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Erschienen in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports 5/2016

10.09.2016 | Co-infections and Comorbidity (S Naggie, Section Editor)

HIV, Aging, and Viral Coinfections: Taking the Long View

verfasst von: Tamar H. Taddei, Vincent Lo Re 3rd, Amy C. Justice

Erschienen in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports | Ausgabe 5/2016

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Abstract

Viral suppression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with combination antiviral therapy (cART) has led to increasing longevity but has not enabled a complete return to health among aging HIV-infected individuals (HIV+). Viral coinfections are prevalent in the HIV+ host and are implicated in cancer, liver disease, and accelerated aging. We must move beyond a simplistic notion of HIV becoming a “chronic controllable illness” and develop an understanding of how viral suppression alters the natural history of HIV infection, especially at the intersection of HIV with other common viral coinfections in the context of an altered, aging immune system.
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Zurück zum Zitat Kellerman SE, Hanson DL, McNaghten AD, Fleming PL. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and incidence of acute hepatitis B infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:571–7.PubMedCrossRef Kellerman SE, Hanson DL, McNaghten AD, Fleming PL. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and incidence of acute hepatitis B infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:571–7.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Konopnicki D, Mocroft A, de Wit S, Antunes F, Ledergerber B, Katlama C, et al. Hepatitis B and HIV: prevalence, AIDS progression, response to highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased mortality in the EuroSIDA cohort. AIDS. 2005;19:593–601.PubMedCrossRef Konopnicki D, Mocroft A, de Wit S, Antunes F, Ledergerber B, Katlama C, et al. Hepatitis B and HIV: prevalence, AIDS progression, response to highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased mortality in the EuroSIDA cohort. AIDS. 2005;19:593–601.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee HC, Ko NY, Lee NY, Chang CM, Ko WC. Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted disease among adults with recently diagnosed HIV infection in Southern Taiwan, 2000–2005: upsurge in hepatitis C virus infections among injection drug users. J Formos Med Assoc. 2008;107:404–11.PubMedCrossRef Lee HC, Ko NY, Lee NY, Chang CM, Ko WC. Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted disease among adults with recently diagnosed HIV infection in Southern Taiwan, 2000–2005: upsurge in hepatitis C virus infections among injection drug users. J Formos Med Assoc. 2008;107:404–11.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Diop-Ndiaye H, Toure-Kane C, Etard JF, Lo G, Diaw P, Ngom-Gueye NF, et al. Hepatitis B, C seroprevalence and delta viruses in HIV-1 Senegalese patients at HAART initiation (retrospective study). J Med Virol. 2008;80:1332–6.PubMedCrossRef Diop-Ndiaye H, Toure-Kane C, Etard JF, Lo G, Diaw P, Ngom-Gueye NF, et al. Hepatitis B, C seroprevalence and delta viruses in HIV-1 Senegalese patients at HAART initiation (retrospective study). J Med Virol. 2008;80:1332–6.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Nyirenda M, Beadsworth MB, Stephany P, Hart CA, Hart IJ, Munthali C, et al. Prevalence of infection with hepatitis B and C virus and coinfection with HIV in medical inpatients in Malawi. J Infect. 2008;57:72–7.PubMedCrossRef Nyirenda M, Beadsworth MB, Stephany P, Hart CA, Hart IJ, Munthali C, et al. Prevalence of infection with hepatitis B and C virus and coinfection with HIV in medical inpatients in Malawi. J Infect. 2008;57:72–7.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, Jen CL, You SL, Lu SN, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA. 2006;295:65–73.PubMedCrossRef Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, Jen CL, You SL, Lu SN, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA. 2006;295:65–73.PubMedCrossRef
58.••
Zurück zum Zitat Wu CY, Lin JT, Ho HJ, Su CW, Lee TY, Wang SY, et al. Association of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy with reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a nationwide cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2014;147:143–151 e145. This nationwide cohort study from Taiwan demonstates a reduced risk of HCC in patients with chronic HBV treated with nucleoside analogue therapy, providing further evidence of the feasibility of cancer prevention in this population in which HBV is highly prevalent.PubMedCrossRef Wu CY, Lin JT, Ho HJ, Su CW, Lee TY, Wang SY, et al. Association of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy with reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a nationwide cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2014;147:143–151 e145. This nationwide cohort study from Taiwan demonstates a reduced risk of HCC in patients with chronic HBV treated with nucleoside analogue therapy, providing further evidence of the feasibility of cancer prevention in this population in which HBV is highly prevalent.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Soriano V, Puoti M, Peters M, Benhamou Y, Sulkowski M, Zoulim F, et al. Care of HIV patients with chronic hepatitis B: updated recommendations from the HIV-Hepatitis B Virus International Panel. AIDS. 2008;22:1399–410.PubMedCrossRef Soriano V, Puoti M, Peters M, Benhamou Y, Sulkowski M, Zoulim F, et al. Care of HIV patients with chronic hepatitis B: updated recommendations from the HIV-Hepatitis B Virus International Panel. AIDS. 2008;22:1399–410.PubMedCrossRef
60.•
Zurück zum Zitat Fernandez-Montero JV, Vispo E, Barreiro P, Sierra-Enguita R, de Mendoza C, Labarga P, et al. Hepatitis delta is a major determinant of liver decompensation events and death in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1549–53.PubMedCrossRef Fernandez-Montero JV, Vispo E, Barreiro P, Sierra-Enguita R, de Mendoza C, Labarga P, et al. Hepatitis delta is a major determinant of liver decompensation events and death in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1549–53.PubMedCrossRef
61.•
Zurück zum Zitat Romeo R, Foglieni B, Casazza G, Spreafico M, Colombo M, Prati D. High serum levels of HDV RNA are predictors of cirrhosis and liver cancer in patients with chronic hepatitis delta. PLoS One. 2014;9:e92062. These papers [60• and 61•] provide further evidence that chronic hepatitis delta is associated with higher rates of cirrhosis and poorer outcomes in both HIV+ and uninfected patients.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Romeo R, Foglieni B, Casazza G, Spreafico M, Colombo M, Prati D. High serum levels of HDV RNA are predictors of cirrhosis and liver cancer in patients with chronic hepatitis delta. PLoS One. 2014;9:e92062. These papers [60• and 61•] provide further evidence that chronic hepatitis delta is associated with higher rates of cirrhosis and poorer outcomes in both HIV+ and uninfected patients.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruix J, Sherman M, American Association for the Study of Liver D. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53:1020–2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bruix J, Sherman M, American Association for the Study of Liver D. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53:1020–2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.••
Zurück zum Zitat Bruix J, Reig M, Sherman M. Evidence-based diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:835–53. This paper is a comprehensive and insightful review of the state of the science of HCC, stage specific therapeutic guidelines, and treatments in development.PubMedCrossRef Bruix J, Reig M, Sherman M. Evidence-based diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:835–53. This paper is a comprehensive and insightful review of the state of the science of HCC, stage specific therapeutic guidelines, and treatments in development.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat European Association For The Study Of The L, European Organisation For R, Treatment Of C. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012;56:908–43.CrossRef European Association For The Study Of The L, European Organisation For R, Treatment Of C. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012;56:908–43.CrossRef
65.••
Zurück zum Zitat Raffetti E, Fattovich G, Donato F. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in untreated subjects with chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2016. This paper is a systemic review and meta-analysis of 66 studies with over 340,000 patients showing a signficantly higher incidence of HCC according to HBV status (symptomatic carrier, chronic hepatitis and compensated cirrhosis compared to inactive carrier), but, interestingly, not for geographical area after adjusting for age. Alcohol intake ≥60 g/dl and HBV genotype C were also associated with higher incidence of HCC. Raffetti E, Fattovich G, Donato F. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in untreated subjects with chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2016. This paper is a systemic review and meta-analysis of 66 studies with over 340,000 patients showing a signficantly higher incidence of HCC according to HBV status (symptomatic carrier, chronic hepatitis and compensated cirrhosis compared to inactive carrier), but, interestingly, not for geographical area after adjusting for age. Alcohol intake ≥60 g/dl and HBV genotype C were also associated with higher incidence of HCC.
66.••
Zurück zum Zitat Lo Re 3rd V, Schuster M. Evaluating hepatitis B virus reactivation during solid tumor chemotherapy: evidence to guide pretreatment hepatitis B screening and prophylaxis. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:64–5.PubMedCrossRef Lo Re 3rd V, Schuster M. Evaluating hepatitis B virus reactivation during solid tumor chemotherapy: evidence to guide pretreatment hepatitis B screening and prophylaxis. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:64–5.PubMedCrossRef
67.••
Zurück zum Zitat Perrillo RP, Martin P, Lok AS. Preventing hepatitis B reactivation due to immunosuppressive drug treatments. JAMA. 2015;313:1617–8. These papers [66•• and 67••] underscore the importance of screening for HBV prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy. Both papers highlight the low uptake of HBV screening by oncologists and review the data showing the benefit of antiviral prophylaxis in reducing the risk for HBV reactivation in patients with chronic HBV receiving immunosuppressive therapy for cancer.PubMedCrossRef Perrillo RP, Martin P, Lok AS. Preventing hepatitis B reactivation due to immunosuppressive drug treatments. JAMA. 2015;313:1617–8. These papers [66•• and 67••] underscore the importance of screening for HBV prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy. Both papers highlight the low uptake of HBV screening by oncologists and review the data showing the benefit of antiviral prophylaxis in reducing the risk for HBV reactivation in patients with chronic HBV receiving immunosuppressive therapy for cancer.PubMedCrossRef
68.••
Zurück zum Zitat Soriano V, Labarga P, de Mendoza C, Pena JM, Fernandez-Montero JV, Benitez L, et al. Emerging challenges in managing hepatitis B in HIV patients. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015;12:344–52. This paper is a synthesis of the literature and an insightful look at challenges of managing hepatitis B in HIV+. The authors focus on the challenges of failure to suppress HBV viral load, viral breakthrough and reactivations. They highlight the importance of screening for liver cancer and they explore the complexity of viral coinfection (HCV, HDV).PubMedCrossRef Soriano V, Labarga P, de Mendoza C, Pena JM, Fernandez-Montero JV, Benitez L, et al. Emerging challenges in managing hepatitis B in HIV patients. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015;12:344–52. This paper is a synthesis of the literature and an insightful look at challenges of managing hepatitis B in HIV+. The authors focus on the challenges of failure to suppress HBV viral load, viral breakthrough and reactivations. They highlight the importance of screening for liver cancer and they explore the complexity of viral coinfection (HCV, HDV).PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, et al. Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:4294–301.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, et al. Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:4294–301.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Gail MH, Hall HI, Li J, Chaturvedi AK, et al. Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103:753–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Gail MH, Hall HI, Li J, Chaturvedi AK, et al. Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103:753–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Silverberg MJ, Lau B, Justice AC, Engels E, Gill MJ, Goedert JJ, et al. Risk of anal cancer in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals in North America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1026–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Silverberg MJ, Lau B, Justice AC, Engels E, Gill MJ, Goedert JJ, et al. Risk of anal cancer in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals in North America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1026–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Dubrow R, Silverberg MJ, Park LS, Crothers K, Justice AC. HIV infection, aging, and immune function: implications for cancer risk and prevention. Curr Opin Oncol. 2012;24:506–16.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dubrow R, Silverberg MJ, Park LS, Crothers K, Justice AC. HIV infection, aging, and immune function: implications for cancer risk and prevention. Curr Opin Oncol. 2012;24:506–16.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Beachler DC, D’Souza G, Sugar EA, Xiao W, Gillison ML. Natural history of anal vs oral HPV infection in HIV-infected men and women. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:330–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Beachler DC, D’Souza G, Sugar EA, Xiao W, Gillison ML. Natural history of anal vs oral HPV infection in HIV-infected men and women. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:330–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Beachler DC, Weber KM, Margolick JB, Strickler HD, Cranston RD, Burk RD, et al. Risk factors for oral HPV infection among a high prevalence population of HIV-positive and at-risk HIV-negative adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21:122–33.PubMedCrossRef Beachler DC, Weber KM, Margolick JB, Strickler HD, Cranston RD, Burk RD, et al. Risk factors for oral HPV infection among a high prevalence population of HIV-positive and at-risk HIV-negative adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21:122–33.PubMedCrossRef
75.•
Zurück zum Zitat Robbins HA, Fennell CE, Gillison M, Xiao W, Guo Y, Wentz A, et al. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative People Who Inject Drugs. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0143698. This cross-sectional study of 199 people who inject drugs, found no association between recent drug use and oral HPV prevalence. Risk factors for oral HPV infection included being HIV+ and recently performing oral sex on a woman.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Robbins HA, Fennell CE, Gillison M, Xiao W, Guo Y, Wentz A, et al. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative People Who Inject Drugs. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0143698. This cross-sectional study of 199 people who inject drugs, found no association between recent drug use and oral HPV prevalence. Risk factors for oral HPV infection included being HIV+ and recently performing oral sex on a woman.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.•
Zurück zum Zitat Beachler DC, Sugar EA, Margolick JB, Weber KM, Strickler HD, Wiley DJ, et al. Risk factors for acquisition and clearance of oral human papillomavirus infection among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181:40–53. This longitudinal cohort study demonstrates higher risk of incident oral HPV infection in those with HIV infection, reduced current CD4 cell count, and increased numbers of oral sex partners. Factors associated with persistent infection were male sex, older age, and current smoking.PubMedCrossRef Beachler DC, Sugar EA, Margolick JB, Weber KM, Strickler HD, Wiley DJ, et al. Risk factors for acquisition and clearance of oral human papillomavirus infection among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181:40–53. This longitudinal cohort study demonstrates higher risk of incident oral HPV infection in those with HIV infection, reduced current CD4 cell count, and increased numbers of oral sex partners. Factors associated with persistent infection were male sex, older age, and current smoking.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Dayton AI, Sodroski JG, Rosen CA, Goh WC, Haseltine WA. The trans-activator gene of the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III is required for replication. Cell. 1986;44:941–7.PubMedCrossRef Dayton AI, Sodroski JG, Rosen CA, Goh WC, Haseltine WA. The trans-activator gene of the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III is required for replication. Cell. 1986;44:941–7.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Ott M, Emiliani S, Van Lint C, Herbein G, Lovett J, Chirmule N, et al. Immune hyperactivation of HIV-1-infected T cells mediated by Tat and the CD28 pathway. Science. 1997;275:1481–5.PubMedCrossRef Ott M, Emiliani S, Van Lint C, Herbein G, Lovett J, Chirmule N, et al. Immune hyperactivation of HIV-1-infected T cells mediated by Tat and the CD28 pathway. Science. 1997;275:1481–5.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Westendorp MO, Shatrov VA, Schulze-Osthoff K, Frank R, Kraft M, Los M, et al. HIV-1 Tat potentiates TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation and cytotoxicity by altering the cellular redox state. EMBO J. 1995;14:546–54.PubMedPubMedCentral Westendorp MO, Shatrov VA, Schulze-Osthoff K, Frank R, Kraft M, Los M, et al. HIV-1 Tat potentiates TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation and cytotoxicity by altering the cellular redox state. EMBO J. 1995;14:546–54.PubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim RH, Yochim JM, Kang MK, Shin KH, Christensen R, Park NH. HIV-1 Tat enhances replicative potential of human oral keratinocytes harboring HPV-16 genome. Int J Oncol. 2008;33:777–82.PubMed Kim RH, Yochim JM, Kang MK, Shin KH, Christensen R, Park NH. HIV-1 Tat enhances replicative potential of human oral keratinocytes harboring HPV-16 genome. Int J Oncol. 2008;33:777–82.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Tugizov SM, Herrera R, Chin-Hong P, Veluppillai P, Greenspan D, Michael Berry J, et al. HIV-associated disruption of mucosal epithelium facilitates paracellular penetration by human papillomavirus. Virology. 2013;446:378–88.PubMedCrossRef Tugizov SM, Herrera R, Chin-Hong P, Veluppillai P, Greenspan D, Michael Berry J, et al. HIV-associated disruption of mucosal epithelium facilitates paracellular penetration by human papillomavirus. Virology. 2013;446:378–88.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Shoham N, Cohen L, Yaniv A, Gazit A. The Tat protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) interacts with the EGF-like repeats of the Notch proteins and the EGF precursor. Virus Res. 2003;98:57–61.PubMedCrossRef Shoham N, Cohen L, Yaniv A, Gazit A. The Tat protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) interacts with the EGF-like repeats of the Notch proteins and the EGF precursor. Virus Res. 2003;98:57–61.PubMedCrossRef
83.•
Zurück zum Zitat Zhong R, Bao R, Faber PW, Bindokas VP, Bechill J, Lingen MW, et al. Notch1 Activation or Loss Promotes HPV-Induced Oral Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 2015;75:3958–69.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhong R, Bao R, Faber PW, Bindokas VP, Bechill J, Lingen MW, et al. Notch1 Activation or Loss Promotes HPV-Induced Oral Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 2015;75:3958–69.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.•
Zurück zum Zitat Lee SH, Do SI, Lee HJ, Kang HJ, Koo BS, Lim YC: Notch1 signaling contributes to stemness in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Lab Invest 2016. Both papers [82• and 83•] demonstrate relationships between HPV and Notch1 signaling and explore the role of Notch1 in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer. Lee SH, Do SI, Lee HJ, Kang HJ, Koo BS, Lim YC: Notch1 signaling contributes to stemness in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Lab Invest 2016. Both papers [82• and 83•] demonstrate relationships between HPV and Notch1 signaling and explore the role of Notch1 in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer.
85.
Zurück zum Zitat van Manen D, Wout AB, Schuitemaker H. Genome-wide association studies on HIV susceptibility, pathogenesis and pharmacogenomics. Retrovirology. 2012;9:70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef van Manen D, Wout AB, Schuitemaker H. Genome-wide association studies on HIV susceptibility, pathogenesis and pharmacogenomics. Retrovirology. 2012;9:70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Joshi D, O’Grady J, Dieterich D, Gazzard B, Agarwal K. Increasing burden of liver disease in patients with HIV infection. Lancet. 2011;377:1198–209.PubMedCrossRef Joshi D, O’Grady J, Dieterich D, Gazzard B, Agarwal K. Increasing burden of liver disease in patients with HIV infection. Lancet. 2011;377:1198–209.PubMedCrossRef
87.
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Lopez-Dieguez M, Montes ML, Pascual-Pareja JF, Quereda C, Von Wichmann MA, Berenguer J, et al. The natural history of liver cirrhosis in HIV-hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. AIDS. 2011;25:899–904.PubMedCrossRef Lopez-Dieguez M, Montes ML, Pascual-Pareja JF, Quereda C, Von Wichmann MA, Berenguer J, et al. The natural history of liver cirrhosis in HIV-hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. AIDS. 2011;25:899–904.PubMedCrossRef
89.•
Zurück zum Zitat Marcellin F, Roux P, Loko MA, Lions C, Caumont-Prim A, Dabis F, et al. High levels of alcohol consumption increase the risk of advanced hepatic fibrosis in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients: a sex-based analysis using transient elastography at enrollment in the HEPAVIH ANRS CO13 cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1190–2.PubMedCrossRef Marcellin F, Roux P, Loko MA, Lions C, Caumont-Prim A, Dabis F, et al. High levels of alcohol consumption increase the risk of advanced hepatic fibrosis in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients: a sex-based analysis using transient elastography at enrollment in the HEPAVIH ANRS CO13 cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1190–2.PubMedCrossRef
90.•
Zurück zum Zitat Bailony MR, Scherzer R, Huhn G, Plankey MW, Peters MG, Tien PC. Association of HIV infection, hepatitis C virus infection, and metabolic factors with liver stiffness measured by transient elastography. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:1776–83. These studies [89• and 90•] underscore the effect of alcohol [89•] and metabolic factors [90•] in accelerating liver fibrosis; both studies use noninvasive markers of fibrosis, specifically measuring liver stiffness with transient elastography.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bailony MR, Scherzer R, Huhn G, Plankey MW, Peters MG, Tien PC. Association of HIV infection, hepatitis C virus infection, and metabolic factors with liver stiffness measured by transient elastography. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:1776–83. These studies [89• and 90•] underscore the effect of alcohol [89•] and metabolic factors [90•] in accelerating liver fibrosis; both studies use noninvasive markers of fibrosis, specifically measuring liver stiffness with transient elastography.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Merchante N, Rivero A, de Los S-GI, Merino D, Marquez M, Lopez-Ruz MA, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with liver stiffness in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Gut. 2009;58:1654–60.PubMedCrossRef Merchante N, Rivero A, de Los S-GI, Merino D, Marquez M, Lopez-Ruz MA, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with liver stiffness in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Gut. 2009;58:1654–60.PubMedCrossRef
92.••
Zurück zum Zitat Mandorfer M, Payer BA, Schwabl P, Steiner S, Ferlitsch A, Aichelburg MC, et al. Revisiting liver disease progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients: the influence of vitamin D, insulin resistance, immune status, IL28B and PNPLA3. Liver Int. 2015;35:876–85. This is a comprehensive and insightful review of the many factors at play in acclerating progression of fibrosis in HIV/HCV coinfected patients.PubMedCrossRef Mandorfer M, Payer BA, Schwabl P, Steiner S, Ferlitsch A, Aichelburg MC, et al. Revisiting liver disease progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients: the influence of vitamin D, insulin resistance, immune status, IL28B and PNPLA3. Liver Int. 2015;35:876–85. This is a comprehensive and insightful review of the many factors at play in acclerating progression of fibrosis in HIV/HCV coinfected patients.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Reiberger T, Ferlitsch A, Sieghart W, Kreil A, Breitenecker F, Rieger A, et al. HIV-HCV co-infected patients with low CD4+ cell nadirs are at risk for faster fibrosis progression and portal hypertension. J Viral Hepat. 2010;17:400–9.PubMedCrossRef Reiberger T, Ferlitsch A, Sieghart W, Kreil A, Breitenecker F, Rieger A, et al. HIV-HCV co-infected patients with low CD4+ cell nadirs are at risk for faster fibrosis progression and portal hypertension. J Viral Hepat. 2010;17:400–9.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson JP, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Lo Re 3rd V, Tate JP, Williams PL, Seage 3rd GR, et al. Antiretroviral therapy reduces the rate of hepatic decompensation among HIV- and hepatitis C virus-coinfected veterans. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:719–27.PubMedCrossRef Anderson JP, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Lo Re 3rd V, Tate JP, Williams PL, Seage 3rd GR, et al. Antiretroviral therapy reduces the rate of hepatic decompensation among HIV- and hepatitis C virus-coinfected veterans. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:719–27.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanmartin R, Tor J, Sanvisens A, Lopez JJ, Jou A, Muga R, et al. Progression of liver fibrosis in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected individuals on antiretroviral therapy with early stages of liver fibrosis at baseline. HIV Med. 2014;15:203–12.PubMedCrossRef Sanmartin R, Tor J, Sanvisens A, Lopez JJ, Jou A, Muga R, et al. Progression of liver fibrosis in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected individuals on antiretroviral therapy with early stages of liver fibrosis at baseline. HIV Med. 2014;15:203–12.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Helm J, Geskus R, Sabin C, Meyer L, Del Amo J, Chene G, et al. Effect of HCV infection on cause-specific mortality after HIV seroconversion, before and after 1997. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:751–60. e752.PubMedCrossRef van der Helm J, Geskus R, Sabin C, Meyer L, Del Amo J, Chene G, et al. Effect of HCV infection on cause-specific mortality after HIV seroconversion, before and after 1997. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:751–60. e752.PubMedCrossRef
97.••
Zurück zum Zitat AASLD/IDSA: HCV Guidance: Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C: http://www.hcvguidelines.org/full-report/unique-patient-populations-patients-hivhcv-coinfection. Accessed 3/6/16. These guidelines are jointly authored by the AASLD/IDSA and offer up-to-date treatment recommendations for HCV according to genotype with attention to important details such as prior treatment status, renal disease, and HIV coinfection. The site is continually updated and is an excellent reference for everyday clinical treatment decisionmaking. AASLD/IDSA: HCV Guidance: Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C: http://​www.​hcvguidelines.​org/​full-report/​unique-patient-populations-patients-hivhcv-coinfection. Accessed 3/6/16. These guidelines are jointly authored by the AASLD/IDSA and offer up-to-date treatment recommendations for HCV according to genotype with attention to important details such as prior treatment status, renal disease, and HIV coinfection. The site is continually updated and is an excellent reference for everyday clinical treatment decisionmaking.
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Merchante N, Giron-Gonzalez JA, Gonzalez-Serrano M, Torre-Cisneros J, Garcia-Garcia JA, Arizcorreta A, et al. Survival and prognostic factors of HIV-infected patients with HCV-related end-stage liver disease. AIDS. 2006;20:49–57.PubMedCrossRef Merchante N, Giron-Gonzalez JA, Gonzalez-Serrano M, Torre-Cisneros J, Garcia-Garcia JA, Arizcorreta A, et al. Survival and prognostic factors of HIV-infected patients with HCV-related end-stage liver disease. AIDS. 2006;20:49–57.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen J, Florian J, Carter W, Fleischer RD, Hammerstrom TS, Jadhav PR, et al. Earlier sustained virologic response end points for regulatory approval and dose selection of hepatitis C therapies. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:1450–5. e1452.PubMedCrossRef Chen J, Florian J, Carter W, Fleischer RD, Hammerstrom TS, Jadhav PR, et al. Earlier sustained virologic response end points for regulatory approval and dose selection of hepatitis C therapies. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:1450–5. e1452.PubMedCrossRef
100.•
Zurück zum Zitat Sulkowski MS, Naggie S, Lalezari J, Fessel WJ, Mounzer K, Shuhart M, et al. Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for hepatitis C in patients with HIV coinfection. JAMA. 2014;312:353–61. This is the landmark study that assessed the efficacy of an all-oral, interferon-free regimen for HCV genotypes 1, 2, and 3 in patients coinfected with HIV. Although published in 2014, the treatment regimen is obsolete for genotype 1, and paper should be viewed through the “historical” lens of the importance of involving HIV+ early on in such trials.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sulkowski MS, Naggie S, Lalezari J, Fessel WJ, Mounzer K, Shuhart M, et al. Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for hepatitis C in patients with HIV coinfection. JAMA. 2014;312:353–61. This is the landmark study that assessed the efficacy of an all-oral, interferon-free regimen for HCV genotypes 1, 2, and 3 in patients coinfected with HIV. Although published in 2014, the treatment regimen is obsolete for genotype 1, and paper should be viewed through the “historical” lens of the importance of involving HIV+ early on in such trials.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwo PY, Agrawal S. HCV/HIV Coinfection: A New Treatment Paradigm. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:1470–1.PubMedCrossRef Kwo PY, Agrawal S. HCV/HIV Coinfection: A New Treatment Paradigm. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:1470–1.PubMedCrossRef
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Zurück zum Zitat Morgan TR, Ghany MG, Kim HY, Snow KK, Shiffman ML, De Santo JL, et al. Outcome of sustained virological responders with histologically advanced chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2010;52:833–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morgan TR, Ghany MG, Kim HY, Snow KK, Shiffman ML, De Santo JL, et al. Outcome of sustained virological responders with histologically advanced chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2010;52:833–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
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Zurück zum Zitat van der Meer AJ, Veldt BJ, Feld JJ, Wedemeyer H, Dufour JF, Lammert F, et al. Association between sustained virological response and all-cause mortality among patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced hepatic fibrosis. JAMA. 2012;308:2584–93.PubMedCrossRef van der Meer AJ, Veldt BJ, Feld JJ, Wedemeyer H, Dufour JF, Lammert F, et al. Association between sustained virological response and all-cause mortality among patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced hepatic fibrosis. JAMA. 2012;308:2584–93.PubMedCrossRef
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Zurück zum Zitat Labarga P, Fernandez-Montero JV, de Mendoza C, Barreiro P, Soriano V. Long-term survival and liver-related events after pegylated interferon/ribavirin therapy in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Antivir Ther. 2015;20:65–72.PubMedCrossRef Labarga P, Fernandez-Montero JV, de Mendoza C, Barreiro P, Soriano V. Long-term survival and liver-related events after pegylated interferon/ribavirin therapy in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Antivir Ther. 2015;20:65–72.PubMedCrossRef
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Zurück zum Zitat Aleman S, Rahbin N, Weiland O, Davidsdottir L, Hedenstierna M, Rose N, et al. A risk for hepatocellular carcinoma persists long-term after sustained virologic response in patients with hepatitis C-associated liver cirrhosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:230–6.PubMedCrossRef Aleman S, Rahbin N, Weiland O, Davidsdottir L, Hedenstierna M, Rose N, et al. A risk for hepatocellular carcinoma persists long-term after sustained virologic response in patients with hepatitis C-associated liver cirrhosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:230–6.PubMedCrossRef
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Zurück zum Zitat Zator ZA, Chung RT. After the cure: management of HCV after achievement of SVR. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2013;10:428–35.PubMedCrossRef Zator ZA, Chung RT. After the cure: management of HCV after achievement of SVR. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2013;10:428–35.PubMedCrossRef
107.•
Zurück zum Zitat Lu M, Li J, Zhang T, Rupp LB, Trudeau S, Holmberg SD, Moorman AC, Spradling PR, Teshale EH, Xu F, et al.: Long-Term Reduction in Liver Fibrosis, Based on Serum Biomarkers, in Patients With Sustained Viral Responses to Hepatitis C Virus Treatment. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016. Lu M, Li J, Zhang T, Rupp LB, Trudeau S, Holmberg SD, Moorman AC, Spradling PR, Teshale EH, Xu F, et al.: Long-Term Reduction in Liver Fibrosis, Based on Serum Biomarkers, in Patients With Sustained Viral Responses to Hepatitis C Virus Treatment. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016.
108.•
Zurück zum Zitat Cohort ACH: Regression of liver stiffness after sustained hepatitis C virus (HCV) virological responses among HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. AIDS 2015, 29:1821–1830. Both studies [106• and 107•] show the beneficial effect of SVR after HCV therapy on regression of fibrosis using noninvasive markers of fibrosis. The endpoint of regression of fibrosis is emerging in importance in study design for HCV trials. Cohort ACH: Regression of liver stiffness after sustained hepatitis C virus (HCV) virological responses among HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. AIDS 2015, 29:1821–1830. Both studies [106• and 107•] show the beneficial effect of SVR after HCV therapy on regression of fibrosis using noninvasive markers of fibrosis. The endpoint of regression of fibrosis is emerging in importance in study design for HCV trials.
109.••
Zurück zum Zitat Collins JM, Raphael KL, Terry C, Cartwright EJ, Pillai A, Anania FA, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation during successful treatment of hepatitis C virus with Sofosbuvir and Simeprevir. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1304–6. This paper highlights the phenomenon of HBV reactivation during DAA therapy for HCV, a phenomenon that was not seen in the interferon era due to interferon’s activity agains HBV. It is essential to be aware of HBV status prior to initiating HCV therapy in order to assess risk of reactivation and to consider prophylactic HBV suppression.PubMedCrossRef Collins JM, Raphael KL, Terry C, Cartwright EJ, Pillai A, Anania FA, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation during successful treatment of hepatitis C virus with Sofosbuvir and Simeprevir. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1304–6. This paper highlights the phenomenon of HBV reactivation during DAA therapy for HCV, a phenomenon that was not seen in the interferon era due to interferon’s activity agains HBV. It is essential to be aware of HBV status prior to initiating HCV therapy in order to assess risk of reactivation and to consider prophylactic HBV suppression.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Parrinello CM, Sinclair E, Landay AL, Lurain N, Sharrett AR, Gange SJ, et al. Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G antibody is associated with subclinical carotid artery disease among HIV-infected women. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:1788–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Parrinello CM, Sinclair E, Landay AL, Lurain N, Sharrett AR, Gange SJ, et al. Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G antibody is associated with subclinical carotid artery disease among HIV-infected women. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:1788–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
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Zurück zum Zitat Naeger DM, Martin JN, Sinclair E, Hunt PW, Bangsberg DR, Hecht F, et al. Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells persist at very high levels during long-term antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease. PLoS One. 2010;5, e8886.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Naeger DM, Martin JN, Sinclair E, Hunt PW, Bangsberg DR, Hecht F, et al. Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells persist at very high levels during long-term antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease. PLoS One. 2010;5, e8886.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.•
Zurück zum Zitat Rector JL, Thomas GN, Burns VE, Dowd JB, Herr RM, Moss PA, et al. Elevated HbA(1c) levels and the accumulation of differentiated T cells in CMV(+) individuals. Diabetologia. 2015;58:2596–605. This study demonstrated the association between unfavourable glucose and lipid profiles with accumulation of dCTLs in CMV(+) individuals. No associations were observed in CMV(−) individuals. These findings suggest CMV infection may be a modifier of metabolic risk factors in development of disease.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rector JL, Thomas GN, Burns VE, Dowd JB, Herr RM, Moss PA, et al. Elevated HbA(1c) levels and the accumulation of differentiated T cells in CMV(+) individuals. Diabetologia. 2015;58:2596–605. This study demonstrated the association between unfavourable glucose and lipid profiles with accumulation of dCTLs in CMV(+) individuals. No associations were observed in CMV(−) individuals. These findings suggest CMV infection may be a modifier of metabolic risk factors in development of disease.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.••
Zurück zum Zitat Pathai S, Bajillan H, Landay AL. High KP: is HIV a model of accelerated or accentuated aging? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sc. 2014;69:833–42. This is an insightful review of the evidence that HIV accelerates age-related clinical syndromes. The authors explore HIV as a model of premature aging, considering the complexity of the interactions between antiretroviral therapy, modifiable risk factors (eg, smoking, substance abuse, alcohol) and coinfection in HIV+.CrossRef Pathai S, Bajillan H, Landay AL. High KP: is HIV a model of accelerated or accentuated aging? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sc. 2014;69:833–42. This is an insightful review of the evidence that HIV accelerates age-related clinical syndromes. The authors explore HIV as a model of premature aging, considering the complexity of the interactions between antiretroviral therapy, modifiable risk factors (eg, smoking, substance abuse, alcohol) and coinfection in HIV+.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
HIV, Aging, and Viral Coinfections: Taking the Long View
verfasst von
Tamar H. Taddei
Vincent Lo Re 3rd
Amy C. Justice
Publikationsdatum
10.09.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current HIV/AIDS Reports / Ausgabe 5/2016
Print ISSN: 1548-3568
Elektronische ISSN: 1548-3576
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-016-0327-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2016

Current HIV/AIDS Reports 5/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Complications of Antiretroviral Therapy (G McComsey, Section Editor)

Metabolic Complications and Glucose Metabolism in HIV Infection: A Review of the Evidence

Complications of Antiretroviral Therapy (G McComsey, Section Editor)

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Anti-Retroviral Therapy

Co-infections and Comorbidity (S Naggie, Section Editor)

Use of Non-invasive Testing to Stage Liver Fibrosis in Patients with HIV

Central Nervous System and Cognition (SS Spudich, Section Editor)

Guidelines for Evaluation and Management of Cognitive Disorders in HIV-Positive Individuals

The Global Epidemic (SH Vermund, Section Editor)

HIV Testing Services in Africa: Are They Sustainable?

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