Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 1/2011

01.04.2011

Phenotype-Genotype Correlation in Familial Breast Cancer

verfasst von: Ana Cristina Vargas, Jorge S. Reis-Filho, Sunil R. Lakhani

Erschienen in: Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia | Ausgabe 1/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Familial breast cancer accounts for a small but significant proportion of breast cancer cases worldwide. Identification of the candidate genes is always challenging specifically in patients with little or no family history. Therefore, a multidisciplinary team is required for the proper detection and further management of these patients. Pathologists have played a pivotal role in the cataloguing of genotypic-phenotypic correlations in families with hereditary cancer syndromes. These efforts have led to the identification of histological and phenotypic characteristics that can help predict the presence or absence of germline mutations of specific cancer predisposition genes. However, the panoply of cancer phenotypes associated with mutations of genes other than in BRCA1 is yet to be fully characterised; in fact, many cancer syndromes, germline mutations and gene sequence variants are under investigation for their possible morphological associations. Here we review the current understanding of phenotype-genotype correlation in familial breast cancer.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Bray F, McCarron P, Parkin DM. The changing global patterns of female breast cancer incidence and mortality. Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(6):229–39.PubMed Bray F, McCarron P, Parkin DM. The changing global patterns of female breast cancer incidence and mortality. Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(6):229–39.PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Claus EB, Schildkraut JM, Thompson WD, Risch NJ. The genetic attributable risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Cancer. 1996;77(11):2318–24.PubMed Claus EB, Schildkraut JM, Thompson WD, Risch NJ. The genetic attributable risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Cancer. 1996;77(11):2318–24.PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Anglian Breast Cancer Study Group. Prevalence and penetrance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population-based series of breast cancer cases. Br J Cancer. 2000;83(10):1301–8. Anglian Breast Cancer Study Group. Prevalence and penetrance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population-based series of breast cancer cases. Br J Cancer. 2000;83(10):1301–8.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, Futreal PA, Harshman K, Tavtigian S, et al. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science. 1994;266(5182):66–71.PubMed Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, Futreal PA, Harshman K, Tavtigian S, et al. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science. 1994;266(5182):66–71.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Wooster R, Neuhausen SL, Mangion J, Quirk Y, Ford D, Collins N, et al. Localization of a breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, to chromosome 13q12-13. Science. 1994;265(5181):2088–90.PubMed Wooster R, Neuhausen SL, Mangion J, Quirk Y, Ford D, Collins N, et al. Localization of a breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, to chromosome 13q12-13. Science. 1994;265(5181):2088–90.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J, Swift S, Seal S, Mangion J, et al. Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature. 1995;378(6559):789–92.PubMed Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J, Swift S, Seal S, Mangion J, et al. Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature. 1995;378(6559):789–92.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Venkitaraman AR. Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cell. 2002;108(2):171–82.PubMed Venkitaraman AR. Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cell. 2002;108(2):171–82.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S, Risch HA, Eyfjord JE, Hopper JL, et al. Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72(5):1117–30.PubMed Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S, Risch HA, Eyfjord JE, Hopper JL, et al. Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72(5):1117–30.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Lakhani SR, Gusterson BA, Jacquemier J, Sloane JP, Anderson TJ, van de Vijver MJ, et al. The pathology of familial breast cancer: histological features of cancers in families not attributable to mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(3):782–9.PubMed Lakhani SR, Gusterson BA, Jacquemier J, Sloane JP, Anderson TJ, van de Vijver MJ, et al. The pathology of familial breast cancer: histological features of cancers in families not attributable to mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(3):782–9.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Lakhani SR, Jacquemier J, Sloane JP, Gusterson BA, Anderson TJ, van de Vijver MJ, et al. Multifactorial analysis of differences between sporadic breast cancers and cancers involving BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(15):1138–45.PubMed Lakhani SR, Jacquemier J, Sloane JP, Gusterson BA, Anderson TJ, van de Vijver MJ, et al. Multifactorial analysis of differences between sporadic breast cancers and cancers involving BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(15):1138–45.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Badve S, Dabbs DJ, Schnitt SJ, Baehner FL, Decker T, Eusebi V, et al. Basal-like and triple-negative breast cancers: a critical review with an emphasis on the implications for pathologists and oncologists. Mod Pathol 2010. Badve S, Dabbs DJ, Schnitt SJ, Baehner FL, Decker T, Eusebi V, et al. Basal-like and triple-negative breast cancers: a critical review with an emphasis on the implications for pathologists and oncologists. Mod Pathol 2010.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, Rees CA, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2000;406(6797):747–52.PubMed Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, Rees CA, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2000;406(6797):747–52.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, Aas T, Geisler S, Johnsen H, et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(19):10869–74.PubMed Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, Aas T, Geisler S, Johnsen H, et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(19):10869–74.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen TO, Hsu FD, Jensen K, Cheang M, Karaca G, Hu Z, et al. Immunohistochemical and clinical characterization of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(16):5367–74.PubMed Nielsen TO, Hsu FD, Jensen K, Cheang M, Karaca G, Hu Z, et al. Immunohistochemical and clinical characterization of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(16):5367–74.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Lakhani SR, Reis-Filho JS, Fulford L, Penault-Llorca F, van der Vijver M, Parry S, et al. Prediction of BRCA1 status in patients with breast cancer using estrogen receptor and basal phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(14):5175–80.PubMed Lakhani SR, Reis-Filho JS, Fulford L, Penault-Llorca F, van der Vijver M, Parry S, et al. Prediction of BRCA1 status in patients with breast cancer using estrogen receptor and basal phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(14):5175–80.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Foulkes WD, Brunet JS, Stefansson IM, Straume O, Chappuis PO, Begin LR, et al. The prognostic implication of the basal-like (cyclin E high/p27 low/p53+/glomeruloid-microvascular-proliferation+) phenotype of BRCA1-related breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2004;64(3):830–5.PubMed Foulkes WD, Brunet JS, Stefansson IM, Straume O, Chappuis PO, Begin LR, et al. The prognostic implication of the basal-like (cyclin E high/p27 low/p53+/glomeruloid-microvascular-proliferation+) phenotype of BRCA1-related breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2004;64(3):830–5.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Armes JE, Venter DJ. The pathology of inherited breast cancer. Pathology. 2002;34(4):309–14.PubMed Armes JE, Venter DJ. The pathology of inherited breast cancer. Pathology. 2002;34(4):309–14.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Pinilla SM, Honrado E, Hardisson D, Benitez J, Palacios J. Caveolin-1 expression is associated with a basal-like phenotype in sporadic and hereditary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;99(1):85–90.PubMed Pinilla SM, Honrado E, Hardisson D, Benitez J, Palacios J. Caveolin-1 expression is associated with a basal-like phenotype in sporadic and hereditary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;99(1):85–90.PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Elsheikh SE, Green AR, Rakha EA, Samaka RM, Ammar AA, Powe D, et al. Caveolin 1 and Caveolin 2 are associated with breast cancer basal-like and triple-negative immunophenotype. Br J Cancer. 2008;99(2):327–34.PubMed Elsheikh SE, Green AR, Rakha EA, Samaka RM, Ammar AA, Powe D, et al. Caveolin 1 and Caveolin 2 are associated with breast cancer basal-like and triple-negative immunophenotype. Br J Cancer. 2008;99(2):327–34.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Rakha EA, Elsheikh SE, Aleskandarany MA, Habashi HO, Green AR, Powe DG, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: distinguishing between basal and nonbasal subtypes. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(7):2302–10.PubMed Rakha EA, Elsheikh SE, Aleskandarany MA, Habashi HO, Green AR, Powe DG, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: distinguishing between basal and nonbasal subtypes. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(7):2302–10.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Freneaux P, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Mouret E, Kambouchner M, Nicolas A, Zafrani B, et al. Low expression of bcl-2 in Brca1-associated breast cancers. Br J Cancer. 2000;83(10):1318–22.PubMed Freneaux P, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Mouret E, Kambouchner M, Nicolas A, Zafrani B, et al. Low expression of bcl-2 in Brca1-associated breast cancers. Br J Cancer. 2000;83(10):1318–22.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaziri SA, Tubbs RR, Darlington G, Casey G. Absence of CCND1 gene amplification in breast tumours of BRCA1 mutation carriers. Mol Pathol. 2001;54(4):259–63.PubMed Vaziri SA, Tubbs RR, Darlington G, Casey G. Absence of CCND1 gene amplification in breast tumours of BRCA1 mutation carriers. Mol Pathol. 2001;54(4):259–63.PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Elsheikh S, Green AR, Aleskandarany MA, Grainge M, Paish CE, Lambros MB, et al. CCND1 amplification and cyclin D1 expression in breast cancer and their relation with proteomic subgroups and patient outcome. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;109(2):325–35.PubMed Elsheikh S, Green AR, Aleskandarany MA, Grainge M, Paish CE, Lambros MB, et al. CCND1 amplification and cyclin D1 expression in breast cancer and their relation with proteomic subgroups and patient outcome. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;109(2):325–35.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Palacios J, Honrado E, Osorio A, Cazorla A, Sarrio D, Barroso A, et al. Immunohistochemical characteristics defined by tissue microarray of hereditary breast cancer not attributable to BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: differences from breast carcinomas arising in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(10 Pt 1):3606–14.PubMed Palacios J, Honrado E, Osorio A, Cazorla A, Sarrio D, Barroso A, et al. Immunohistochemical characteristics defined by tissue microarray of hereditary breast cancer not attributable to BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: differences from breast carcinomas arising in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(10 Pt 1):3606–14.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Cortesi L, Turchetti D, Bertoni C, Bellei R, Mangone L, Vinceti M, et al. Comparison between genotype and phenotype identifies a high-risk population carrying BRCA1 mutations. Genes Chromosom Cancer. 2000;27(2):130–5.PubMed Cortesi L, Turchetti D, Bertoni C, Bellei R, Mangone L, Vinceti M, et al. Comparison between genotype and phenotype identifies a high-risk population carrying BRCA1 mutations. Genes Chromosom Cancer. 2000;27(2):130–5.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Groep P, Bouter A, van der Zanden R, Siccama I, Menko FH, Gille JJ, et al. Distinction between hereditary and sporadic breast cancer on the basis of clinicopathological data. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59(6):611–7.PubMed van der Groep P, Bouter A, van der Zanden R, Siccama I, Menko FH, Gille JJ, et al. Distinction between hereditary and sporadic breast cancer on the basis of clinicopathological data. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59(6):611–7.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Gadzicki D, Schubert A, Fischer C, Milde S, Lehmann U, Steinemann D, et al. Histopathological criteria and selection algorithms for BRCA1 genetic testing. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2009;189(2):105–11.PubMed Gadzicki D, Schubert A, Fischer C, Milde S, Lehmann U, Steinemann D, et al. Histopathological criteria and selection algorithms for BRCA1 genetic testing. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2009;189(2):105–11.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Palacios J, Honrado E, Osorio A, Cazorla A, Sarrio D, Barroso A, et al. Phenotypic characterization of BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumors based in a tissue microarray study with 37 immunohistochemical markers. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;90(1):5–14.PubMed Palacios J, Honrado E, Osorio A, Cazorla A, Sarrio D, Barroso A, et al. Phenotypic characterization of BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumors based in a tissue microarray study with 37 immunohistochemical markers. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;90(1):5–14.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Visscher DW, Sarkar FH, Shimoyama RK, Crissman JD. Correlation between p53 immunostaining patterns and gene sequence mutations in breast carcinoma. Diagn Mol Pathol. 1996;5(3):187–93.PubMed Visscher DW, Sarkar FH, Shimoyama RK, Crissman JD. Correlation between p53 immunostaining patterns and gene sequence mutations in breast carcinoma. Diagn Mol Pathol. 1996;5(3):187–93.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Phillips KA, Nichol K, Ozcelik H, Knight J, Done SJ, Goodwin PJ, et al. Frequency of p53 mutations in breast carcinomas from Ashkenazi Jewish carriers of BRCA1 mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(5):469–73.PubMed Phillips KA, Nichol K, Ozcelik H, Knight J, Done SJ, Goodwin PJ, et al. Frequency of p53 mutations in breast carcinomas from Ashkenazi Jewish carriers of BRCA1 mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(5):469–73.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Crook T, Brooks LA, Crossland S, Osin P, Barker KT, Waller J, et al. p53 mutation with frequent novel condons but not a mutator phenotype in BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast tumours. Oncogene. 1998;17(13):1681–9.PubMed Crook T, Brooks LA, Crossland S, Osin P, Barker KT, Waller J, et al. p53 mutation with frequent novel condons but not a mutator phenotype in BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast tumours. Oncogene. 1998;17(13):1681–9.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Holstege H, Joosse SA, van Oostrom CT, Nederlof PM, de Vries A, Jonkers J. High incidence of protein-truncating TP53 mutations in BRCA1-related breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69(8):3625–33.PubMed Holstege H, Joosse SA, van Oostrom CT, Nederlof PM, de Vries A, Jonkers J. High incidence of protein-truncating TP53 mutations in BRCA1-related breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69(8):3625–33.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Manie E, Vincent-Salomon A, Lehmann-Che J, Pierron G, Turpin E, Warcoin M, et al. High frequency of TP53 mutation in BRCA1 and sporadic basal-like carcinomas but not in BRCA1 luminal breast tumors. Cancer Res. 2009;69(2):663–71.PubMed Manie E, Vincent-Salomon A, Lehmann-Che J, Pierron G, Turpin E, Warcoin M, et al. High frequency of TP53 mutation in BRCA1 and sporadic basal-like carcinomas but not in BRCA1 luminal breast tumors. Cancer Res. 2009;69(2):663–71.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Laakso M, Loman N, Borg A, Isola J. Cytokeratin 5/14-positive breast cancer: true basal phenotype confined to BRCA1 tumors. Mod Pathol. 2005;18(10):1321–8.PubMed Laakso M, Loman N, Borg A, Isola J. Cytokeratin 5/14-positive breast cancer: true basal phenotype confined to BRCA1 tumors. Mod Pathol. 2005;18(10):1321–8.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Mulligan AM, Pinnaduwage D, Bane AL, Bull SB, O'Malley FP, Andrulis IL. CK8/18 expression, the basal phenotype, and family history in identifying BRCA1-associated breast cancer in the Ontario site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Cancer 2010. Mulligan AM, Pinnaduwage D, Bane AL, Bull SB, O'Malley FP, Andrulis IL. CK8/18 expression, the basal phenotype, and family history in identifying BRCA1-associated breast cancer in the Ontario site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Cancer 2010.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Bane AL, Pinnaduwage D, Colby S, Bull SB, O'Malley FP, Andrulis IL. Expression profiling of familial breast cancers demonstrates higher expression of FGFR2 in BRCA2-associated tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;117(1):183–91.PubMed Bane AL, Pinnaduwage D, Colby S, Bull SB, O'Malley FP, Andrulis IL. Expression profiling of familial breast cancers demonstrates higher expression of FGFR2 in BRCA2-associated tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;117(1):183–91.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Domagala P, Huzarski T, Lubinski J, Gugala K, Domagala W. Immunophenotypic predictive profiling of BRCA1-associated breast cancer. Virchows Arch 2010. Domagala P, Huzarski T, Lubinski J, Gugala K, Domagala W. Immunophenotypic predictive profiling of BRCA1-associated breast cancer. Virchows Arch 2010.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim E, Vaillant F, Wu D, Forrest NC, Pal B, Hart AH, et al. Aberrant luminal progenitors as the candidate target population for basal tumor development in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Nat Med. 2009;15(8):907–13.PubMed Lim E, Vaillant F, Wu D, Forrest NC, Pal B, Hart AH, et al. Aberrant luminal progenitors as the candidate target population for basal tumor development in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Nat Med. 2009;15(8):907–13.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Lord CJ, Ashworth A. Targeted therapy for cancer using PARP inhibitors. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2008;8(4):363–9.PubMed Lord CJ, Ashworth A. Targeted therapy for cancer using PARP inhibitors. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2008;8(4):363–9.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan DS, Marchio C, Reis-Filho JS. Hereditary breast cancer: from molecular pathology to tailored therapies. J Clin Pathol. 2008;61(10):1073–82.PubMed Tan DS, Marchio C, Reis-Filho JS. Hereditary breast cancer: from molecular pathology to tailored therapies. J Clin Pathol. 2008;61(10):1073–82.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Farshid G, Balleine RL, Cummings M, Waring P. Morphology of breast cancer as a means of triage of patients for BRCA1 genetic testing. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(11):1357–66.PubMed Farshid G, Balleine RL, Cummings M, Waring P. Morphology of breast cancer as a means of triage of patients for BRCA1 genetic testing. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(11):1357–66.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Lidereau R, Eisinger F, Champeme MH, Nogues C, Bieche I, Birnbaum D, et al. Major improvement in the efficacy of BRCA1 mutation screening using morphoclinical features of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2000;60(5):1206–10.PubMed Lidereau R, Eisinger F, Champeme MH, Nogues C, Bieche I, Birnbaum D, et al. Major improvement in the efficacy of BRCA1 mutation screening using morphoclinical features of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2000;60(5):1206–10.PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang J, Hilsenbeck SG, Sng JH, Wong J, Ragu GC. Pathological features and BRCA1 mutation screening in premenopausal breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(6):1739–42.PubMed Chang J, Hilsenbeck SG, Sng JH, Wong J, Ragu GC. Pathological features and BRCA1 mutation screening in premenopausal breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(6):1739–42.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Eisinger F, Nogues C, Guinebretiere JM, Peyrat JP, Bardou VJ, Noguchi T, et al. Novel indications for BRCA1 screening using individual clinical and morphological features. Int J Cancer. 1999;84(3):263–7.PubMed Eisinger F, Nogues C, Guinebretiere JM, Peyrat JP, Bardou VJ, Noguchi T, et al. Novel indications for BRCA1 screening using individual clinical and morphological features. Int J Cancer. 1999;84(3):263–7.PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnes JB, Brunet JS, Stefansson I, Begin LR, Wong N, Chappuis PO, et al. Placental cadherin and the basal epithelial phenotype of BRCA1-related breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(11):4003–11.PubMed Arnes JB, Brunet JS, Stefansson I, Begin LR, Wong N, Chappuis PO, et al. Placental cadherin and the basal epithelial phenotype of BRCA1-related breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(11):4003–11.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Lakhani SR, Van De Vijver MJ, Jacquemier J, Anderson TJ, Osin PP, McGuffog L, et al. The pathology of familial breast cancer: predictive value of immunohistochemical markers estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER-2, and p53 in patients with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(9):2310–8.PubMed Lakhani SR, Van De Vijver MJ, Jacquemier J, Anderson TJ, Osin PP, McGuffog L, et al. The pathology of familial breast cancer: predictive value of immunohistochemical markers estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER-2, and p53 in patients with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(9):2310–8.PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Rijnsburger AJ, Obdeijn IM, Kaas R, Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Boetes C, Loo CE, et al. BRCA1-Associated Breast Cancers Present Differently From BRCA2-Associated and Familial Cases: Long-Term Follow-Up of the Dutch MRISC Screening Study. J Clin Oncol 2010. Rijnsburger AJ, Obdeijn IM, Kaas R, Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Boetes C, Loo CE, et al. BRCA1-Associated Breast Cancers Present Differently From BRCA2-Associated and Familial Cases: Long-Term Follow-Up of the Dutch MRISC Screening Study. J Clin Oncol 2010.
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins LC, Martyniak A, Kandel MJ, Stadler ZK, Masciari S, Miron A, et al. Basal cytokeratin and epidermal growth factor receptor expression are not predictive of BRCA1 mutation status in women with triple-negative breast cancers. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(7):1093–7.PubMed Collins LC, Martyniak A, Kandel MJ, Stadler ZK, Masciari S, Miron A, et al. Basal cytokeratin and epidermal growth factor receptor expression are not predictive of BRCA1 mutation status in women with triple-negative breast cancers. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(7):1093–7.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Rakha EA, El-Sheikh SE, Kandil MA, El-Sayed ME, Green AR, Ellis IO. Expression of BRCA1 protein in breast cancer and its prognostic significance. Hum Pathol. 2008;39(6):857–65.PubMed Rakha EA, El-Sheikh SE, Kandil MA, El-Sayed ME, Green AR, Ellis IO. Expression of BRCA1 protein in breast cancer and its prognostic significance. Hum Pathol. 2008;39(6):857–65.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Beger C, Pierce LN, Kruger M, Marcusson EG, Robbins JM, Welcsh P, et al. Identification of Id4 as a regulator of BRCA1 expression by using a ribozyme-library-based inverse genomics approach. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(1):130–5.PubMed Beger C, Pierce LN, Kruger M, Marcusson EG, Robbins JM, Welcsh P, et al. Identification of Id4 as a regulator of BRCA1 expression by using a ribozyme-library-based inverse genomics approach. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(1):130–5.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner NC, Reis-Filho JS, Russell AM, Springall RJ, Ryder K, Steele D, et al. BRCA1 dysfunction in sporadic basal-like breast cancer. Oncogene. 2007;26(14):2126–32.PubMed Turner NC, Reis-Filho JS, Russell AM, Springall RJ, Ryder K, Steele D, et al. BRCA1 dysfunction in sporadic basal-like breast cancer. Oncogene. 2007;26(14):2126–32.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Moskwa P, Buffa FM, Pan Y, Panchakshari R, Gottipati P, Muschel RJ, et al. miR-182-mediated downregulation of BRCA1 impacts DNA repair and sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Mol Cell. 2011;41(2):210–20.PubMed Moskwa P, Buffa FM, Pan Y, Panchakshari R, Gottipati P, Muschel RJ, et al. miR-182-mediated downregulation of BRCA1 impacts DNA repair and sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Mol Cell. 2011;41(2):210–20.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Byrski T, Huzarski T, Dent R, Gronwald J, Zuziak D, Cybulski C, et al. Response to neoadjuvant therapy with cisplatin in BRCA1-positive breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;115(2):359–63.PubMed Byrski T, Huzarski T, Dent R, Gronwald J, Zuziak D, Cybulski C, et al. Response to neoadjuvant therapy with cisplatin in BRCA1-positive breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;115(2):359–63.PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Byrski T, Gronwald J, Huzarski T, Grzybowska E, Budryk M, Stawicka M, et al. Pathologic complete response rates in young women with BRCA1-positive breast cancers after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(3):375–9.PubMed Byrski T, Gronwald J, Huzarski T, Grzybowska E, Budryk M, Stawicka M, et al. Pathologic complete response rates in young women with BRCA1-positive breast cancers after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(3):375–9.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Rouzier R, Perou CM, Symmans WF, Ibrahim N, Cristofanilli M, Anderson K, et al. Breast cancer molecular subtypes respond differently to preoperative chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(16):5678–85.PubMed Rouzier R, Perou CM, Symmans WF, Ibrahim N, Cristofanilli M, Anderson K, et al. Breast cancer molecular subtypes respond differently to preoperative chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(16):5678–85.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Chappuis PO, Goffin J, Wong N, Perret C, Ghadirian P, Tonin PN, et al. A significant response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in BRCA1/2 related breast cancer. J Med Genet. 2002;39(8):608–10.PubMed Chappuis PO, Goffin J, Wong N, Perret C, Ghadirian P, Tonin PN, et al. A significant response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in BRCA1/2 related breast cancer. J Med Genet. 2002;39(8):608–10.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson PT, Vargas AC, Al-Ejeh F, Khanna KK, Chenevix-Trench G, Lakhani SR. Application of molecular findings to the diagnosis and management of breast disease: recent advances and challenges. Hum Pathol 2010. Simpson PT, Vargas AC, Al-Ejeh F, Khanna KK, Chenevix-Trench G, Lakhani SR. Application of molecular findings to the diagnosis and management of breast disease: recent advances and challenges. Hum Pathol 2010.
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Balleine RL, Provan PJ, Pupo GM, Pathmanathan N, Cummings M, Farshid G, et al. Familial concordance of breast cancer pathology as an indicator of genotype in multiple-case families. Genes Chromosom Cancer. 2010;49(12):1082–94.PubMed Balleine RL, Provan PJ, Pupo GM, Pathmanathan N, Cummings M, Farshid G, et al. Familial concordance of breast cancer pathology as an indicator of genotype in multiple-case families. Genes Chromosom Cancer. 2010;49(12):1082–94.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Honrado E, Osorio A, Milne RL, Paz MF, Melchor L, Cascon A, et al. Immunohistochemical classification of non-BRCA1/2 tumors identifies different groups that demonstrate the heterogeneity of BRCAX families. Mod Pathol. 2007;20(12):1298–306.PubMed Honrado E, Osorio A, Milne RL, Paz MF, Melchor L, Cascon A, et al. Immunohistochemical classification of non-BRCA1/2 tumors identifies different groups that demonstrate the heterogeneity of BRCAX families. Mod Pathol. 2007;20(12):1298–306.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Da Silva L, Lakhani SR. Pathology of hereditary breast cancer. Mod Pathol. 2010;23 Suppl 2:S46–51.PubMed Da Silva L, Lakhani SR. Pathology of hereditary breast cancer. Mod Pathol. 2010;23 Suppl 2:S46–51.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Moffa AB, Tannheimer SL, Ethier SP. Transforming potential of alternatively spliced variants of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 in human mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2004;2(11):643–52.PubMed Moffa AB, Tannheimer SL, Ethier SP. Transforming potential of alternatively spliced variants of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 in human mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2004;2(11):643–52.PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu X, Qiao W, Linke SP, Cao L, Li WM, Furth PA, et al. Genetic interactions between tumor suppressors Brca1 and p53 in apoptosis, cell cycle and tumorigenesis. Nat Genet. 2001;28(3):266–71.PubMed Xu X, Qiao W, Linke SP, Cao L, Li WM, Furth PA, et al. Genetic interactions between tumor suppressors Brca1 and p53 in apoptosis, cell cycle and tumorigenesis. Nat Genet. 2001;28(3):266–71.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Ongusaha PP, Ouchi T, Kim KT, Nytko E, Kwak JC, Duda RB, et al. BRCA1 shifts p53-mediated cellular outcomes towards irreversible growth arrest. Oncogene. 2003;22(24):3749–58.PubMed Ongusaha PP, Ouchi T, Kim KT, Nytko E, Kwak JC, Duda RB, et al. BRCA1 shifts p53-mediated cellular outcomes towards irreversible growth arrest. Oncogene. 2003;22(24):3749–58.PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheung AM, Elia A, Tsao MS, Done S, Wagner KU, Hennighausen L, et al. Brca2 deficiency does not impair mammary epithelium development but promotes mammary adenocarcinoma formation in p53(+/−) mutant mice. Cancer Res. 2004;64(6):1959–65.PubMed Cheung AM, Elia A, Tsao MS, Done S, Wagner KU, Hennighausen L, et al. Brca2 deficiency does not impair mammary epithelium development but promotes mammary adenocarcinoma formation in p53(+/−) mutant mice. Cancer Res. 2004;64(6):1959–65.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Bane AL, Beck JC, Bleiweiss I, Buys SS, Catalano E, Daly MB, et al. BRCA2 mutation-associated breast cancers exhibit a distinguishing phenotype based on morphology and molecular profiles from tissue microarrays. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(1):121–8.PubMed Bane AL, Beck JC, Bleiweiss I, Buys SS, Catalano E, Daly MB, et al. BRCA2 mutation-associated breast cancers exhibit a distinguishing phenotype based on morphology and molecular profiles from tissue microarrays. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(1):121–8.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson PT, Reis-Filho JS, Lambros MB, Jones C, Steele D, Mackay A, et al. Molecular profiling pleomorphic lobular carcinomas of the breast: evidence for a common molecular genetic pathway with classic lobular carcinomas. J Pathol. 2008;215(3):231–44.PubMed Simpson PT, Reis-Filho JS, Lambros MB, Jones C, Steele D, Mackay A, et al. Molecular profiling pleomorphic lobular carcinomas of the breast: evidence for a common molecular genetic pathway with classic lobular carcinomas. J Pathol. 2008;215(3):231–44.PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Consortium BCL. Pathology of familial breast cancer: differences between breast cancers in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and sporadic cases. Lancet. 1997;349(9064):1505–10. Consortium BCL. Pathology of familial breast cancer: differences between breast cancers in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and sporadic cases. Lancet. 1997;349(9064):1505–10.
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacquemler J, Eisinger F, Guinebretiere JM, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Sobol H. Intraductal component and BRCA1-associated breast cancer. Lancet. 1996;348(9034):1098.PubMed Jacquemler J, Eisinger F, Guinebretiere JM, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Sobol H. Intraductal component and BRCA1-associated breast cancer. Lancet. 1996;348(9034):1098.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Adem C, Reynolds C, Soderberg CL, Slezak JM, McDonnell SK, Sebo TJ, et al. Pathologic characteristics of breast parenchyma in patients with hereditary breast carcinoma, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer. 2003;97(1):1–11.PubMed Adem C, Reynolds C, Soderberg CL, Slezak JM, McDonnell SK, Sebo TJ, et al. Pathologic characteristics of breast parenchyma in patients with hereditary breast carcinoma, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer. 2003;97(1):1–11.PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Claus EB, Petruzella S, Matloff E, Carter D. Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ. JAMA. 2005;293(8):964–9.PubMed Claus EB, Petruzella S, Matloff E, Carter D. Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ. JAMA. 2005;293(8):964–9.PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Hwang ES, McLennan JL, Moore DH, Crawford BB, Esserman LJ, Ziegler JL. Ductal carcinoma in situ in BRCA mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(6):642–7.PubMed Hwang ES, McLennan JL, Moore DH, Crawford BB, Esserman LJ, Ziegler JL. Ductal carcinoma in situ in BRCA mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(6):642–7.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Gomez Garcia EB, Oosterwijk JC, Timmermans M, van Asperen CJ, Hogervorst FB, Hoogerbrugge N, et al. A method to assess the clinical significance of unclassified variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes based on cancer family history. Breast Cancer Res. 2009;11(1):R8.PubMed Gomez Garcia EB, Oosterwijk JC, Timmermans M, van Asperen CJ, Hogervorst FB, Hoogerbrugge N, et al. A method to assess the clinical significance of unclassified variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes based on cancer family history. Breast Cancer Res. 2009;11(1):R8.PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Pensabene M, Spagnoletti I, Capuano I, Condello C, Pepe S, Contegiacomo A, et al. Two mutations of BRCA2 gene at exon and splicing site in a woman who underwent oncogenetic counseling. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(5):874–8.PubMed Pensabene M, Spagnoletti I, Capuano I, Condello C, Pepe S, Contegiacomo A, et al. Two mutations of BRCA2 gene at exon and splicing site in a woman who underwent oncogenetic counseling. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(5):874–8.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Osorio A, Milne RL, Honrado E, Barroso A, Diez O, Salazar R, et al. Classification of missense variants of unknown significance in BRCA1 based on clinical and tumor information. Hum Mutat. 2007;28(5):477–85.PubMed Osorio A, Milne RL, Honrado E, Barroso A, Diez O, Salazar R, et al. Classification of missense variants of unknown significance in BRCA1 based on clinical and tumor information. Hum Mutat. 2007;28(5):477–85.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Tommasi S, Pilato B, Pinto R, Monaco A, Bruno M, Campana M, et al. Molecular and in silico analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants. Mutat Res. 2008;644(1–2):64–70.PubMed Tommasi S, Pilato B, Pinto R, Monaco A, Bruno M, Campana M, et al. Molecular and in silico analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants. Mutat Res. 2008;644(1–2):64–70.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Spearman AD, Sweet K, Zhou XP, McLennan J, Couch FJ, Toland AE. Clinically applicable models to characterize BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants of uncertain significance. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(33):5393–400.PubMed Spearman AD, Sweet K, Zhou XP, McLennan J, Couch FJ, Toland AE. Clinically applicable models to characterize BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants of uncertain significance. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(33):5393–400.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Lovelock PK, Healey S, Au W, Sum EY, Tesoriero A, Wong EM, et al. Genetic, functional, and histopathological evaluation of two C-terminal BRCA1 missense variants. J Med Genet. 2006;43(1):74–83.PubMed Lovelock PK, Healey S, Au W, Sum EY, Tesoriero A, Wong EM, et al. Genetic, functional, and histopathological evaluation of two C-terminal BRCA1 missense variants. J Med Genet. 2006;43(1):74–83.PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldgar DE, Easton DF, Deffenbaugh AM, Monteiro AN, Tavtigian SV, Couch FJ. Integrated evaluation of DNA sequence variants of unknown clinical significance: application to BRCA1 and BRCA2. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;75(4):535–44.PubMed Goldgar DE, Easton DF, Deffenbaugh AM, Monteiro AN, Tavtigian SV, Couch FJ. Integrated evaluation of DNA sequence variants of unknown clinical significance: application to BRCA1 and BRCA2. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;75(4):535–44.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Chenevix-Trench G, Healey S, Lakhani S, Waring P, Cummings M, Brinkworth R, et al. Genetic and histopathologic evaluation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 DNA sequence variants of unknown clinical significance. Cancer Res. 2006;66(4):2019–27.PubMed Chenevix-Trench G, Healey S, Lakhani S, Waring P, Cummings M, Brinkworth R, et al. Genetic and histopathologic evaluation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 DNA sequence variants of unknown clinical significance. Cancer Res. 2006;66(4):2019–27.PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Stacey SN, Manolescu A, Sulem P, Rafnar T, Gudmundsson J, Gudjonsson SA, et al. Common variants on chromosomes 2q35 and 16q12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Nat Genet. 2007;39(7):865–9.PubMed Stacey SN, Manolescu A, Sulem P, Rafnar T, Gudmundsson J, Gudjonsson SA, et al. Common variants on chromosomes 2q35 and 16q12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Nat Genet. 2007;39(7):865–9.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Jia C, Cai Y, Ma Y, Fu D. Quantitative assessment of the effect of FGFR2 gene polymorphism on the risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;124(2):521–8.PubMed Jia C, Cai Y, Ma Y, Fu D. Quantitative assessment of the effect of FGFR2 gene polymorphism on the risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;124(2):521–8.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Dillon C, Spencer-Dene B, Dickson C. A crucial role for fibroblast growth factor signaling in embryonic mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2004;9(2):207–15.PubMed Dillon C, Spencer-Dene B, Dickson C. A crucial role for fibroblast growth factor signaling in embryonic mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2004;9(2):207–15.PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner N, Lambros MB, Horlings HM, Pearson A, Sharpe R, Natrajan R, et al. Integrative molecular profiling of triple negative breast cancers identifies amplicon drivers and potential therapeutic targets. Oncogene. 2010;29(14):2013–23.PubMed Turner N, Lambros MB, Horlings HM, Pearson A, Sharpe R, Natrajan R, et al. Integrative molecular profiling of triple negative breast cancers identifies amplicon drivers and potential therapeutic targets. Oncogene. 2010;29(14):2013–23.PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Antoniou AC, Spurdle AB, Sinilnikova OM, Healey S, Pooley KA, Schmutzler RK, et al. Common breast cancer-predisposition alleles are associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Am J Hum Genet. 2008;82(4):937–48.PubMed Antoniou AC, Spurdle AB, Sinilnikova OM, Healey S, Pooley KA, Schmutzler RK, et al. Common breast cancer-predisposition alleles are associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Am J Hum Genet. 2008;82(4):937–48.PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Closas M, Hall P, Nevanlinna H, Pooley K, Morrison J, Richesson DA, et al. Heterogeneity of breast cancer associations with five susceptibility loci by clinical and pathological characteristics. PLoS Genet. 2008;4(4):e1000054.PubMed Garcia-Closas M, Hall P, Nevanlinna H, Pooley K, Morrison J, Richesson DA, et al. Heterogeneity of breast cancer associations with five susceptibility loci by clinical and pathological characteristics. PLoS Genet. 2008;4(4):e1000054.PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Stacey SN, Manolescu A, Sulem P, Thorlacius S, Gudjonsson SA, Jonsson GF, et al. Common variants on chromosome 5p12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Nat Genet. 2008;40(6):703–6.PubMed Stacey SN, Manolescu A, Sulem P, Thorlacius S, Gudjonsson SA, Jonsson GF, et al. Common variants on chromosome 5p12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Nat Genet. 2008;40(6):703–6.PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu K, Ganesan K, Miller LD, Tan P. A modular analysis of breast cancer reveals a novel low-grade molecular signature in estrogen receptor-positive tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(11 Pt 1):3288–96.PubMed Yu K, Ganesan K, Miller LD, Tan P. A modular analysis of breast cancer reveals a novel low-grade molecular signature in estrogen receptor-positive tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(11 Pt 1):3288–96.PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Engel C, Versmold B, Wappenschmidt B, Simard J, Easton DF, Peock S, et al. Association of the variants CASP8 D302H and CASP10 V410I with breast and ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2010;19(11):2859–68. Engel C, Versmold B, Wappenschmidt B, Simard J, Easton DF, Peock S, et al. Association of the variants CASP8 D302H and CASP10 V410I with breast and ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2010;19(11):2859–68.
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Antoniou AC, Sinilnikova OM, Simard J, Leone M, Dumont M, Neuhausen SL, et al. RAD51 135 G– > C modifies breast cancer risk among BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from a combined analysis of 19 studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81(6):1186–200.PubMed Antoniou AC, Sinilnikova OM, Simard J, Leone M, Dumont M, Neuhausen SL, et al. RAD51 135 G– > C modifies breast cancer risk among BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from a combined analysis of 19 studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81(6):1186–200.PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaudet MM, Kirchhoff T, Green T, Vijai J, Korn JM, Guiducci C, et al. Common genetic variants and modification of penetrance of BRCA2-associated breast cancer. PLoS Genet. 2010;6(10):e1001183.PubMed Gaudet MM, Kirchhoff T, Green T, Vijai J, Korn JM, Guiducci C, et al. Common genetic variants and modification of penetrance of BRCA2-associated breast cancer. PLoS Genet. 2010;6(10):e1001183.PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollestelle A, Pelletier C, Hooning M, Crepin E, Schutte M, Look M, et al. Prevalence of the variant allele rs61764370 T > G in the 3'UTR of KRAS among Dutch BRCA1, BRCA2 and non-BRCA1/BRCA2 breast cancer families. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010. Hollestelle A, Pelletier C, Hooning M, Crepin E, Schutte M, Look M, et al. Prevalence of the variant allele rs61764370 T > G in the 3'UTR of KRAS among Dutch BRCA1, BRCA2 and non-BRCA1/BRCA2 breast cancer families. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010.
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Lynch HT, Smyrk T, Lynch J. An update of HNPCC (Lynch syndrome). Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1997;93(1):84–99.PubMed Lynch HT, Smyrk T, Lynch J. An update of HNPCC (Lynch syndrome). Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1997;93(1):84–99.PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Woods MO, Williams P, Careen A, Edwards L, Bartlett S, McLaughlin JR, et al. A new variant database for mismatch repair genes associated with Lynch syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2007;28(7):669–73.PubMed Woods MO, Williams P, Careen A, Edwards L, Bartlett S, McLaughlin JR, et al. A new variant database for mismatch repair genes associated with Lynch syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2007;28(7):669–73.PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Umar A, Boland CR, Terdiman JP, Syngal S, de la Chapelle A, Ruschoff J, et al. Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(4):261–8.PubMed Umar A, Boland CR, Terdiman JP, Syngal S, de la Chapelle A, Ruschoff J, et al. Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(4):261–8.PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiaravalli AM, Furlan D, Facco C, Tibiletti MG, Dionigi A, Casati B, et al. Immunohistochemical pattern of hMSH2/hMLH1 in familial and sporadic colorectal, gastric, endometrial and ovarian carcinomas with instability in microsatellite sequences. Virchows Arch. 2001;438(1):39–48.PubMed Chiaravalli AM, Furlan D, Facco C, Tibiletti MG, Dionigi A, Casati B, et al. Immunohistochemical pattern of hMSH2/hMLH1 in familial and sporadic colorectal, gastric, endometrial and ovarian carcinomas with instability in microsatellite sequences. Virchows Arch. 2001;438(1):39–48.PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Aaltonen LA, Peltomaki P, Leach FS, Sistonen P, Pylkkanen L, Mecklin JP, et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science. 1993;260(5109):812–6.PubMed Aaltonen LA, Peltomaki P, Leach FS, Sistonen P, Pylkkanen L, Mecklin JP, et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science. 1993;260(5109):812–6.PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Boland CR, Thibodeau SN, Hamilton SR, Sidransky D, Eshleman JR, Burt RW, et al. A National Cancer Institute Workshop on Microsatellite Instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 1998;58(22):5248–57.PubMed Boland CR, Thibodeau SN, Hamilton SR, Sidransky D, Eshleman JR, Burt RW, et al. A National Cancer Institute Workshop on Microsatellite Instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 1998;58(22):5248–57.PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim H, Piao Z, Kim JW, Choi JS, Kim NK, Lee JM, et al. Expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 in colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability. Pathol Res Pract. 1998;194(1):3–9.PubMed Kim H, Piao Z, Kim JW, Choi JS, Kim NK, Lee JM, et al. Expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 in colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability. Pathol Res Pract. 1998;194(1):3–9.PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietmaier W, Wallinger S, Bocker T, Kullmann F, Fishel R, Ruschoff J. Diagnostic microsatellite instability: definition and correlation with mismatch repair protein expression. Cancer Res. 1997;57(21):4749–56.PubMed Dietmaier W, Wallinger S, Bocker T, Kullmann F, Fishel R, Ruschoff J. Diagnostic microsatellite instability: definition and correlation with mismatch repair protein expression. Cancer Res. 1997;57(21):4749–56.PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Suraweera N, Duval A, Reperant M, Vaury C, Furlan D, Leroy K, et al. Evaluation of tumor microsatellite instability using five quasimonomorphic mononucleotide repeats and pentaplex PCR. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(6):1804–11.PubMed Suraweera N, Duval A, Reperant M, Vaury C, Furlan D, Leroy K, et al. Evaluation of tumor microsatellite instability using five quasimonomorphic mononucleotide repeats and pentaplex PCR. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(6):1804–11.PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Muller A, Edmonston TB, Corao DA, Rose DG, Palazzo JP, Becker H, et al. Exclusion of breast cancer as an integral tumor of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 2002;62(4):1014–9.PubMed Muller A, Edmonston TB, Corao DA, Rose DG, Palazzo JP, Becker H, et al. Exclusion of breast cancer as an integral tumor of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 2002;62(4):1014–9.PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott RJ, McPhillips M, Meldrum CJ, Fitzgerald PE, Adams K, Spigelman AD, et al. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in 95 families: differences and similarities between mutation-positive and mutation-negative kindreds. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68(1):118–27.PubMed Scott RJ, McPhillips M, Meldrum CJ, Fitzgerald PE, Adams K, Spigelman AD, et al. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in 95 families: differences and similarities between mutation-positive and mutation-negative kindreds. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68(1):118–27.PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Oliveira Ferreira F, Napoli Ferreira CC, Rossi BM, Toshihiko Nakagawa W, Aguilar Jr S, Monteiro Santos EM, et al. Frequency of extra-colonic tumors in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and familial colorectal cancer (FCC) Brazilian families: an analysis by a Brazilian Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Institutional Registry. Fam Cancer. 2004;3(1):41–7.PubMed Oliveira Ferreira F, Napoli Ferreira CC, Rossi BM, Toshihiko Nakagawa W, Aguilar Jr S, Monteiro Santos EM, et al. Frequency of extra-colonic tumors in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and familial colorectal cancer (FCC) Brazilian families: an analysis by a Brazilian Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Institutional Registry. Fam Cancer. 2004;3(1):41–7.PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Shanley S, Fung C, Milliken J, Leary J, Barnetson R, Schnitzler M, et al. Breast cancer immunohistochemistry can be useful in triage of some HNPCC families. Fam Cancer. 2009;8(3):251–5.PubMed Shanley S, Fung C, Milliken J, Leary J, Barnetson R, Schnitzler M, et al. Breast cancer immunohistochemistry can be useful in triage of some HNPCC families. Fam Cancer. 2009;8(3):251–5.PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Westenend PJ, Schutte R, Hoogmans MM, Wagner A, Dinjens WN. Breast cancer in an MSH2 gene mutation carrier. Hum Pathol. 2005;36(12):1322–6.PubMed Westenend PJ, Schutte R, Hoogmans MM, Wagner A, Dinjens WN. Breast cancer in an MSH2 gene mutation carrier. Hum Pathol. 2005;36(12):1322–6.PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Barrow E, Robinson L, Alduaij W, Shenton A, Clancy T, Lalloo F, et al. Cumulative lifetime incidence of extracolonic cancers in Lynch syndrome: a report of 121 families with proven mutations. Clin Genet. 2009;75(2):141–9.PubMed Barrow E, Robinson L, Alduaij W, Shenton A, Clancy T, Lalloo F, et al. Cumulative lifetime incidence of extracolonic cancers in Lynch syndrome: a report of 121 families with proven mutations. Clin Genet. 2009;75(2):141–9.PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasielewski M, Riaz M, Vermeulen J, van den Ouweland A, Labrijn-Marks I, Olmer R, et al. Association of rare MSH6 variants with familial breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;123(2):315–20.PubMed Wasielewski M, Riaz M, Vermeulen J, van den Ouweland A, Labrijn-Marks I, Olmer R, et al. Association of rare MSH6 variants with familial breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;123(2):315–20.PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen UB, Sunde L, Timshel S, Halvarsson B, Nissen A, Bernstein I, et al. Mismatch repair defective breast cancer in the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;120(3):777–82.PubMed Jensen UB, Sunde L, Timshel S, Halvarsson B, Nissen A, Bernstein I, et al. Mismatch repair defective breast cancer in the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;120(3):777–82.PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Walsh MD, Buchanan DD, Cummings MC, Pearson SA, Arnold ST, Clendenning M, et al. Lynch syndrome-associated breast cancers: clinicopathologic characteristics of a case series from the colon cancer family registry. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(7):2214–24.PubMed Walsh MD, Buchanan DD, Cummings MC, Pearson SA, Arnold ST, Clendenning M, et al. Lynch syndrome-associated breast cancers: clinicopathologic characteristics of a case series from the colon cancer family registry. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(7):2214–24.PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmitt FC, Soares R, Gobbi H, Milanezzi F, Santos-Silva F, Cirnes L, et al. Microsatellite instability in medullary breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 1999;82(5):644–7.PubMed Schmitt FC, Soares R, Gobbi H, Milanezzi F, Santos-Silva F, Cirnes L, et al. Microsatellite instability in medullary breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 1999;82(5):644–7.PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Smyrk TC, Watson P, Kaul K, Lynch HT. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are a marker for microsatellite instability in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer. 2001;91(12):2417–22.PubMed Smyrk TC, Watson P, Kaul K, Lynch HT. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are a marker for microsatellite instability in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer. 2001;91(12):2417–22.PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenson JK, Bonner JD, Ben-Yzhak O, Cohen HI, Miselevich I, Resnick MB, et al. Phenotype of microsatellite unstable colorectal carcinomas: well-differentiated and focally mucinous tumors and the absence of dirty necrosis correlate with microsatellite instability. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27(5):563–70.PubMed Greenson JK, Bonner JD, Ben-Yzhak O, Cohen HI, Miselevich I, Resnick MB, et al. Phenotype of microsatellite unstable colorectal carcinomas: well-differentiated and focally mucinous tumors and the absence of dirty necrosis correlate with microsatellite instability. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27(5):563–70.PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Lacroix-Triki M, Lambros MB, Geyer FC, Suarez PH, Reis-Filho JS, Weigelt B. Absence of microsatellite instability in mucinous carcinomas of the breast. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2010;4(1):22–31.PubMed Lacroix-Triki M, Lambros MB, Geyer FC, Suarez PH, Reis-Filho JS, Weigelt B. Absence of microsatellite instability in mucinous carcinomas of the breast. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2010;4(1):22–31.PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim H, Jung JK, Park JH, Park C. Immunohistochemical characteristics of colorectal carcinoma with DNA replication errors. J Korean Med Sci. 1996;11(2):137–43.PubMed Kim H, Jung JK, Park JH, Park C. Immunohistochemical characteristics of colorectal carcinoma with DNA replication errors. J Korean Med Sci. 1996;11(2):137–43.PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindor NM, Burgart LJ, Leontovich O, Goldberg RM, Cunningham JM, Sargent DJ, et al. Immunohistochemistry versus microsatellite instability testing in phenotyping colorectal tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(4):1043–8.PubMed Lindor NM, Burgart LJ, Leontovich O, Goldberg RM, Cunningham JM, Sargent DJ, et al. Immunohistochemistry versus microsatellite instability testing in phenotyping colorectal tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(4):1043–8.PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Vasen HF, Morreau H, Nortier JW. Is breast cancer part of the tumor spectrum of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer? Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68(6):1533–5.PubMed Vasen HF, Morreau H, Nortier JW. Is breast cancer part of the tumor spectrum of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer? Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68(6):1533–5.PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat de Leeuw WJ, van Puijenbroek M, Tollenaar RA, Cornelisse CJ, Vasen HF, Morreau H. Correspondence re: A. Muller et al., Exclusion of breast cancer as an integral tumor of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Res., 62: 1014–1019, 2002. Cancer Res 2003;63(5):1148–9 de Leeuw WJ, van Puijenbroek M, Tollenaar RA, Cornelisse CJ, Vasen HF, Morreau H. Correspondence re: A. Muller et al., Exclusion of breast cancer as an integral tumor of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Res., 62: 1014–1019, 2002. Cancer Res 2003;63(5):1148–9
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Adem C, Soderberg CL, Cunningham JM, Reynolds C, Sebo TJ, Thibodeau SN, et al. Microsatellite instability in hereditary and sporadic breast cancers. Int J Cancer. 2003;107(4):580–2.PubMed Adem C, Soderberg CL, Cunningham JM, Reynolds C, Sebo TJ, Thibodeau SN, et al. Microsatellite instability in hereditary and sporadic breast cancers. Int J Cancer. 2003;107(4):580–2.PubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Khilko N, Bourne P, Qi Y, Ping T. Mismatch repair genes hMLH1 and hMSH2 may not play an essential role in breast carcinogenesis. Int J Surg Pathol. 2007;15(3):233–41.PubMed Khilko N, Bourne P, Qi Y, Ping T. Mismatch repair genes hMLH1 and hMSH2 may not play an essential role in breast carcinogenesis. Int J Surg Pathol. 2007;15(3):233–41.PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Pharoah PD, Guilford P, Caldas C. Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(6):1348–53.PubMed Pharoah PD, Guilford P, Caldas C. Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(6):1348–53.PubMed
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Wijnhoven BP, Dinjens WN, Pignatelli M. E-cadherin-catenin cell-cell adhesion complex and human cancer. Br J Surg. 2000;87(8):992–1005.PubMed Wijnhoven BP, Dinjens WN, Pignatelli M. E-cadherin-catenin cell-cell adhesion complex and human cancer. Br J Surg. 2000;87(8):992–1005.PubMed
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Suriano G, Yew S, Ferreira P, Senz J, Kaurah P, Ford JM, et al. Characterization of a recurrent germ line mutation of the E-cadherin gene: implications for genetic testing and clinical management. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(15):5401–9.PubMed Suriano G, Yew S, Ferreira P, Senz J, Kaurah P, Ford JM, et al. Characterization of a recurrent germ line mutation of the E-cadherin gene: implications for genetic testing and clinical management. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(15):5401–9.PubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Schrader KA, Masciari S, Boyd N, Salamanca C, Senz J, Saunders DN, et al. Germline mutations in CDH1 are infrequent in women with early-onset or familial lobular breast cancers. J Med Genet 2010. Schrader KA, Masciari S, Boyd N, Salamanca C, Senz J, Saunders DN, et al. Germline mutations in CDH1 are infrequent in women with early-onset or familial lobular breast cancers. J Med Genet 2010.
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaurah P, MacMillan A, Boyd N, Senz J, De Luca A, Chun N, et al. Founder and recurrent CDH1 mutations in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. JAMA. 2007;297(21):2360–72.PubMed Kaurah P, MacMillan A, Boyd N, Senz J, De Luca A, Chun N, et al. Founder and recurrent CDH1 mutations in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. JAMA. 2007;297(21):2360–72.PubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Keller G, Vogelsang H, Becker I, Hutter J, Ott K, Candidus S, et al. Diffuse type gastric and lobular breast carcinoma in a familial gastric cancer patient with an E-cadherin germline mutation. Am J Pathol. 1999;155(2):337–42.PubMed Keller G, Vogelsang H, Becker I, Hutter J, Ott K, Candidus S, et al. Diffuse type gastric and lobular breast carcinoma in a familial gastric cancer patient with an E-cadherin germline mutation. Am J Pathol. 1999;155(2):337–42.PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Brooks-Wilson AR, Kaurah P, Suriano G, Leach S, Senz J, Grehan N, et al. Germline E-cadherin mutations in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: assessment of 42 new families and review of genetic screening criteria. J Med Genet. 2004;41(7):508–17.PubMed Brooks-Wilson AR, Kaurah P, Suriano G, Leach S, Senz J, Grehan N, et al. Germline E-cadherin mutations in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: assessment of 42 new families and review of genetic screening criteria. J Med Genet. 2004;41(7):508–17.PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Masciari S, Larsson N, Senz J, Boyd N, Kaurah P, Kandel MJ, et al. Germline E-cadherin mutations in familial lobular breast cancer. J Med Genet. 2007;44(11):726–31.PubMed Masciari S, Larsson N, Senz J, Boyd N, Kaurah P, Kandel MJ, et al. Germline E-cadherin mutations in familial lobular breast cancer. J Med Genet. 2007;44(11):726–31.PubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Lei H, Sjoberg-Margolin S, Salahshor S, Werelius B, Jandakova E, Hemminki K, et al. CDH1 mutations are present in both ductal and lobular breast cancer, but promoter allelic variants show no detectable breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 2002;98(2):199–204.PubMed Lei H, Sjoberg-Margolin S, Salahshor S, Werelius B, Jandakova E, Hemminki K, et al. CDH1 mutations are present in both ductal and lobular breast cancer, but promoter allelic variants show no detectable breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 2002;98(2):199–204.PubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Hemminki K, Granstrom C. Morphological types of breast cancer in family members and multiple primary tumours: is morphology genetically determined? Breast Cancer Res. 2002;4(4):R7.PubMed Hemminki K, Granstrom C. Morphological types of breast cancer in family members and multiple primary tumours: is morphology genetically determined? Breast Cancer Res. 2002;4(4):R7.PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu ZG, Yu YY, Zhang Y, Ji J, Zhang J, Liu BY, et al. Germline mutational analysis of CDH1 and pathologic features in familial cancer syndrome with diffuse gastric cancer/breast cancer proband in a Chinese family. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(5):531–5.PubMed Zhu ZG, Yu YY, Zhang Y, Ji J, Zhang J, Liu BY, et al. Germline mutational analysis of CDH1 and pathologic features in familial cancer syndrome with diffuse gastric cancer/breast cancer proband in a Chinese family. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(5):531–5.PubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Da Silva L, Parry S, Reid L, Keith P, Waddell N, Kossai M, et al. Aberrant expression of E-cadherin in lobular carcinomas of the breast. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32(5):773–83.PubMed Da Silva L, Parry S, Reid L, Keith P, Waddell N, Kossai M, et al. Aberrant expression of E-cadherin in lobular carcinomas of the breast. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32(5):773–83.PubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Eng C. PTEN: one gene, many syndromes. Hum Mutat. 2003;22(3):183–98.PubMed Eng C. PTEN: one gene, many syndromes. Hum Mutat. 2003;22(3):183–98.PubMed
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Marsh DJ, Coulon V, Lunetta KL, Rocca-Serra P, Dahia PL, Zheng Z, et al. Mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype analyses in Cowden disease and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, two hamartoma syndromes with germline PTEN mutation. Hum Mol Genet. 1998;7(3):507–15.PubMed Marsh DJ, Coulon V, Lunetta KL, Rocca-Serra P, Dahia PL, Zheng Z, et al. Mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype analyses in Cowden disease and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, two hamartoma syndromes with germline PTEN mutation. Hum Mol Genet. 1998;7(3):507–15.PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Petrocelli T, Slingerland JM. PTEN deficiency: a role in mammary carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res. 2001;3(6):356–60.PubMed Petrocelli T, Slingerland JM. PTEN deficiency: a role in mammary carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res. 2001;3(6):356–60.PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Li J, Yen C, Liaw D, Podsypanina K, Bose S, Wang SI, et al. PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science. 1997;275(5308):1943–7.PubMed Li J, Yen C, Liaw D, Podsypanina K, Bose S, Wang SI, et al. PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science. 1997;275(5308):1943–7.PubMed
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Liaw D, Marsh DJ, Li J, Dahia PL, Wang SI, Zheng Z, et al. Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome. Nat Genet. 1997;16(1):64–7.PubMed Liaw D, Marsh DJ, Li J, Dahia PL, Wang SI, Zheng Z, et al. Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome. Nat Genet. 1997;16(1):64–7.PubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Bau MG, Arisio R, Cristini G, Bertone E, Campogrande M. Screening-detected breast carcinoma in a patient with Cowden syndrome. Breast. 2004;13(3):239–41.PubMed Bau MG, Arisio R, Cristini G, Bertone E, Campogrande M. Screening-detected breast carcinoma in a patient with Cowden syndrome. Breast. 2004;13(3):239–41.PubMed
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Depowski PL, Rosenthal SI, Ross JS. Loss of expression of the PTEN gene protein product is associated with poor outcome in breast cancer. Mod Pathol. 2001;14(7):672–6.PubMed Depowski PL, Rosenthal SI, Ross JS. Loss of expression of the PTEN gene protein product is associated with poor outcome in breast cancer. Mod Pathol. 2001;14(7):672–6.PubMed
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Uppal S, Mistry D, Coatesworth AP. Cowden disease: a review. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(4):645–52.PubMed Uppal S, Mistry D, Coatesworth AP. Cowden disease: a review. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(4):645–52.PubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsao H. Update on familial cancer syndromes and the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(6):939–69. quiz 970–2.PubMed Tsao H. Update on familial cancer syndromes and the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(6):939–69. quiz 970–2.PubMed
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Fackenthal JD, Marsh DJ, Richardson AL, Cummings SA, Eng C, Robinson BG, et al. Male breast cancer in Cowden syndrome patients with germline PTEN mutations. J Med Genet. 2001;38(3):159–64.PubMed Fackenthal JD, Marsh DJ, Richardson AL, Cummings SA, Eng C, Robinson BG, et al. Male breast cancer in Cowden syndrome patients with germline PTEN mutations. J Med Genet. 2001;38(3):159–64.PubMed
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Kriege M, Brekelmans CT, Boetes C, Besnard PE, Zonderland HM, Obdeijn IM, et al. Efficacy of MRI and mammography for breast-cancer screening in women with a familial or genetic predisposition. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(5):427–37.PubMed Kriege M, Brekelmans CT, Boetes C, Besnard PE, Zonderland HM, Obdeijn IM, et al. Efficacy of MRI and mammography for breast-cancer screening in women with a familial or genetic predisposition. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(5):427–37.PubMed
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Schrager CA, Schneider D, Gruener AC, Tsou HC, Peacocke M. Clinical and pathological features of breast disease in Cowden's syndrome: an underrecognized syndrome with an increased risk of breast cancer. Hum Pathol. 1998;29(1):47–53.PubMed Schrager CA, Schneider D, Gruener AC, Tsou HC, Peacocke M. Clinical and pathological features of breast disease in Cowden's syndrome: an underrecognized syndrome with an increased risk of breast cancer. Hum Pathol. 1998;29(1):47–53.PubMed
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Lachlan KL, Lucassen AM, Bunyan D, Temple IK. Cowden syndrome and Bannayan Riley Ruvalcaba syndrome represent one condition with variable expression and age-related penetrance: results of a clinical study of PTEN mutation carriers. J Med Genet. 2007;44(9):579–85.PubMed Lachlan KL, Lucassen AM, Bunyan D, Temple IK. Cowden syndrome and Bannayan Riley Ruvalcaba syndrome represent one condition with variable expression and age-related penetrance: results of a clinical study of PTEN mutation carriers. J Med Genet. 2007;44(9):579–85.PubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhei E, Kang L, Bogomolniy F, Federici MG, Borgen PI, Boyd J. Mutation analysis of the putative tumor suppressor gene PTEN/MMAC1 in primary breast carcinomas. Cancer Res. 1997;57(17):3657–9.PubMed Rhei E, Kang L, Bogomolniy F, Federici MG, Borgen PI, Boyd J. Mutation analysis of the putative tumor suppressor gene PTEN/MMAC1 in primary breast carcinomas. Cancer Res. 1997;57(17):3657–9.PubMed
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Braud AC, de Rocquancourt A, Marty M, Espie M. Cowden disease and Lhermitte Duclos disease, markers of breast carcinoma: report of two patients. Ann Oncol. 1999;10(10):1241–3.PubMed Braud AC, de Rocquancourt A, Marty M, Espie M. Cowden disease and Lhermitte Duclos disease, markers of breast carcinoma: report of two patients. Ann Oncol. 1999;10(10):1241–3.PubMed
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Reifenberger J, Rauch L, Beckmann MW, Megahed M, Ruzicka T, Reifenberger G. Cowden's disease: clinical and molecular genetic findings in a patient with a novel PTEN germline mutation. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148(5):1040–6.PubMed Reifenberger J, Rauch L, Beckmann MW, Megahed M, Ruzicka T, Reifenberger G. Cowden's disease: clinical and molecular genetic findings in a patient with a novel PTEN germline mutation. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148(5):1040–6.PubMed
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Sabate JM, Gomez A, Torrubia S, Blancas C, Sanchez G, Alonso MC, et al. Evaluation of breast involvement in relation to Cowden syndrome: a radiological and clinicopathological study of patients with PTEN germ-line mutations. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(3):702–6.PubMed Sabate JM, Gomez A, Torrubia S, Blancas C, Sanchez G, Alonso MC, et al. Evaluation of breast involvement in relation to Cowden syndrome: a radiological and clinicopathological study of patients with PTEN germ-line mutations. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(3):702–6.PubMed
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh B, Ittmann MM, Krolewski JJ. Sporadic breast cancers exhibit loss of heterozygosity on chromosome segment 10q23 close to the Cowden disease locus. Genes Chromosom Cancer. 1998;21(2):166–71.PubMed Singh B, Ittmann MM, Krolewski JJ. Sporadic breast cancers exhibit loss of heterozygosity on chromosome segment 10q23 close to the Cowden disease locus. Genes Chromosom Cancer. 1998;21(2):166–71.PubMed
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Bose S, Wang SI, Terry MB, Hibshoosh H, Parsons R. Allelic loss of chromosome 10q23 is associated with tumor progression in breast carcinomas. Oncogene. 1998;17(1):123–7.PubMed Bose S, Wang SI, Terry MB, Hibshoosh H, Parsons R. Allelic loss of chromosome 10q23 is associated with tumor progression in breast carcinomas. Oncogene. 1998;17(1):123–7.PubMed
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Dedes KJ, Wetterskog D, Mendes-Pereira AM, Natrajan R, Lambros MB, Geyer FC, et al. PTEN deficiency in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas predicts sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Sci Transl Med. 2010;2(53):53ra75.PubMed Dedes KJ, Wetterskog D, Mendes-Pereira AM, Natrajan R, Lambros MB, Geyer FC, et al. PTEN deficiency in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas predicts sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Sci Transl Med. 2010;2(53):53ra75.PubMed
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Mendes-Pereira AM, Martin SA, Brough R, McCarthy A, Taylor JR, Kim JS, et al. Synthetic lethal targeting of PTEN mutant cells with PARP inhibitors. EMBO Mol Med. 2009;1(6–7):315–22.PubMed Mendes-Pereira AM, Martin SA, Brough R, McCarthy A, Taylor JR, Kim JS, et al. Synthetic lethal targeting of PTEN mutant cells with PARP inhibitors. EMBO Mol Med. 2009;1(6–7):315–22.PubMed
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Li FP, Fraumeni Jr JF. Soft-tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, and other neoplasms. A familial syndrome? Ann Intern Med. 1969;71(4):747–52.PubMed Li FP, Fraumeni Jr JF. Soft-tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, and other neoplasms. A familial syndrome? Ann Intern Med. 1969;71(4):747–52.PubMed
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Malkin D, Li FP, Strong LC, Fraumeni Jr JF, Nelson CE, Kim DH, et al. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science. 1990;250(4985):1233–8.PubMed Malkin D, Li FP, Strong LC, Fraumeni Jr JF, Nelson CE, Kim DH, et al. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science. 1990;250(4985):1233–8.PubMed
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Li FP, Fraumeni Jr JF, Mulvihill JJ, Blattner WA, Dreyfus MG, Tucker MA, et al. A cancer family syndrome in twenty-four kindreds. Cancer Res. 1988;48(18):5358–62.PubMed Li FP, Fraumeni Jr JF, Mulvihill JJ, Blattner WA, Dreyfus MG, Tucker MA, et al. A cancer family syndrome in twenty-four kindreds. Cancer Res. 1988;48(18):5358–62.PubMed
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Tinat J, Bougeard G, Baert-Desurmont S, Vasseur S, Martin C, Bouvignies E, et al. 2009 version of the Chompret criteria for Li Fraumeni syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(26):e108–9. author reply e110.PubMed Tinat J, Bougeard G, Baert-Desurmont S, Vasseur S, Martin C, Bouvignies E, et al. 2009 version of the Chompret criteria for Li Fraumeni syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(26):e108–9. author reply e110.PubMed
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Varley JM. Germline TP53 mutations and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2003;21(3):313–20.PubMed Varley JM. Germline TP53 mutations and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2003;21(3):313–20.PubMed
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamada H, Shinmura K, Yamamura Y, Kurachi K, Nakamura T, Tsuneyoshi T, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel germline p53 mutation in a patient with glioblastoma and colon cancer. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(4):973–6.PubMed Yamada H, Shinmura K, Yamamura Y, Kurachi K, Nakamura T, Tsuneyoshi T, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel germline p53 mutation in a patient with glioblastoma and colon cancer. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(4):973–6.PubMed
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruijs MW, Verhoef S, Rookus MA, Pruntel R, van der Hout AH, Hogervorst FB, et al. TP53 germline mutation testing in 180 families suspected of Li-Fraumeni syndrome: mutation detection rate and relative frequency of cancers in different familial phenotypes. J Med Genet. 2010;47(6):421–8.PubMed Ruijs MW, Verhoef S, Rookus MA, Pruntel R, van der Hout AH, Hogervorst FB, et al. TP53 germline mutation testing in 180 families suspected of Li-Fraumeni syndrome: mutation detection rate and relative frequency of cancers in different familial phenotypes. J Med Genet. 2010;47(6):421–8.PubMed
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanco A, Grana B, Fachal L, Santamarina M, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Ruiz-Ponte C, et al. Beyond BRCA1 and BRCA2 wild-type breast and/or ovarian cancer families: germline mutations in TP53 and PTEN. Clin Genet. 2010;77(2):193–6.PubMed Blanco A, Grana B, Fachal L, Santamarina M, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Ruiz-Ponte C, et al. Beyond BRCA1 and BRCA2 wild-type breast and/or ovarian cancer families: germline mutations in TP53 and PTEN. Clin Genet. 2010;77(2):193–6.PubMed
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez KD, Noltner KA, Buzin CH, Gu D, Wen-Fong CY, Nguyen VQ, et al. Beyond Li Fraumeni Syndrome: clinical characteristics of families with p53 germline mutations. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(8):1250–6.PubMed Gonzalez KD, Noltner KA, Buzin CH, Gu D, Wen-Fong CY, Nguyen VQ, et al. Beyond Li Fraumeni Syndrome: clinical characteristics of families with p53 germline mutations. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(8):1250–6.PubMed
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson JR, Bateman AC, Hanson H, An Q, Evans G, Rahman N, et al. A novel HER2-positive breast cancer phenotype arising from germline TP53 mutations. J Med Genet. 2010;47(11):771–4.PubMed Wilson JR, Bateman AC, Hanson H, An Q, Evans G, Rahman N, et al. A novel HER2-positive breast cancer phenotype arising from germline TP53 mutations. J Med Genet. 2010;47(11):771–4.PubMed
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Birch JM, Alston RD, McNally RJ, Evans DG, Kelsey AM, Harris M, et al. Relative frequency and morphology of cancers in carriers of germline TP53 mutations. Oncogene. 2001;20(34):4621–8.PubMed Birch JM, Alston RD, McNally RJ, Evans DG, Kelsey AM, Harris M, et al. Relative frequency and morphology of cancers in carriers of germline TP53 mutations. Oncogene. 2001;20(34):4621–8.PubMed
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Savitsky K, Bar-Shira A, Gilad S, Rotman G, Ziv Y, Vanagaite L, et al. A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science. 1995;268(5218):1749–53.PubMed Savitsky K, Bar-Shira A, Gilad S, Rotman G, Ziv Y, Vanagaite L, et al. A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science. 1995;268(5218):1749–53.PubMed
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Gatei M, Scott SP, Filippovitch I, Soronika N, Lavin MF, Weber B, et al. Role for ATM in DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of BRCA1. Cancer Res. 2000;60(12):3299–304.PubMed Gatei M, Scott SP, Filippovitch I, Soronika N, Lavin MF, Weber B, et al. Role for ATM in DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of BRCA1. Cancer Res. 2000;60(12):3299–304.PubMed
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Shiloh Y. ATM and related protein kinases: safeguarding genome integrity. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(3):155–68.PubMed Shiloh Y. ATM and related protein kinases: safeguarding genome integrity. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(3):155–68.PubMed
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson D, Duedal S, Kirner J, McGuffog L, Last J, Reiman A, et al. Cancer risks and mortality in heterozygous ATM mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(11):813–22.PubMed Thompson D, Duedal S, Kirner J, McGuffog L, Last J, Reiman A, et al. Cancer risks and mortality in heterozygous ATM mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(11):813–22.PubMed
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Renwick A, Thompson D, Seal S, Kelly P, Chagtai T, Ahmed M, et al. ATM mutations that cause ataxia-telangiectasia are breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Nat Genet. 2006;38(8):873–5.PubMed Renwick A, Thompson D, Seal S, Kelly P, Chagtai T, Ahmed M, et al. ATM mutations that cause ataxia-telangiectasia are breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Nat Genet. 2006;38(8):873–5.PubMed
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Paglia LL, Lauge A, Weber J, Champ J, Cavaciuti E, Russo A, et al. ATM germline mutations in women with familial breast cancer and a relative with haematological malignancy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;119(2):443–52.PubMed Paglia LL, Lauge A, Weber J, Champ J, Cavaciuti E, Russo A, et al. ATM germline mutations in women with familial breast cancer and a relative with haematological malignancy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;119(2):443–52.PubMed
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Fletcher O, Johnson N. dos Santos Silva I, Orr N, Ashworth A, Nevanlinna H, et al. Missense variants in ATM in 26,101 breast cancer cases and 29,842 controls. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2010;19(9):2143–51. Fletcher O, Johnson N. dos Santos Silva I, Orr N, Ashworth A, Nevanlinna H, et al. Missense variants in ATM in 26,101 breast cancer cases and 29,842 controls. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2010;19(9):2143–51.
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Tavtigian SV, Oefner PJ, Babikyan D, Hartmann A, Healey S, Le Calvez-Kelm F, et al. Rare, evolutionarily unlikely missense substitutions in ATM confer increased risk of breast cancer. Am J Hum Genet. 2009;85(4):427–46.PubMed Tavtigian SV, Oefner PJ, Babikyan D, Hartmann A, Healey S, Le Calvez-Kelm F, et al. Rare, evolutionarily unlikely missense substitutions in ATM confer increased risk of breast cancer. Am J Hum Genet. 2009;85(4):427–46.PubMed
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Balleine RL, Murali R, Bilous AM, Farshid G, Waring P, Provan P, et al. Histopathological features of breast cancer in carriers of ATM gene variants. Histopathology. 2006;49(5):523–32.PubMed Balleine RL, Murali R, Bilous AM, Farshid G, Waring P, Provan P, et al. Histopathological features of breast cancer in carriers of ATM gene variants. Histopathology. 2006;49(5):523–32.PubMed
173.
Zurück zum Zitat Tommiska J, Bartkova J, Heinonen M, Hautala L, Kilpivaara O, Eerola H, et al. The DNA damage signalling kinase ATM is aberrantly reduced or lost in BRCA1/BRCA2-deficient and ER/PR/ERBB2-triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene. 2008;27(17):2501–6.PubMed Tommiska J, Bartkova J, Heinonen M, Hautala L, Kilpivaara O, Eerola H, et al. The DNA damage signalling kinase ATM is aberrantly reduced or lost in BRCA1/BRCA2-deficient and ER/PR/ERBB2-triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene. 2008;27(17):2501–6.PubMed
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Barroso E, Pita G, Arias JI, Menendez P, Zamora P, Blanco M, et al. The Fanconi anemia family of genes and its correlation with breast cancer susceptibility and breast cancer features. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;118(3):655–60.PubMed Barroso E, Pita G, Arias JI, Menendez P, Zamora P, Blanco M, et al. The Fanconi anemia family of genes and its correlation with breast cancer susceptibility and breast cancer features. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;118(3):655–60.PubMed
175.
Zurück zum Zitat D'Andrea AD. Susceptibility pathways in Fanconi's anemia and breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(20):1909–19.PubMed D'Andrea AD. Susceptibility pathways in Fanconi's anemia and breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(20):1909–19.PubMed
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Levy-Lahad E. Fanconi anemia and breast cancer susceptibility meet again. Nat Genet. 2010;42(5):368–9.PubMed Levy-Lahad E. Fanconi anemia and breast cancer susceptibility meet again. Nat Genet. 2010;42(5):368–9.PubMed
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Auerbach AD. Fanconi anemia and its diagnosis. Mutat Res. 2009;668(1–2):4–10.PubMed Auerbach AD. Fanconi anemia and its diagnosis. Mutat Res. 2009;668(1–2):4–10.PubMed
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Stratton MR, Rahman N. The emerging landscape of breast cancer susceptibility. Nat Genet. 2008;40(1):17–22.PubMed Stratton MR, Rahman N. The emerging landscape of breast cancer susceptibility. Nat Genet. 2008;40(1):17–22.PubMed
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Berwick M, Satagopan JM, Ben-Porat L, Carlson A, Mah K, Henry R, et al. Genetic heterogeneity among Fanconi anemia heterozygotes and risk of cancer. Cancer Res. 2007;67(19):9591–6.PubMed Berwick M, Satagopan JM, Ben-Porat L, Carlson A, Mah K, Henry R, et al. Genetic heterogeneity among Fanconi anemia heterozygotes and risk of cancer. Cancer Res. 2007;67(19):9591–6.PubMed
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Tischkowitz M, Xia B, Sabbaghian N, Reis-Filho JS, Hamel N, Li G, et al. Analysis of PALB2/FANCN-associated breast cancer families. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(16):6788–93.PubMed Tischkowitz M, Xia B, Sabbaghian N, Reis-Filho JS, Hamel N, Li G, et al. Analysis of PALB2/FANCN-associated breast cancer families. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(16):6788–93.PubMed
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Tischkowitz M, Xia B. PALB2/FANCN: recombining cancer and Fanconi anemia. Cancer Res. 2010;70(19):7353–9.PubMed Tischkowitz M, Xia B. PALB2/FANCN: recombining cancer and Fanconi anemia. Cancer Res. 2010;70(19):7353–9.PubMed
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Mavaddat N, Dunning AM, Ponder BA, Easton DF, Pharoah PD. Common genetic variation in candidate genes and susceptibility to subtypes of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2009;18(1):255–9. Mavaddat N, Dunning AM, Ponder BA, Easton DF, Pharoah PD. Common genetic variation in candidate genes and susceptibility to subtypes of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2009;18(1):255–9.
183.
Zurück zum Zitat San Filippo J, Sung P, Klein H. Mechanism of eukaryotic homologous recombination. Annu Rev Biochem. 2008;77:229–57.PubMed San Filippo J, Sung P, Klein H. Mechanism of eukaryotic homologous recombination. Annu Rev Biochem. 2008;77:229–57.PubMed
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaz F, Hanenberg H, Schuster B, Barker K, Wiek C, Erven V, et al. Mutation of the RAD51C gene in a Fanconi anemia-like disorder. Nat Genet. 2010;42(5):406–9.PubMed Vaz F, Hanenberg H, Schuster B, Barker K, Wiek C, Erven V, et al. Mutation of the RAD51C gene in a Fanconi anemia-like disorder. Nat Genet. 2010;42(5):406–9.PubMed
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Zheng Y, Zhang J, Hope K, Niu Q, Huo D, Olopade OI. Screening RAD51C nucleotide alterations in patients with a family history of breast and ovarian cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;124(3):857–61.PubMed Zheng Y, Zhang J, Hope K, Niu Q, Huo D, Olopade OI. Screening RAD51C nucleotide alterations in patients with a family history of breast and ovarian cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;124(3):857–61.PubMed
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Scully R, Chen J, Plug A, Xiao Y, Weaver D, Feunteun J, et al. Association of BRCA1 with Rad51 in mitotic and meiotic cells. Cell. 1997;88(2):265–75.PubMed Scully R, Chen J, Plug A, Xiao Y, Weaver D, Feunteun J, et al. Association of BRCA1 with Rad51 in mitotic and meiotic cells. Cell. 1997;88(2):265–75.PubMed
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Barbano R, Copetti M, Perrone G, Pazienza V, Muscarella LA, Balsamo T, et al. High RAD51 mRNA expression characterize ER-positive/PR-negative breast cancers and is associated with patient's outcome. Int J Cancer 2010. Barbano R, Copetti M, Perrone G, Pazienza V, Muscarella LA, Balsamo T, et al. High RAD51 mRNA expression characterize ER-positive/PR-negative breast cancers and is associated with patient's outcome. Int J Cancer 2010.
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Chehab NH, Malikzay A, Appel M, Halazonetis TD. Chk2/hCds1 functions as a DNA damage checkpoint in G(1) by stabilizing p53. Genes Dev. 2000;14(3):278–88.PubMed Chehab NH, Malikzay A, Appel M, Halazonetis TD. Chk2/hCds1 functions as a DNA damage checkpoint in G(1) by stabilizing p53. Genes Dev. 2000;14(3):278–88.PubMed
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee JS, Collins KM, Brown AL, Lee CH, Chung JH. hCds1-mediated phosphorylation of BRCA1 regulates the DNA damage response. Nature. 2000;404(6774):201–4.PubMed Lee JS, Collins KM, Brown AL, Lee CH, Chung JH. hCds1-mediated phosphorylation of BRCA1 regulates the DNA damage response. Nature. 2000;404(6774):201–4.PubMed
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu X, Webster SR, Chen J. Characterization of tumor-associated Chk2 mutations. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(4):2971–4.PubMed Wu X, Webster SR, Chen J. Characterization of tumor-associated Chk2 mutations. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(4):2971–4.PubMed
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Vahteristo P, Bartkova J, Eerola H, Syrjakoski K, Ojala S, Kilpivaara O, et al. A CHEK2 genetic variant contributing to a substantial fraction of familial breast cancer. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;71(2):432–8.PubMed Vahteristo P, Bartkova J, Eerola H, Syrjakoski K, Ojala S, Kilpivaara O, et al. A CHEK2 genetic variant contributing to a substantial fraction of familial breast cancer. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;71(2):432–8.PubMed
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Iniesta MD, Gorin MA, Chien LC, Thomas SM, Milliron KJ, Douglas JA, et al. Absence of CHEK2*1100delC mutation in families with hereditary breast cancer in North America. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2010;202(2):136–40.PubMed Iniesta MD, Gorin MA, Chien LC, Thomas SM, Milliron KJ, Douglas JA, et al. Absence of CHEK2*1100delC mutation in families with hereditary breast cancer in North America. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2010;202(2):136–40.PubMed
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang S, Phelan CM, Zhang P, Rousseau F, Ghadirian P, Robidoux A, et al. Frequency of the CHEK2 1100delC mutation among women with breast cancer: an international study. Cancer Res. 2008;68(7):2154–7.PubMed Zhang S, Phelan CM, Zhang P, Rousseau F, Ghadirian P, Robidoux A, et al. Frequency of the CHEK2 1100delC mutation among women with breast cancer: an international study. Cancer Res. 2008;68(7):2154–7.PubMed
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt MK, Tollenaar RA, de Kemp SR, Broeks A, Cornelisse CJ, Smit VT, et al. Breast cancer survival and tumor characteristics in premenopausal women carrying the CHEK2*1100delC germline mutation. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(1):64–9.PubMed Schmidt MK, Tollenaar RA, de Kemp SR, Broeks A, Cornelisse CJ, Smit VT, et al. Breast cancer survival and tumor characteristics in premenopausal women carrying the CHEK2*1100delC germline mutation. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(1):64–9.PubMed
195.
Zurück zum Zitat de Bock GH, Schutte M, Krol-Warmerdam EM, Seynaeve C, Blom J, Brekelmans CT, et al. Tumour characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer patients carrying the germline CHEK2*1100delC variant. J Med Genet. 2004;41(10):731–5.PubMed de Bock GH, Schutte M, Krol-Warmerdam EM, Seynaeve C, Blom J, Brekelmans CT, et al. Tumour characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer patients carrying the germline CHEK2*1100delC variant. J Med Genet. 2004;41(10):731–5.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Phenotype-Genotype Correlation in Familial Breast Cancer
verfasst von
Ana Cristina Vargas
Jorge S. Reis-Filho
Sunil R. Lakhani
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2011
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia / Ausgabe 1/2011
Print ISSN: 1083-3021
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7039
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-011-9204-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2011

Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 1/2011 Zur Ausgabe

Umsetzung der POMGAT-Leitlinie läuft

03.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Seit November 2023 gibt es evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren (POMGAT) auf S3-Niveau. Vieles wird schon entsprechend der Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Wo es im Alltag noch hapert, zeigt eine Umfrage in einem Klinikverbund.

CUP-Syndrom: Künstliche Intelligenz kann Primärtumor finden

30.04.2024 Künstliche Intelligenz Nachrichten

Krebserkrankungen unbekannten Ursprungs (CUP) sind eine diagnostische Herausforderung. KI-Systeme können Pathologen dabei unterstützen, zytologische Bilder zu interpretieren, um den Primärtumor zu lokalisieren.

Sind Frauen die fähigeren Ärzte?

30.04.2024 Gendermedizin Nachrichten

Patienten, die von Ärztinnen behandelt werden, dürfen offenbar auf bessere Therapieergebnisse hoffen als Patienten von Ärzten. Besonders gilt das offenbar für weibliche Kranke, wie eine Studie zeigt.

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

25.04.2024 Nierenkarzinom Nachrichten

Nun gibt es auch Resultate zum Gesamtüberleben: Eine adjuvante Pembrolizumab-Therapie konnte in einer Phase-3-Studie das Leben von Menschen mit Nierenzellkarzinom deutlich verlängern. Die Sterberate war im Vergleich zu Placebo um 38% geringer.

Update Onkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.