Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 2/2013

01.06.2013

Wnt-Signalling in the Embryonic Mammary Gland

verfasst von: Kata Boras-Granic, Paul A. Hamel

Erschienen in: Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia | Ausgabe 2/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The first member of the Wnt-family ligands was identified 30 years ago as a factor in mouse mammary tumours whose expression was deregulated due to the promoter activity emanating from the proximal integration of the Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus genome (Nusse and Varmus, Embo J 31:2670–84, 2012). The Wnt-ligands invoke a number of molecular-genetic signalling cascades fundamental to the patterning of developing tissues and organs during embryogenesis as well as during postnatal development. The Wnt-signalling cascade that controls the activities of β-catenin and the T-cell Factor (Tcf)/Lympoid enhancer factor (Lef1) plays a fundamental role in control of all stages of embryonic mammary gland development. We provide here a brief overview of the known aspects of Wnt-signalling activities in the embryonic mammary gland and its interactions with other signalling cascades in this developing tissue.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Nusse R, Varmus H. Three decades of Wnts: a personal perspective on how a scientific field developed. EMBO J. 2012;31:2670–84.CrossRefPubMed Nusse R, Varmus H. Three decades of Wnts: a personal perspective on how a scientific field developed. EMBO J. 2012;31:2670–84.CrossRefPubMed
2.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat James RG, Conrad WH, Moon RT. Beta-catenin-independent Wnt pathways: signals, core proteins, and effectors. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;468:131–44.CrossRefPubMed James RG, Conrad WH, Moon RT. Beta-catenin-independent Wnt pathways: signals, core proteins, and effectors. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;468:131–44.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Wansleeben C, Meijlink F. The planar cell polarity pathway in vertebrate development. Dev Dyn. 2011;240:616–26.CrossRefPubMed Wansleeben C, Meijlink F. The planar cell polarity pathway in vertebrate development. Dev Dyn. 2011;240:616–26.CrossRefPubMed
5.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Lapébie P, Borchiellini C, Houliston E. Dissecting the PCP pathway: one or more pathways?: does a separate Wnt-Fz-Rho pathway drive morphogenesis? Bioessays. 2011;33:759–68.CrossRefPubMed Lapébie P, Borchiellini C, Houliston E. Dissecting the PCP pathway: one or more pathways?: does a separate Wnt-Fz-Rho pathway drive morphogenesis? Bioessays. 2011;33:759–68.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Chu EY, Hens J, Andl T, Kairo A, Yamaguchi TP, Brisken C, et al. Canonical WNT signaling promotes mammary placode development and is essential for initiation of mammary gland morphogenesis. Development. 2004;131:4819–29.CrossRefPubMed Chu EY, Hens J, Andl T, Kairo A, Yamaguchi TP, Brisken C, et al. Canonical WNT signaling promotes mammary placode development and is essential for initiation of mammary gland morphogenesis. Development. 2004;131:4819–29.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat van Amerongen R. Alternative Wnt pathways and receptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012;4. van Amerongen R. Alternative Wnt pathways and receptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012;4.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat van Amerongen R, Fuerer C, Mizutani M, Nusse R. Wnt5a can both activate and repress Wnt/β-catenin signaling during mouse embryonic development. Dev Biol. 2012;369:101–14.CrossRefPubMed van Amerongen R, Fuerer C, Mizutani M, Nusse R. Wnt5a can both activate and repress Wnt/β-catenin signaling during mouse embryonic development. Dev Biol. 2012;369:101–14.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Veltmaat JM, Van Veelen W, Thiery JP, Bellusci S. Identification of the mammary line in mouse by Wnt10b expression. Dev Dyn. 2004;229:349–56.CrossRefPubMed Veltmaat JM, Van Veelen W, Thiery JP, Bellusci S. Identification of the mammary line in mouse by Wnt10b expression. Dev Dyn. 2004;229:349–56.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Kikuchi A, Yamamoto H, Sato A, Matsumoto S. Wnt5a: its signalling, functions and implication in diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2012;204:17–33. Kikuchi A, Yamamoto H, Sato A, Matsumoto S. Wnt5a: its signalling, functions and implication in diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2012;204:17–33.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Uysal-Onganer P, Kypta RM. Wnt11 in 2011—the regulation and function of a non-canonical Wnt. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2012;204:52–64. Uysal-Onganer P, Kypta RM. Wnt11 in 2011—the regulation and function of a non-canonical Wnt. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2012;204:52–64.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Christiansen JH, Dennis CL, Wicking CA, Monkley SJ, Wilkinson DG, Wainwright BJ. Murine Wnt-11 and Wnt-12 have temporally and spatially restricted expression patterns during embryonic development. Mech Dev. 1995;51:341–50. Christiansen JH, Dennis CL, Wicking CA, Monkley SJ, Wilkinson DG, Wainwright BJ. Murine Wnt-11 and Wnt-12 have temporally and spatially restricted expression patterns during embryonic development. Mech Dev. 1995;51:341–50.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunbar ME, Wysolmerski JJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein: a developmental regulatory molecule necessary for mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 1999;4:21–34.CrossRefPubMed Dunbar ME, Wysolmerski JJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein: a developmental regulatory molecule necessary for mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 1999;4:21–34.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Boras-Granic K, Chang H, Grosschedl R, Hamel PA. Lef1 is required for the transition of Wnt signaling from mesenchymal to epithelial cells in the mouse embryonic mammary gland. Dev Biol. 2006;295:219–31.CrossRefPubMed Boras-Granic K, Chang H, Grosschedl R, Hamel PA. Lef1 is required for the transition of Wnt signaling from mesenchymal to epithelial cells in the mouse embryonic mammary gland. Dev Biol. 2006;295:219–31.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat van Genderen C, Okamura RM, Fariñas I, Quo RG, Parslow TG, Bruhn L, et al. Development of several organs that require inductive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is impaired in LEF-1-deficient mice. Genes Dev. 1994;8:2691–703.CrossRefPubMed van Genderen C, Okamura RM, Fariñas I, Quo RG, Parslow TG, Bruhn L, et al. Development of several organs that require inductive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is impaired in LEF-1-deficient mice. Genes Dev. 1994;8:2691–703.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Mailleux AA, Spencer-Dene B, Dillon C, Ndiaye D, Savona-Baron C, Itoh N, et al. Role of FGF10/FGFR2b signaling during mammary gland development in the mouse embryo. Development. 2002;129:53–60.PubMed Mailleux AA, Spencer-Dene B, Dillon C, Ndiaye D, Savona-Baron C, Itoh N, et al. Role of FGF10/FGFR2b signaling during mammary gland development in the mouse embryo. Development. 2002;129:53–60.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Foley J, Dann P, Hong J, Cosgrove J, Dreyer B, Rimm D, et al. Parathyroid hormone-related protein maintains mammary epithelial fate and triggers nipple skin differentiation during embryonic breast development. Development. 2001;128:513–25.PubMed Foley J, Dann P, Hong J, Cosgrove J, Dreyer B, Rimm D, et al. Parathyroid hormone-related protein maintains mammary epithelial fate and triggers nipple skin differentiation during embryonic breast development. Development. 2001;128:513–25.PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Satokata I, Ma L, Ohshima H, Bei M, Woo I, Nishizawa K, et al. Msx2 deficiency in mice causes pleiotropic defects in bone growth and ectodermal organ formation. Nat Genet. 2000;24:391–5.CrossRefPubMed Satokata I, Ma L, Ohshima H, Bei M, Woo I, Nishizawa K, et al. Msx2 deficiency in mice causes pleiotropic defects in bone growth and ectodermal organ formation. Nat Genet. 2000;24:391–5.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Wansbury O, Mackay A, Kogata N, Mitsopoulos C, Kendrick H, Davidson K, et al. Transcriptome analysis of embryonic mammary cells reveals insights into mammary lineage establishment. Breast Cancer Res. 2011;13:R79.CrossRefPubMed Wansbury O, Mackay A, Kogata N, Mitsopoulos C, Kendrick H, Davidson K, et al. Transcriptome analysis of embryonic mammary cells reveals insights into mammary lineage establishment. Breast Cancer Res. 2011;13:R79.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Jesse S, Koenig A, Ellenrieder V, Menke A. Lef-1 isoforms regulate different target genes and reduce cellular adhesion. Int J Cancer. 2010;126:1109–20.PubMed Jesse S, Koenig A, Ellenrieder V, Menke A. Lef-1 isoforms regulate different target genes and reduce cellular adhesion. Int J Cancer. 2010;126:1109–20.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Fliniaux I, Mikkola ML, Lefebvre S, Thesleff I. Identification of dkk4 as a target of Eda-A1/Edar pathway reveals an unexpected role of ectodysplasin as inhibitor of Wnt signalling in ectodermal placodes. Dev Biol. 2008;320:60–71.CrossRefPubMed Fliniaux I, Mikkola ML, Lefebvre S, Thesleff I. Identification of dkk4 as a target of Eda-A1/Edar pathway reveals an unexpected role of ectodysplasin as inhibitor of Wnt signalling in ectodermal placodes. Dev Biol. 2008;320:60–71.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindvall C, Zylstra CR, Evans N, West RA, Dykema K, Furge KA, et al. The Wnt co-receptor Lrp6 is required for normal mouse mammary gland development. PLoS One. 2009;4:e5813.CrossRefPubMed Lindvall C, Zylstra CR, Evans N, West RA, Dykema K, Furge KA, et al. The Wnt co-receptor Lrp6 is required for normal mouse mammary gland development. PLoS One. 2009;4:e5813.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Barolo S. Transgenic Wnt/TCF pathway reporters: all you need is Lef? Oncogene. 2006;25:7505–11.CrossRefPubMed Barolo S. Transgenic Wnt/TCF pathway reporters: all you need is Lef? Oncogene. 2006;25:7505–11.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Al Alam D, Green M, Tabatabai Irani R, Parsa S, Danopoulos S, Sala FG, et al. Contrasting expression of canonical Wnt signaling reporters TOPGAL, BATGAL and Axin2(LacZ) during murine lung development and repair. PLoS One. 2011;6:e23139.CrossRefPubMed Al Alam D, Green M, Tabatabai Irani R, Parsa S, Danopoulos S, Sala FG, et al. Contrasting expression of canonical Wnt signaling reporters TOPGAL, BATGAL and Axin2(LacZ) during murine lung development and repair. PLoS One. 2011;6:e23139.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat DasGupta R, Fuchs E. Multiple roles for activated LEF/TCF transcription complexes during hair follicle development and differentiation. Development. 1999;126:4557–68.PubMed DasGupta R, Fuchs E. Multiple roles for activated LEF/TCF transcription complexes during hair follicle development and differentiation. Development. 1999;126:4557–68.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheon SS, Cheah AYL, Turley S, Nadesan P, Poon R, Clevers H, et al. beta-Catenin stabilization dysregulates mesenchymal cell proliferation, motility, and invasiveness and causes aggressive fibromatosis and hyperplastic cutaneous wounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:6973–8.CrossRefPubMed Cheon SS, Cheah AYL, Turley S, Nadesan P, Poon R, Clevers H, et al. beta-Catenin stabilization dysregulates mesenchymal cell proliferation, motility, and invasiveness and causes aggressive fibromatosis and hyperplastic cutaneous wounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:6973–8.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrer-Vaquer A, Piliszek A, Tian G, Aho RJ, Dufort D, Hadjantonakis A-K. A sensitive and bright single-cell resolution live imaging reporter of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in the mouse. BMC Dev Biol. 2010;10:121.CrossRefPubMed Ferrer-Vaquer A, Piliszek A, Tian G, Aho RJ, Dufort D, Hadjantonakis A-K. A sensitive and bright single-cell resolution live imaging reporter of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in the mouse. BMC Dev Biol. 2010;10:121.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Currier N, Chea K, Hlavacova M, Sussman DJ, Seldin DC, Dominguez I. Dynamic expression of a LEF-EGFP Wnt reporter in mouse development and cancer. Genesis. 2010;48:183–94.PubMed Currier N, Chea K, Hlavacova M, Sussman DJ, Seldin DC, Dominguez I. Dynamic expression of a LEF-EGFP Wnt reporter in mouse development and cancer. Genesis. 2010;48:183–94.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Jho E, Zhang T, Domon C, Joo C-K, Freund J-N, Costantini F. Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling induces the transcription of Axin2, a negative regulator of the signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22:1172–83.CrossRefPubMed Jho E, Zhang T, Domon C, Joo C-K, Freund J-N, Costantini F. Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling induces the transcription of Axin2, a negative regulator of the signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22:1172–83.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Moriyama A, Kii I, Sunabori T, Kurihara S, Takayama I, Shimazaki M, et al. GFP transgenic mice reveal active canonical Wnt signal in neonatal brain and in adult liver and spleen. Genesis. 2007;45:90–100.CrossRefPubMed Moriyama A, Kii I, Sunabori T, Kurihara S, Takayama I, Shimazaki M, et al. GFP transgenic mice reveal active canonical Wnt signal in neonatal brain and in adult liver and spleen. Genesis. 2007;45:90–100.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Maretto S, Cordenonsi M, Dupont S, Braghetta P, Broccoli V, Hassan AB, et al. Mapping Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during mouse development and in colorectal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:3299–304.CrossRefPubMed Maretto S, Cordenonsi M, Dupont S, Braghetta P, Broccoli V, Hassan AB, et al. Mapping Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during mouse development and in colorectal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:3299–304.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakaya M, Biris K, Tsukiyama T, Jaime S, Rawls JA, Yamaguchi TP. Wnt3a links left-right determination with segmentation and anteroposterior axis elongation. Development. 2005;132:5425–36.CrossRefPubMed Nakaya M, Biris K, Tsukiyama T, Jaime S, Rawls JA, Yamaguchi TP. Wnt3a links left-right determination with segmentation and anteroposterior axis elongation. Development. 2005;132:5425–36.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohamed OA, Clarke HJ, Dufort D. Beta-catenin signaling marks the prospective site of primitive streak formation in the mouse embryo. Dev Dyn. 2004;231:416–24.CrossRefPubMed Mohamed OA, Clarke HJ, Dufort D. Beta-catenin signaling marks the prospective site of primitive streak formation in the mouse embryo. Dev Dyn. 2004;231:416–24.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Lustig B, Jerchow B, Sachs M, Weiler S, Pietsch T, Karsten U, et al. Negative feedback loop of Wnt signaling through upregulation of conductin/axin2 in colorectal and liver tumors. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22:1184–93.CrossRefPubMed Lustig B, Jerchow B, Sachs M, Weiler S, Pietsch T, Karsten U, et al. Negative feedback loop of Wnt signaling through upregulation of conductin/axin2 in colorectal and liver tumors. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22:1184–93.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Barker N, van Es JH, Kuipers J, Kujala P, van den Born M, Cozijnsen M, et al. Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5. Nature. 2007;449:1003–7.CrossRefPubMed Barker N, van Es JH, Kuipers J, Kujala P, van den Born M, Cozijnsen M, et al. Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5. Nature. 2007;449:1003–7.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindvall C, Evans NC, Zylstra CR, Li Y, Alexander CM, Williams BO. The Wnt signaling receptor Lrp5 is required for mammary ductal stem cell activity and Wnt1-induced tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:35081–7.CrossRefPubMed Lindvall C, Evans NC, Zylstra CR, Li Y, Alexander CM, Williams BO. The Wnt signaling receptor Lrp5 is required for mammary ductal stem cell activity and Wnt1-induced tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:35081–7.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahn Y, Sims C, Logue JM, Weatherbee SD, Krumlauf R. Lrp4 and Wise interplay controls the formation and patterning of mammary and other skin appendage placodes by modulating Wnt signaling. Development. 2013;140:583–93.CrossRefPubMed Ahn Y, Sims C, Logue JM, Weatherbee SD, Krumlauf R. Lrp4 and Wise interplay controls the formation and patterning of mammary and other skin appendage placodes by modulating Wnt signaling. Development. 2013;140:583–93.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu B, Sun P, Yuan Y, Moraes RC, Li A, Teng A, et al. Pygo2 expands mammary progenitor cells by facilitating histone H3 K4 methylation. J Cell Biol. 2009;185:811–26.CrossRefPubMed Gu B, Sun P, Yuan Y, Moraes RC, Li A, Teng A, et al. Pygo2 expands mammary progenitor cells by facilitating histone H3 K4 methylation. J Cell Biol. 2009;185:811–26.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Voutilainen M, Lindfors PH, Lefebvre S, Ahtiainen L, Fliniaux I, Rysti E, et al. Ectodysplasin regulates hormone-independent mammary ductal morphogenesis via NF-κB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:5744–9.CrossRefPubMed Voutilainen M, Lindfors PH, Lefebvre S, Ahtiainen L, Fliniaux I, Rysti E, et al. Ectodysplasin regulates hormone-independent mammary ductal morphogenesis via NF-κB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:5744–9.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu H-MI, Jerchow B, Sheu T-J, Liu B, Costantini F, Puzas JE, et al. The role of Axin2 in calvarial morphogenesis and craniosynostosis. Development. 2005;132:1995–2005.CrossRefPubMed Yu H-MI, Jerchow B, Sheu T-J, Liu B, Costantini F, Puzas JE, et al. The role of Axin2 in calvarial morphogenesis and craniosynostosis. Development. 2005;132:1995–2005.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat van Amerongen R, Bowman AN, Nusse R. Developmental stage and time dictate the fate of Wnt/β-catenin-responsive stem cells in the mammary gland. Cell Stem Cell. 2012;11:387–400.CrossRefPubMed van Amerongen R, Bowman AN, Nusse R. Developmental stage and time dictate the fate of Wnt/β-catenin-responsive stem cells in the mammary gland. Cell Stem Cell. 2012;11:387–400.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeng YA, Nusse R. Wnt proteins are self-renewal factors for mammary stem cells and promote their long-term expansion in culture. Cell Stem Cell. 2010;6:568–77.CrossRefPubMed Zeng YA, Nusse R. Wnt proteins are self-renewal factors for mammary stem cells and promote their long-term expansion in culture. Cell Stem Cell. 2010;6:568–77.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens JR, Miranda-Carboni GA, Singer MA, Brugger SM, Lyons KM, Lane TF. Wnt10b deficiency results in age-dependent loss of bone mass and progressive reduction of mesenchymal progenitor cells. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25:2138–47.CrossRefPubMed Stevens JR, Miranda-Carboni GA, Singer MA, Brugger SM, Lyons KM, Lane TF. Wnt10b deficiency results in age-dependent loss of bone mass and progressive reduction of mesenchymal progenitor cells. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25:2138–47.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Roose J, Huls G, van Beest M, Moerer P, van der Horn K, Goldschmeding R, et al. Synergy between tumor suppressor APC and the beta-catenin-Tcf4 target Tcf1. Science. 1999;285:1923–6.CrossRefPubMed Roose J, Huls G, van Beest M, Moerer P, van der Horn K, Goldschmeding R, et al. Synergy between tumor suppressor APC and the beta-catenin-Tcf4 target Tcf1. Science. 1999;285:1923–6.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakakura T, Nishizuka Y, Dawe CJ. Mesenchyme-dependent morphogenesis and epithelium-specific cytodifferentiation in mouse mammary gland. Science. 1976;194:1439–41.CrossRefPubMed Sakakura T, Nishizuka Y, Dawe CJ. Mesenchyme-dependent morphogenesis and epithelium-specific cytodifferentiation in mouse mammary gland. Science. 1976;194:1439–41.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakakura T, Sakagami Y, Nishizuka Y. Persistence of responsiveness of adult mouse mammary gland to induction by embryonic mesenchyme. Dev Biol. 1979;72:201–10.CrossRefPubMed Sakakura T, Sakagami Y, Nishizuka Y. Persistence of responsiveness of adult mouse mammary gland to induction by embryonic mesenchyme. Dev Biol. 1979;72:201–10.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Hiremath M, Dann P, Fischer J, Butterworth D, Boras-Granic K, Hens J, et al. Parathyroid hormone-related protein activates Wnt signaling to specify the embryonic mammary mesenchyme. Development. 2012;139:4239–49.CrossRefPubMed Hiremath M, Dann P, Fischer J, Butterworth D, Boras-Granic K, Hens J, et al. Parathyroid hormone-related protein activates Wnt signaling to specify the embryonic mammary mesenchyme. Development. 2012;139:4239–49.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Andl T, Reddy ST, Gaddapara T, Millar SE. WNT signals are required for the initiation of hair follicle development. Dev Cell. 2002;2:643–53.CrossRefPubMed Andl T, Reddy ST, Gaddapara T, Millar SE. WNT signals are required for the initiation of hair follicle development. Dev Cell. 2002;2:643–53.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Oyama K, Mohri Y, Sone M, Nawa A, Nishimori K. Conditional knockout of Lgr4 leads to impaired ductal elongation and branching morphogenesis in mouse mammary glands. Sex Dev. 2011;5:205–12.CrossRefPubMed Oyama K, Mohri Y, Sone M, Nawa A, Nishimori K. Conditional knockout of Lgr4 leads to impaired ductal elongation and branching morphogenesis in mouse mammary glands. Sex Dev. 2011;5:205–12.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsukamoto AS, Grosschedl R, Guzman RC, Parslow T, Varmus HE. Expression of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice. Cell. 1988;55:619–25.CrossRefPubMed Tsukamoto AS, Grosschedl R, Guzman RC, Parslow T, Varmus HE. Expression of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice. Cell. 1988;55:619–25.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Nusse R, Varmus HE. Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell. 1982;31:99–109.CrossRefPubMed Nusse R, Varmus HE. Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell. 1982;31:99–109.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwan H, Pecenka V, Tsukamoto A, Parslow TG, Guzman R, Lin TP, et al. Transgenes expressing the Wnt-1 and int-2 proto-oncogenes cooperate during mammary carcinogenesis in doubly transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol. 1992;12:147–54.PubMed Kwan H, Pecenka V, Tsukamoto A, Parslow TG, Guzman R, Lin TP, et al. Transgenes expressing the Wnt-1 and int-2 proto-oncogenes cooperate during mammary carcinogenesis in doubly transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol. 1992;12:147–54.PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Nusse R, Theunissen H, Wagenaar E, Rijsewijk F, Gennissen A, Otte A, et al. The Wnt-1 (int-1) oncogene promoter and its mechanism of activation by insertion of proviral DNA of the mouse mammary tumor virus. Mol Cell Biol. 1990;10:4170–9.PubMed Nusse R, Theunissen H, Wagenaar E, Rijsewijk F, Gennissen A, Otte A, et al. The Wnt-1 (int-1) oncogene promoter and its mechanism of activation by insertion of proviral DNA of the mouse mammary tumor virus. Mol Cell Biol. 1990;10:4170–9.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Ougolkov AV, Billadeau DD. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;468:67–75.CrossRefPubMed Ougolkov AV, Billadeau DD. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;468:67–75.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Takebe N, Harris PJ, Warren RQ, Ivy SP. Targeting cancer stem cells by inhibiting Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011;8:97–106.CrossRefPubMed Takebe N, Harris PJ, Warren RQ, Ivy SP. Targeting cancer stem cells by inhibiting Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011;8:97–106.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Närhi K, Tummers M, Ahtiainen L, Itoh N, Thesleff I, Mikkola ML. Sostdc1 defines the size and number of skin appendage placodes. Dev Biol. 2012;364:149–61.CrossRefPubMed Närhi K, Tummers M, Ahtiainen L, Itoh N, Thesleff I, Mikkola ML. Sostdc1 defines the size and number of skin appendage placodes. Dev Biol. 2012;364:149–61.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee MY, Racine V, Jagadpramana P, Sun L, Yu W, Du T, et al. Ectodermal influx and cell hypertrophy provide early growth for all murine mammary rudiments, and are differentially regulated among them by Gli3. PLoS One. 2011;6:e26242.CrossRefPubMed Lee MY, Racine V, Jagadpramana P, Sun L, Yu W, Du T, et al. Ectodermal influx and cell hypertrophy provide early growth for all murine mammary rudiments, and are differentially regulated among them by Gli3. PLoS One. 2011;6:e26242.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Veltmaat JM, Relaix F, Le LT, Kratochwil K, Sala FG, van Veelen W, et al. Gli3-mediated somitic Fgf10 expression gradients are required for the induction and patterning of mammary epithelium along the embryonic axes. Development. 2006;133:2325–35.CrossRefPubMed Veltmaat JM, Relaix F, Le LT, Kratochwil K, Sala FG, van Veelen W, et al. Gli3-mediated somitic Fgf10 expression gradients are required for the induction and patterning of mammary epithelium along the embryonic axes. Development. 2006;133:2325–35.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Eblaghie MC, Song S-J, Kim J-Y, Akita K, Tickle C, Jung H-S. Interactions between FGF and Wnt signals and Tbx3 gene expression in mammary gland initiation in mouse embryos. J Anat. 2004;205:1–13.CrossRefPubMed Eblaghie MC, Song S-J, Kim J-Y, Akita K, Tickle C, Jung H-S. Interactions between FGF and Wnt signals and Tbx3 gene expression in mammary gland initiation in mouse embryos. J Anat. 2004;205:1–13.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Mustonen T, Ilmonen M, Pummila M, Kangas AT, Laurikkala J, Jaatinen R, et al. Ectodysplasin A1 promotes placodal cell fate during early morphogenesis of ectodermal appendages. Development. 2004;131:4907–19.CrossRefPubMed Mustonen T, Ilmonen M, Pummila M, Kangas AT, Laurikkala J, Jaatinen R, et al. Ectodysplasin A1 promotes placodal cell fate during early morphogenesis of ectodermal appendages. Development. 2004;131:4907–19.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Wysolmerski JJ, McCaughern-Carucci JF, Daifotis AG, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone in transgenic mice impairs branching morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Development. 1995;121:3539–47.PubMed Wysolmerski JJ, McCaughern-Carucci JF, Daifotis AG, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone in transgenic mice impairs branching morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Development. 1995;121:3539–47.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruffner H, Sprunger J, Charlat O, Leighton-Davies J, Grosshans B, Salathe A, et al. R-Spondin potentiates Wnt/β-catenin signaling through orphan receptors LGR4 and LGR5. PLoS One. 2012;7:e40976.CrossRefPubMed Ruffner H, Sprunger J, Charlat O, Leighton-Davies J, Grosshans B, Salathe A, et al. R-Spondin potentiates Wnt/β-catenin signaling through orphan receptors LGR4 and LGR5. PLoS One. 2012;7:e40976.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Carmon KS, Gong X, Lin Q, Thomas A, Liu Q. R-spondins function as ligands of the orphan receptors LGR4 and LGR5 to regulate Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:11452–7.CrossRefPubMed Carmon KS, Gong X, Lin Q, Thomas A, Liu Q. R-spondins function as ligands of the orphan receptors LGR4 and LGR5 to regulate Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:11452–7.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Wnt-Signalling in the Embryonic Mammary Gland
verfasst von
Kata Boras-Granic
Paul A. Hamel
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2013
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia / Ausgabe 2/2013
Print ISSN: 1083-3021
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7039
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-013-9280-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2013

Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 2/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Umsetzung der POMGAT-Leitlinie läuft

03.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Seit November 2023 gibt es evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren (POMGAT) auf S3-Niveau. Vieles wird schon entsprechend der Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Wo es im Alltag noch hapert, zeigt eine Umfrage in einem Klinikverbund.

CUP-Syndrom: Künstliche Intelligenz kann Primärtumor finden

30.04.2024 Künstliche Intelligenz Nachrichten

Krebserkrankungen unbekannten Ursprungs (CUP) sind eine diagnostische Herausforderung. KI-Systeme können Pathologen dabei unterstützen, zytologische Bilder zu interpretieren, um den Primärtumor zu lokalisieren.

Sind Frauen die fähigeren Ärzte?

30.04.2024 Gendermedizin Nachrichten

Patienten, die von Ärztinnen behandelt werden, dürfen offenbar auf bessere Therapieergebnisse hoffen als Patienten von Ärzten. Besonders gilt das offenbar für weibliche Kranke, wie eine Studie zeigt.

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

25.04.2024 Nierenkarzinom Nachrichten

Nun gibt es auch Resultate zum Gesamtüberleben: Eine adjuvante Pembrolizumab-Therapie konnte in einer Phase-3-Studie das Leben von Menschen mit Nierenzellkarzinom deutlich verlängern. Die Sterberate war im Vergleich zu Placebo um 38% geringer.

Update Onkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.