 | 526.99 | 83.81 | 0.94 | 0.69 | 1.29 | 15 | 503.57 | 130.80 | 0.76 | 0.46 | 1.27 | 24 | 523.84 | 101.04 | 1.09 | 0.73 | 1.63 |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 661 | 417.12 | 15.42 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.80 | 351 | 480.48 | 24.04 | 0.71 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 310 | 361.91 | 19.71 | 0.73 | 0.66 | 0.83 |
Hispanic | 638 | 416.59 | 16.47 | – | – | – | 343 | 546.77 | 29.95 | – | – | – | 295 | 327.97 | 18.74 | – | – | – |
Mexican | 447 | 428.92 | 20.57 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.81 | 245 | 570.27 | 38.01 | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.90 | 202 | 333.53 | 23.14 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.78 |
Other Hispanic | 191 | 396.08 | 27.95 | 0.72 | 0.62 | 0.83 | 98 | 509.60 | 49.96 | 0.75 | 0.61 | 0.92 | 93 | 318.80 | 32.18 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.83 |
Other or unknown race | 224 | 587.90 | 36.84 | 0.96 | 0.84 | 1.09 | 122 | 712.60 | 60.51 | 0.97 | 0.81 | 1.16 | 102 | 510.46 | 47.76 | 0.98 | 0.80 | 1.19 |
Educational attainment (years of education) | ||||||||||||||||||
Less than high school graduates (≤11) | 3,676 | 583.64 | 10.08 | 1.17 | 1.10 | 1.24 | 2,034 | 730.30 | 16.21 | 1.22 | 1.13 | 1.31 | 1,642 | 478.52 | 12.77 | 1.08 | 0.98 | 1.18 |
High school graduates (12) | 4,084 | 549.45 | 8.18 | 1.14 | 1.07 | 1.20 | 1,906 | 694.73 | 14.87 | 1.17 | 1.82 | 1.25 | 2178 | 475.34 | 9.81 | 1.07 | 0.98 | 1.17 |
Some post high school education (13–15) | 1,847 | 547.08 | 12.07 | 1.11 | 1.04 | 1.19 | 930 | 657.95 | 20.36 | 1.10 | 1.01 | 1.20 | 927 | 481.38 | 15.11 | 1.09 | 0.99 | 1.21 |
College education or beyond (16+) | 1,837 | 525.47 | 11.96 | 1.00 | Reference | 1,141 | 602.27 | 17.22 | 1.00 | Reference | 696 | 443.33 | 16.53 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Unknown | 10 | 276.03 | 92.32 | 0.49 | 0.26 | 0.90 | 7 | 333.51 | 151.52 | 0.58 | 0.28 | 1.23 | 3 | 191.49 | 108.34 | 0.46 | 0.15 | 1.43 |
Family income (1990 dollars) | ||||||||||||||||||
<$12,500 | 2,007 | 568.05 | 13.43 | 1.13 | 1.06 | 1.20 | 813 | 729.50 | 25.17 | 1.15 | 1.06 | 1.26 | 1,194 | 499.84 | 15.95 | 1.16 | 1.06 | 1.26 |
$12,500–$24,999 | 2,637 | 568.82 | 10.86 | 1.11 | 1.05 | 1.17 | 1373 | 712.77 | 18.23 | 1.14 | 1.06 | 1.23 | 1,264 | 475.26 | 13.41 | 1.08 | 1.00 | 1.17 |
$25,000–$34,999 | 1,632 | 567.27 | 13.43 | 1.08 | 1.02 | 1.15 | 906 | 711.00 | 21.98 | 1.13 | 1.04 | 1.22 | 726 | 461.44 | 16.75 | 1.03 | 0.94 | 1.13 |
$35,000–$49,999 | 1,773 | 553.55 | 12.85 | 1.03 | 0.97 | 1.09 | 960 | 634.72 | 19.73 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 1.07 | 813 | 485.35 | 16.79 | 1.08 | 0.99 | 1.18 |
$50,000+ | 3,067 | 540.04 | 10.27 | 1.00 | Reference | 1780 | 637.18 | 15.67 | 1.00 | Reference | 1287 | 448.57 | 13.26 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Unknown | 348 | 456.42 | 24.37 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.99 | 186 | 554.05 | 40.36 | 0.91 | 0.78 | 1.06 | 162 | 385.65 | 30.63 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 1.06 |
Poverty status (ratio of family income to poverty threshold) | ||||||||||||||||||
At or below 100% | 1,158 | 560.33 | 16.01 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1.21 | 473 | 723.88 | 31.20 | 1.16 | 1.04 | 1.30 | 685 | 492.52 | 18.73 | 1.12 | 1.05 | 1.24 |
100–200% | 2,100 | 531.20 | 11.39 | 1.03 | 0.97 | 1.10 | 1,032 | 677.48 | 19.89 | 1.07 | 0.98 | 1.17 | 1,068 | 449.80 | 13.90 | 1.02 | 0.93 | 1.12 |
200–400% | 3,959 | 565.37 | 8.48 | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 2,113 | 688.76 | 13.79 | 1.07 | 0.99 | 1.15 | 1,846 | 447.90 | 10.72 | 1.06 | 0.97 | 1.15 |
400–600% | 2,379 | 550.63 | 10.92 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 1.09 | 1,293 | 642.85 | 17.18 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.08 | 1,086 | 481.04 | 14.24 | 1.06 | 0.97 | 1.17 |
Above 600% | 1,868 | 547.51 | 12.78 | 1.00 | Reference | 1,107 | 653.04 | 19.26 | 1.00 | Reference | 761 | 459.62 | 17.15 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Employment status | ||||||||||||||||||
Employed | 5,395 | 562.59 | 8.99 | 1.00 | Reference | 3,352 | 645.12 | 12.87 | 1.00 | Reference | 2,043 | 447.51 | 11.76 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Unemployed | 290 | 595.70 | 46.88 | 1.09 | 0.97 | 1.23 | 186 | 920.88 | 74.81 | 1.16 | 1.00 | 1.35 | 104 | 418.66 | 56.25 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 1.23 |
Unable to work | 255 | 599.00 | 40.25 | 1.17 | 1.03 | 1.33 | 168 | 793.97 | 65.06 | 1.29 | 1.11 | 1.51 | 87 | 399.65 | 47.10 | 0.98 | 0.78 | 1.21 |
Others/retired | 5,511 | 565.64 | 8.83 | 1.19 | 1.14 | 1.25 | 2,301 | 765.18 | 25.53 | 1.20 | 1.12 | 1.29 | 3,210 | 485.23 | 9.36 | 1.12 | 1.05 | 1.19 |
Unknown | 13 | 261.48 | 101.72 | 0.59 | 0.27 | 0.78 | 11 | 205.68 | 79.84 | 0.56 | 0.31 | 1.01 | 2 | 223.81 | 148.75 | 0.45 | 0.12 | 1.81 |
Marital status | ||||||||||||||||||
Married | 8,247 | 571.56 | 5.98 | 1.00 | Reference | 5,069 | 716.45 | 9.39 | 1.00 | Reference | 3,354 | 463.05 | 7.73 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Widowed | 1,435 | 561.39 | 33.54 | 0.94 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 322 | 861.01 | 80.57 | 1.05 | 0.93 | 1.18 | 1,119 | 523.31 | 37.75 | 1.05 | 0.97 | 1.13 |
Divorced/separated | 1,130 | 579.15 | 17.45 | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.14 | 500 | 747.80 | 34.76 | 1.04 | 0.94 | 1.14 | 658 | 519.22 | 20.25 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.21 |
Never married | 637 | 528.82 | 21.35 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 1.04 | 334 | 605.57 | 33.53 | 0.91 | 0.81 | 1.02 | 310 | 500.68 | 29.16 | 1.09 | 0.96 | 1.22 |
Unknown | 15 | 439.55 | 127.53 | 0.56 | 0.34 | 0.94 | 15 | 791.12 | 281.18 | 0.65 | 0.35 | 1.20 | 5 | 302.02 | 128.02 | 0.59 | 0.24 | 1.41 |
Place of residence | ||||||||||||||||||
Urban | 8,928 | 545.18 | 5.50 | 1.00 | Reference | 4,630 | 666.83 | 9.14 | 1.00 | Reference | 4,298 | 467.84 | 6.92 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Rural | 2,526 | 570.89 | 10.76 | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 1,380 | 688.62 | 17.30 | 1.03 | 0.97 | 1.10 | 1,146 | 483.45 | 13.69 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 1.10 |
Unknown | 10 | 334.92 | 125.63 | 0.45 | 0.24 | 0.84 | 8 | 630.57 | 283.95 | 0.59 | 0.30 | 1.19 | 2 | 114.87 | 79.39 | 0.32 | 0.08 | 1.28 |
Lung cancer, male | Lung cancer, female | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | No. | Rate | SE | RR | 95% CI | No. | Rate | SE | RR | 95% CI | ||
Total population | 1,135 | 116.20 | 3.38 | – | – | – | 701 | 56.77 | 2.11 | – | – | – |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 895 | 118.85 | 3.88 | 1.00 | Reference | 575 | 60.56 | 2.51 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Non-Hispanic black | 104 | 190.46 | 18.56 | 1.73 | 1.41 | 2.12 | 57 | 72.44 | 9.63 | 1.23 | 0.93 | 1.61 |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 2 | 48.21 | 33.98 | 0.55 | 0.14 | 2.22 | 3 | 80.21 | 45.91 | 1.12 | 0.36 | 3.50 |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 60 | 74.65 | 9.46 | 0.65 | 0.50 | 0.85 | 31 | 35.96 | 6.03 | 0.56 | 0.39 | 0.81 |
Hispanic | 51 | 77.19 | 11.50 | – | – | – | 16 | 20.79 | 4.61 | – | – | – |
Mexican | 31 | 71.38 | 13.93 | 0.55 | 0.38 | 0.79 | 9 | 18.04 | 5.42 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.48 |
Other Hispanic | 20 | 94.42 | 21.60 | 0.82 | 0.53 | 1.29 | 7 | 25.75 | 8.45 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.83 |
Other or unknown race | 23 | 122.69 | 25.99 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 1.52 | 19 | 92.18 | 19.14 | 1.33 | 0.84 | 2.13 |
Educational attainment (years of education) | ||||||||||||
Less than high school graduates (≤11) | 493 | 166.55 | 7.65 | 3.01 | 2.44 | 3.70 | 246 | 71.63 | 4.91 | 2.02 | 1.49 | 2.73 |
High school graduates (12) | 385 | 123.94 | 6.38 | 2.32 | 1.88 | 2.86 | 293 | 59.08 | 3.36 | 1.74 | 1.30 | 2.35 |
Some post high school education (13–15) | 141 | 93.58 | 7.60 | 1.67 | 1.30 | 2.13 | 109 | 56.38 | 5.34 | 1.66 | 1.19 | 2.31 |
College education or beyond (16+) | 115 | 57.60 | 5.50 | 1.00 | Reference | 52 | 35.91 | 4.96 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Unknown | 1 | 107.95 | 102.12 | 0.81 | 0.11 | 5.82 | 1 | 62.15 | 60.86 | 2.08 | 0.29 | 15.07 |
Family income (1990 dollars) | ||||||||||||
<$12,500 | 170 | 150.92 | 11.95 | 1.71 | 1.40 | 2.09 | 183 | 81.44 | 6.69 | 1.77 | 1.40 | 2.23 |
$12,500–$24,999 | 186 | 142.75 | 8.44 | 1.61 | 1.36 | 1.91 | 174 | 62.18 | 4.88 | 1.40 | 1.12 | 1.77 |
$25,000–$34,999 | 196 | 143.50 | 9.84 | 1.60 | 1.33 | 1.93 | 86 | 50.99 | 5.49 | 1.14 | 0.87 | 1.49 |
$35,000–$49,999 | 163 | 93.47 | 7.53 | 1.09 | 0.90 | 1.33 | 100 | 58.79 | 5.87 | 1.25 | 0.97 | 1.62 |
$50,000+ | 283 | 90.99 | 6.06 | 1.00 | Reference | 138 | 45.87 | 4.15 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Unknown | 37 | 99.31 | 16.41 | 1.16 | 0.82 | 1.65 | 20 | 45.84 | 10.35 | 1.06 | 0.66 | 1.72 |
Poverty status (ratio of family income to poverty threshold) | ||||||||||||
At or below 100% | 102 | 151.43 | 14.94 | 1.72 | 1.38 | 2.27 | 94 | 69.76 | 7.31 | 1.52 | 1.13 | 2.03 |
100–200% | 227 | 144.59 | 9.43 | 1.67 | 1.37 | 2.05 | 149 | 62.89 | 5.33 | 1.32 | 1.01 | 1.73 |
200–400% | 401 | 119.60 | 5.81 | 1.38 | 1.15 | 1.65 | 239 | 57.70 | 3.67 | 1.23 | 0.96 | 1.57 |
400–600% | 236 | 105.65 | 6.92 | 1.21 | 0.99 | 1.47 | 129 | 54.35 | 4.68 | 1.11 | 0.85 | 1.45 |
Above 600% | 169 | 90.31 | 7.25 | 1.00 | Reference | 90 | 47.66 | 5.09 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Employment status | ||||||||||||
Employed | 591 | 10.71 | 5.05 | 1.00 | Reference | 211 | 55.36 | 4.48 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Unemployed | 50 | 151.57 | 25.00 | 1.83 | 1.37 | 2.44 | 20 | 75.91 | 18.64 | 2.09 | 1.32 | 3.31 |
Unable to work | 44 | 161.61 | 26.19 | 1.93 | 1.42 | 2.63 | 16 | 80.11 | 22.71 | 1.57 | 0.94 | 2.64 |
Others/retired | 448 | 143.68 | 10.21 | 1.42 | 1.22 | 1.67 | 453 | 65.01 | 3.34 | 1.45 | 1.21 | 1.73 |
Unknown | 2 | 31.47 | 24.37 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 2.57 | 1 | 75.59 | 73.68 | 2.15 | 0.30 | 15.34 |
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Married | 927 | 116.25 | 3.74 | 1.00 | Reference | 387 | 49.09 | 2.44 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Widowed | 50 | 149.80 | 32.89 | 0.96 | 0.72 | 1.29 | 174 | 82.05 | 10.73 | 1.45 | 1.19 | 1.76 |
Divorced/separated | 112 | 151.35 | 15.97 | 1.34 | 1.10 | 1.63 | 120 | 92.66 | 8.74 | 1.83 | 1.49 | 2.25 |
Never married | 46 | 81.91 | 12.30 | 0.77 | 0.57 | 1.04 | 19 | 30.91 | 7.48 | 0.73 | 0.46 | 1.16 |
Unknown | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 42.93 | 42.31 | 1.07 | 0.15 | 7.67 |
Place of residence | ||||||||||||
Urban | 860 | 114.31 | 3.82 | 1.00 | Reference | 552 | 56.37 | 2.35 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Rural | 275 | 123.92 | 7.36 | 1.10 | 0.96 | 1.27 | 148 | 58.26 | 4.78 | 1.04 | 0.86 | 1.24 |
Unknown | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 58.93 | 57.77 | 1.34 | 0.19 | 9.53 |
Characteristic | Colorectal cancer (both sexes combined) | Prostate cancer | Female breast cancer | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Rate | SE | RR | 95% CI | No. | Rate | SE | RR | 95% CI | No. | Rate | SE | RR | 95% CI | ||||
Total population | 1,467 | 68.39 | 1.69 | – | – | – | 1,995 | 218.11 | 4.64 | – | – | – | 1,739 | 149.10 | 3.54 | – | – | – |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 1,159 | 69.43 | 1.93 | 1.00 | Reference | 1,561 | 218.25 | 5.23 | 1.00 | Reference | 1,364 | 155.18 | 4.20 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Non-Hispanic black | 113 | 88.54 | 8.28 | 1.44 | 1.30 | 1.59 | 188 | 403.88 | 29.21 | 1.87 | 1.60 | 2.17 | 119 | 153.92 | 13.67 | 1.01 | 0.84 | 1.22 |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 5 | 62.83 | 28.41 | 0.99 | 0.41 | 2.39 | 5 | 226.63 | 97.82 | 0.84 | 0.35 | 2.03 | 6 | 111.41 | 45.26 | 0.81 | 0.36 | 1.81 |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 86 | 54.13 | 5.69 | 0.77 | 0.61 | 0.95 | 96 | 131.82 | 12.21 | 0.59 | 0.48 | 0.72 | 111 | 123.93 | 11.81 | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.99 |
Hispanic | 77 | 54.79 | 5.92 | – | – | – | 110 | 186.89 | 17.83 | – | – | – | 104 | 106.02 | 10.57 | – | – | – |
Mexican | 56 | 57.58 | 7.84 | 0.81 | 0.62 | 1.06 | 79 | 186.14 | 21.53 | 0.87 | 0.69 | 1.10 | 73 | 107.88 | 13.17 | 0.73 | 0.57 | 0.92 |
Other Hispanic | 21 | 42.40 | 9.03 | 0.66 | 0.43 | 1.02 | 31 | 179.29 | 30.66 | 0.75 | 0.53 | 1.07 | 31 | 103.19 | 18.09 | 0.68 | 0.48 | 0.97 |
Other or unknown race | 27 | 70.38 | 12.36 | 1.00 | 0.68 | 1.47 | 35 | 217.68 | 36.91 | 0.91 | 0.65 | 1.27 | 35 | 170.48 | 28.27 | 1.07 | 0.76 | 1.51 |
Educational attainment (years of education) | ||||||||||||||||||
Less than high school graduates (≤11) | 512 | 71.94 | 3.26 | 1.45 | 1.31 | 1.61 | 622 | 203.50 | 7.91 | 0.79 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 407 | 124.93 | 6.87 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.86 |
High school graduates (12) | 527 | 69.50 | 2.90 | 1.22 | 1.04 | 1.44 | 592 | 211.14 | 8.43 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.94 | 708 | 151.23 | 5.65 | 0.88 | 0.77 | 1.01 |
Some post high school education (13–15) | 217 | 64.39 | 4.14 | 1.13 | 0.93 | 1.36 | 308 | 221.75 | 12.19 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 1.03 | 333 | 164.23 | 8.87 | 0.96 | 0.82 | 1.13 |
College education or beyond (16+) | 211 | 66.31 | 4.07 | 1.00 | Reference | 471 | 253.34 | 11.64 | 1.00 | Reference | 290 | 167.82 | 9.95 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Unknown | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 125.07 | 86.81 | 0.50 | 0.13 | 2.01 | 1 | 75.65 | 72.77 | 0.39 | 0.06 | 2.81 |
Family income (1990 dollars) | ||||||||||||||||||
<$12,500 | 286 | 69.55 | 4.33 | 1.20 | 1.02 | 1.43 | 245 | 201.15 | 12.81 | 0.84 | 0.72 | 0.98 | 304 | 136.35 | 8.82 | 0.90 | 0.77 | 1.05 |
$12,500–$24,999 | 353 | 69.63 | 3.62 | 1.20 | 1.02 | 1.43 | 430 | 207.05 | 9.40 | 0.87 | 0.77 | 0.99 | 397 | 152.73 | 7.89 | 0.98 | 0.85 | 1.12 |
$25,000–$34,999 | 217 | 72.85 | 4.78 | 1.21 | 1.02 | 1.43 | 268 | 207.64 | 12.14 | 0.86 | 0.74 | 0.99 | 225 | 139.22 | 9.29 | 0.87 | 0.74 | 1.02 |
$35,000–$49,999 | 208 | 66.53 | 4.39 | 1.05 | 0.88 | 1.25 | 332 | 220.30 | 12.11 | 0.92 | 0.81 | 1.05 | 268 | 151.15 | 9.27 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 1.09 |
$50,000+ | 347 | 64.09 | 3.51 | 1.00 | Reference | 655 | 232.47 | 9.58 | 1.00 | Reference | 502 | 158.60 | 7.50 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Unknown | 56 | 66.74 | 8.47 | 1.15 | 0.86 | 1.54 | 65 | 183.34 | 22.50 | 0.79 | 0.61 | 1.02 | 43 | 104.23 | 16.76 | 0.68 | 0.49 | 0.93 |
Poverty status (ratio of family income to poverty threshold) | ||||||||||||||||||
At or below 100% | 157 | 69.87 | 5.47 | 1.24 | 1.30 | 1.60 | 136 | 209.09 | 17.06 | 0.87 | 0.72 | 1.00 | 185 | 135.48 | 10.13 | 0.89 | 0.73 | 1.07 |
100–200% | 280 | 64.53 | 3.79 | 1.11 | 0.93 | 1.34 | 285 | 177.27 | 10.04 | 0.71 | 0.61 | 1.06 | 314 | 136.93 | 7.94 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 1.06 |
200–400% | 525 | 73.21 | 3.02 | 1.21 | 1.03 | 1.42 | 711 | 230.86 | 8.09 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 1.05 | 586 | 148.28 | 6.08 | 0.94 | 0.88 | 1.09 |
400–600% | 291 | 69.67 | 3.91 | 1.10 | 0.92 | 1.31 | 435 | 212.20 | 10.10 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 1.00 | 381 | 160.76 | 8.21 | 1.03 | 0.88 | 1.20 |
Above 600% | 214 | 63.29 | 4.09 | 1.00 | Reference | 428 | 236.44 | 11.31 | 1.00 | Reference | 273 | 157.61 | 9.66 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Employment status | ||||||||||||||||||
Employed | 628 | 72.36 | 3.46 | 1.00 | Reference | 1,100 | 229.12 | 8.02 | 1.00 | Reference | 780 | 149.64 | 6.17 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Unemployed | 38 | 56.08 | 9.67 | 1.29 | 0.93 | 1.79 | 41 | 224.43 | 56.36 | 0.84 | 0.61 | 1.15 | 31 | 166.74 | 45.24 | 0.76 | 0.53 | 1.09 |
Unable to work | 34 | 83.94 | 16.43 | 1.13 | 0.79 | 1.60 | 36 | 156.74 | 27.90 | 0.75 | 0.54 | 1.04 | 14 | 76.56 | 24.83 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 0.87 |
Others/retired | 767 | 65.31 | 2.61 | 1.09 | 0.95 | 1.24 | 815 | 214.07 | 9.94 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 1.13 | 914 | 146.58 | 5.37 | 1.01 | 0.91 | 1.13 |
Unknown | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 120.53 | 75.27 | 0.67 | 0.22 | 2.08 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
Marital status | ||||||||||||||||||
Married | 1,026 | 70.62 | 2.06 | 1.00 | Reference | 1,687 | 224.89 | 5.20 | 1.00 | Reference | 1,142 | 150.29 | 4.39 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Widowed | 225 | 75.89 | 13.04 | 0.97 | 1.28 | 1.59 | 118 | 229.29 | 24.00 | 1.02 | 0.84 | 1.23 | 289 | 165.94 | 24.09 | 1.01 | 0.87 | 1.17 |
Divorced/separated | 132 | 73.24 | 6.61 | 1.08 | 0.90 | 1.29 | 121 | 187.53 | 17.83 | 0.83 | 0.69 | 0.99 | 207 | 149.80 | 10.74 | 0.98 | 0.84 | 1.13 |
Never married | 84 | 79.46 | 8.59 | 1.12 | 0.89 | 1.40 | 64 | 153.01 | 17.11 | 0.63 | 0.49 | 0.80 | 101 | 157.05 | 16.69 | 1.00 | 0.81 | 1.23 |
Unknown | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | 307.62 | 146.60 | 1.17 | 0.48 | 2.82 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
Place of residence | ||||||||||||||||||
Urban | 1,159 | 68.60 | 1.91 | 1.00 | Reference | 1,529 | 216.42 | 5.24 | 1.00 | Reference | 1,362 | 147.10 | 3.95 | 1.00 | Reference | |||
Rural | 308 | 68.24 | 3.65 | 0.97 | 0.85 | 1.10 | 463 | 224.75 | 10.00 | 1.05 | 0.94 | 1.16 | 377 | 157.60 | 7.99 | 1.06 | 0.94 | 1.19 |
Unknown | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 278.49 | 165.49 | 0.85 | 0.27 | 2.66 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
Characteristic | Melanoma (non-Hispanic white only, both sexes combined) | Cervical cancer | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Rate | SE | RR | 95% CI | No | Rate | SE | RR | 95% CI | |||
Total population (all races/ethnicities) | 311 | 14.92 | 0.86 | 110 | 10.18 | 1.01 | ||||||
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 296 | 19.18 | 1.15 | – | – | – | 71 | 9.25 | 1.16 | 1.00 | Reference | |
Non-Hispanic black | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14 | 17.27 | 4.64 | 2.00 | 1.24 | 3.55 |
American Indian/Alaska Native | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 16.38 | 16.33 | 2.28 | 0.32 | 16.49 |
Asian/Pacific Islander | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9 | 10.17 | 3.40 | 1.21 | 0.60 | 2.42 |
Hispanic | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15 | 14.33 | 3.93 | – | – | – |
Mexican | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11 | 15.69 | 5.15 | 1.48 | 1.78 | 2.83 |
Other Hispanic | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | 11.82 | 5.92 | 1.44 | 0.52 | 3.97 |
Other or unknown race | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
Educational attainment (years of education) | ||||||||||||
Less than high school graduates (0–11) | 37 | 12.76 | 3.02 | 0.55 | 0.37 | 0.82 | 41 | 19.50 | 3.24 | 3.24 | 1.68 | 6.24 |
High school graduates (12) | 100 | 17.56 | 1.78 | 0.79 | 0.59 | 1.07 | 37 | 8.77 | 1.50 | 1.45 | 0.75 | 2.79 |
Some post high school education (13–15) | 80 | 26.02 | 2.91 | 1.15 | 0.84 | 1.58 | 20 | 8.88 | 2.07 | 1.45 | 0.71 | 2.97 |
College education or beyond (16+) | 79 | 20.78 | 2.37 | 1.00 | Reference | 12 | 6.64 | 2.08 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Unknown | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
Family income (1990 dollars) | ||||||||||||
<$12,500 | 22 | 9.19 | 2.36 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.95 | 26 | 15.53 | 3.26 | 2.96 | 1.61 | 5.43 |
$12,500–$24,999 | 54 | 16.89 | 2.48 | 0.88 | 0.62 | 1.24 | 29 | 12.69 | 2.42 | 2.29 | 1.27 | 4.12 |
$25,000–$34,999 | 40 | 17.37 | 2.86 | 0.86 | 0.59 | 1.25 | 14 | 8.80 | 2.47 | 1.48 | 0.74 | 2.98 |
$35,000–$49,999 | 66 | 23.17 | 2.94 | 1.17 | 0.85 | 1.60 | 20 | 10.35 | 2.49 | 1.81 | 0.96 | 3.39 |
$50,000+ | 102 | 20.54 | 2.38 | 1.00 | Reference | 19 | 6.32 | 1.75 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Unknown | 12 | 26.16 | 8.18 | 1.21 | 0.65 | 2.24 | 2 | 5.60 | 4.21 | 1.62 | 0.27 | 5.10 |
Poverty status (ratio of family income to poverty threshold) | ||||||||||||
At or below 100% | 12 | 10.10 | 3.04 | 0.54 | 0.29 | 1.01 | 24 | 17.68 | 3.66 | 4.30 | 1.84 | 10.06 |
100–200% | 40 | 16.18 | 2.81 | 0.78 | 0.52 | 1.17 | 29 | 14.15 | 2.69 | 3.35 | 1.46 | 7.72 |
200–400% | 110 | 20.18 | 1.95 | 0.94 | 0.69 | 1.29 | 34 | 8.99 | 1.65 | 1.94 | 0.86 | 4.40 |
400–600% | 71 | 19.19 | 2.28 | 0.92 | 0.66 | 1.30 | 16 | 7.71 | 2.18 | 1.62 | 0.67 | 3.95 |
Above 600% | 63 | 22.21 | 3.18 | 1.00 | Reference | 7 | 4.40 | 1.74 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Employment status | ||||||||||||
Employed | 179 | 20.24 | 1.66 | 1.00 | Reference | 57 | 9.18 | 1.28 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Unemployed | 5 | 10.07 | 4.51 | 0.60 | 0.25 | 1.46 | 4 | 10.21 | 5.30 | 1.07 | 0.39 | 2.95 |
Unable to work | 3 | 10.33 | 6.06 | 0.75 | 0.24 | 2.36 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
Others/retired | 109 | 19.09 | 2.43 | 1.24 | 0.91 | 1.68 | 49 | 11.85 | 1.81 | 1.24 | 0.82 | 1.85 |
Unknown | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Married | 242 | 21.80 | 1.47 | 1.00 | Reference | 61 | 8.54 | 1.19 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Widowed | 15 | 3.97 | 1.09 | 0.55 | 0.31 | 0.97 | 11 | 17.28 | 11.34 | 1.77 | 0.85 | 3.69 |
Divorced/separated | 25 | 13.83 | 2.80 | 0.76 | 0.50 | 1.16 | 22 | 15.41 | 3.47 | 1.74 | 1.07 | 2.84 |
Never married | 14 | 11.07 | 3.29 | 0.50 | 0.29 | 0.88 | 15 | 14.89 | 4.58 | 1.80 | 1.00 | 3.22 |
Unknown | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 88.14 | 81.26 | 6.68 | 0.91 | 49.10 |
Place of residence | ||||||||||||
Urban | 230 | 19.69 | 1.34 | 1.00 | Reference | 86 | 10.03 | 1.13 | 1.00 | Reference | ||
Rural | 66 | 17.49 | 2.23 | 0.90 | 0.68 | 1.18 | 24 | 10.57 | 2.17 | 1.07 | 0.68 | 1.69 |
Unknown | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
Differentials in late-stage cancer diagnosis
Colorectal cancer (N = 1,889) | Prostate cancer (N = 2,457) | Female breast cancer (N = 2,565) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | No. of distant-stage | Percent | Odds ratioa
| 95% CI |
P-value | No. of distant-stage | Percent | Odds ratioa
| 95% CI |
P-value | No. of distant-stage | Percent | Odds ratioa
| 95% CI |
P-value | |||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||||||||||
Total population | 388 | 20.5 | 227 | 9.2 | 142 | 5.5 | ||||||||||||
Sexb
| ||||||||||||||||||
Male | 196 | 20.1 | 0.93 | 0.74 | 1.17 | 0.55 | ||||||||||||
Female | 192 | 21.1 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||||||||||||
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 298 | 20.0 | 1.00 | Reference | 0.84 | 153 | 8.0 | 1.00 | Reference |
<0.001
| 104 | 5.2 | 1.00 | Reference | 0.08 | |||
Non-Hispanic black | 32 | 25.0 | 1.14 | 0.73 | 1.77 | 38 | 16.2 | 2.65 | 1.70 | 4.13 | 18 | 10.3 | 2.16 | 1.22 | 3.80 | |||
Asian/Pacific Islander | 25 | 20.0 | 1.32 | 0.73 | 2.42 | 18 | 15.2 | 2.14 | 0.94 | 4.90 | 6 | 3.6 | 0.87 | 0.31 | 2.48 | |||
Hispanic | 21 | 21.9 | 1.11 | 0.65 | 1.88 | 9 | 7.0 | 1.22 | 0.58 | 2.56 | 8 | 5.1 | 1.15 | 0.52 | 2.53 | |||
Other or unknown racec
| 12 | 22.6 | 1.27 | 0.65 | 2.50 | 9 | 12.3 | 1.83 | 0.84 | 3.98 | 6 | 7.7 | 1.65 | 0.69 | 3.94 | |||
Educational attainment (years of education) | ||||||||||||||||||
Less than high school graduates (≤11) | 136 | 22.7 | 1.48 | 1.02 | 2.14 | 0.23 | 94 | 13.7 | 1.59 | 1.04 | 2.42 | 0.10 | 44 | 8.0 | 1.77 | 1.01 | 3.12 | 0.27 |
High school graduates (12) | 148 | 21.0 | 1.31 | 0.92 | 1.87 | 74 | 9.6 | 1.43 | 0.94 | 2.19 | 53 | 5.2 | 1.20 | 0.70 | 2.05 | |||
Some post high school education (13–15) | 50 | 18.4 | 1.10 | 0.71 | 1.69 | 20 | 5.1 | 0.88 | 0.50 | 1.57 | 25 | 5.0 | 1.21 | 0.66 | 2.22 | |||
College education or beyond (16+) | 53 | 17.0 | 1.00 | Reference | 39 | 6.5 | 1.00 | Reference | 20 | 4.0 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||||
Unknown | 1 | 33.3 | 2.35 | 0.21 | 26.85 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Family income (1990 dollars) | ||||||||||||||||||
<$12,500 | 67 | 21.0 | 1.38 | 0.94 | 2.01 | 0.13 | 40 | 16.3 | 2.32 | 1.40 | 3.82 |
0.002
| 30 | 7.9 | 2.30 | 1.31 | 4.05 |
0.02
|
$12,500–$24,999 | 96 | 22.9 | 1.55 | 1.10 | 2.18 | 60 | 14.0 | 2.38 | 1.52 | 3.71 | 34 | 6.1 | 1.82 | 1.07 | 3.10 | |||
$25,000–$34,999 | 63 | 23.1 | 1.54 | 1.06 | 2.24 | 35 | 10.7 | 2.21 | 1.36 | 3.60 | 16 | 4.6 | 1.39 | 0.73 | 2.63 | |||
$35,000–$49,999 | 65 | 21.4 | 1.37 | 0.95 | 1.98 | 40 | 8.7 | 2.00 | 1.26 | 3.18 | 28 | 6.4 | 1.97 | 1.14 | 3.41 | |||
$50,000+ | 84 | 17.0 | 1.00 | Reference | 42 | 4.6 | 1.00 | Reference | 26 | 3.4 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||||
Unknown | 13 | 16.5 | 1.09 | 0.57 | 2.10 | 10 | 12.8 | 2.28 | 1.05 | 4.95 | 8 | 10.8 | 3.45 | 1.48 | 8.03 | |||
Poverty status (ratio of family income to poverty threshold) | ||||||||||||||||||
At or below 100% | 38 | 21.5 | 1.33 | 0.82 | 2.16 | 0.60 | 21 | 15.4 | 2.79 | 1.48 | 5.27 |
0.010
| 19 | 8.4 | 3.12 | 1.44 | 6.76 |
0.02
|
100–200% | 64 | 20.8 | 1.29 | 0.84 | 1.96 | 36 | 12.3 | 1.78 | 1.03 | 3.09 | 27 | 6.7 | 2.49 | 1.21 | 5.14 | |||
200–400% | 130 | 21.9 | 1.36 | 0.94 | 1.98 | 83 | 10.6 | 2.11 | 1.33 | 3.36 | 48 | 5.7 | 2.12 | 1.09 | 4.16 | |||
400–600% | 78 | 20.8 | 1.27 | 0.85 | 1.89 | 39 | 7.3 | 1.51 | 0.90 | 2.54 | 32 | 6.3 | 2.37 | 1.17 | 4.78 | |||
Above 600% | 49 | 17.5 | 1.00 | Reference | 28 | 5.2 | 1.00 | Reference | 11 | 2.8 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||||
Unknown | 29 | 18.5 | 1.04 | 0.62 | 1.74 | 20 | 11.9 | 2.31 | 1.22 | 4.37 | 5 | 2.7 | 0.87 | 0.30 | 2.56 | |||
Employment status | ||||||||||||||||||
Employed | 188 | 20.0 | 1.00 | Reference | 0.48 | 99 | 6.1 | 1.00 | Reference | 0.07 | 61 | 4.8 | 1.00 | Reference | 0.42 | |||
Unemployed | 13 | 30.2 | 1.73 | 0.88 | 3.43 | 4 | 7.1 | 1.16 | 0.40 | 3.39 | 5 | 11.4 | 2.65 | 1.00 | 7.01 | |||
Unable to work | 6 | 15.0 | 0.70 | 0.28 | 1.70 | 8 | 19.1 | 2.40 | 1.01 | 5.69 | 0 | |||||||
Others/retired | 180 | 20.9 | 1.08 | 0.82 | 1.41 | 114 | 15.5 | 1.33 | 0.95 | 1.86 | 76 | 6.2 | 1.12 | 0.76 | 1.64 | |||
Unknown | 1 | 25.0 | 1.37 | 0.14 | 13.48 | 2 | 16.7 | 4.76 | 0.93 | 24.32 | 0 | |||||||
Marital status | ||||||||||||||||||
Married | 260 | 19.0 | 1.00 | Reference | 0.08 | 178 | 8.6 | 1.00 | Reference | 0.06 | 81 | 4.8 | 1.00 | Reference | 0.22 | |||
Widowed | 52 | 23.5 | 1.31 | 0.91 | 1.90 | 16 | 16.8 | 1.19 | 0.65 | 2.16 | 26 | 9.0 | 1.62 | 0.98 | 2.67 | |||
Divorced/separated | 35 | 22.3 | 1.18 | 0.78 | 1.77 | 21 | 13.2 | 2.19 | 1.30 | 3.68 | 20 | 7.2 | 1.59 | 0.95 | 2.65 | |||
Never married | 34 | 29.3 | 1.78 | 1.15 | 2.74 | 10 | 9.2 | 0.95 | 0.47 | 1.92 | 12 | 4.7 | 1.16 | 0.61 | 2.20 | |||
Unknown | 7 | 24.1 | 1.34 | 0.56 | 3.20 | 2 | 9.5 | 1.02 | 0.22 | 4.82 | 3 | 6.5 | 1.17 | 0.35 | 3.93 | |||
Place of residence | ||||||||||||||||||
Urban | 303 | 20.4 | 1.00 | Reference | 0.67 | 173 | 9.3 | 1.00 | Reference | 0.91 | 119 | 5.8 | 1.00 | Reference | 0.08 | |||
Rural | 84 | 20.8 | 1.11 | 0.83 | 1.48 | 54 | 9.1 | 1.08 | 0.75 | 1.56 | 22 | 4.3 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 1.21 | |||
Unknown | 1 | 33.3 | 2.07 | 0.18 | 23.44 | 0 | 1 | 50.0 | 15.41 | 0.91 | 261.63 |