Introduction
Research design and methods
Subjects
Hormonal and biochemical assays
Adipose tissue processing
Statistical analysis
Results
Subject characteristics
Parameter | Controls (N = 25) | Obese (N = 24) | Obese + DM2 (N = 33) |
P
|
P
control versus obese
|
P
control versus obese + DM2
|
P
obese versus obese + DM2
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical and biochemical characteristics
| |||||||
Age (years) | 49 [43–64] | 41 [32–49] | 54 [50–61] | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.350 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24 ± 4 | 41 ± 6 | 44 ± 6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.051 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.72 [4.08–5.30] | 5.33 [4.77–5.61] | 6.99 [6.30–9.10] | <0.001 | 0.014 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Insulin (pmol/L) | 35.9 [22.3–64.6] | 114.8 [61.8–179.4] | 197.9 [122.2–278.0] | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.20 [0.81–2.27] | 2.10 [1.30–3.18] | 1.76 [1.34–2.66] | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.588 |
HOMA-IR | 0.64 [0.40–1.15] | 1.99 [1.07–3.19] | 4.02 [2.56–4.90] | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
SAT cell sizea (µm2) | 3346 ± 1494 | 6370 ± 1009 | 5765 ± 1192 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.381 |
Sex steroids
| |||||||
SAT aromataseb (AU) | 94.0 [60.0–148.0] | 137.0 [70.0–226.0] | 92.5 [55.3–244.0] | 0.546 | 0.237 | 0.702 | 0.547 |
Testosterone (nmol/L) | 16.36 ± 6.74 | 10.81 ± 5.09 | 7.17 ± 2.90 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.024 |
Estradiol (pmol/L) | 63.9 [45.1–88.6] | 87.1 [57.8–103.1] | 67.5 [52.5–96.0] | 0.180 | 0.060 | 0.460 | 0.247 |
Free testosterone (pmol/L) | 295.0 ± 138.7 | 239.5 ± 109.0 | 164.1 ± 69.9 | <0.001 | 0.174 | <0.001 | 0.029 |
Free estradiol (pmol/L) | 1.17 [0.77–1.67] | 1.61 [1.13–2.15] | 1.32 [1.07–1.90] | 0.076 | 0.024 | 0.165 | 0.310 |
SHBG (nmol/L) | 41.0 [32.3–49.0] | 22.4 [18.2–29.3] | 24.0 [16.4–27.9] | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.771 |
LH (IU/L) | 5.0 [3.6–8.0] | 4.0 [3.0–5.1] | 4.6 [2.8–6.8] | 0.347 | 0.143 | 0.714 | 0.298 |
FSH (IU/L) | 7.2 [4.3–17.3] | 4.2 [2.9–5.6] | 5.1 [3.6–10.5] | 0.024 | 0.010 | 0.173 | 0.076 |
Associations with testosterone levels
Parameter | Testosterone |
P value | Free testosterone |
P value | Ratio T/E2
|
P value |
N
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAT aromatase | −0.095 | 0.600 | 0.027 | 0.879 | −0.343
|
0.047
| 36 |
LH | 0.187 | 0.104 | 0.061 | 0.597 | 0.112 | 0.326 | 82 |
FSH | 0.216 | 0.064 | 0.088 | 0.452 | 0.173 | 0.136 | 82 |
SHBG |
0.694
|
<0.001
|
0.383
|
0.001
|
0.604
|
<0.001
| 82 |
E2
| 0.211 | 0.064 | 0.214 | 0.056 | −0.308
|
0.005
| 82 |
Free E2
| 0.054 | 0.637 | 0.162 | 0.151 | −0.463
|
<0.001
| 82 |
TG | −0.390
|
<0.001
| −0.242
|
0.033
| −0.388
|
<0.001
| 82 |
HOMA−IR | −0.444
|
<0.001
| −0.286
|
0.013
| −0.606
|
<0.001
| 82 |
SAT cell size | −0.619
|
<0.001
| −0.599
|
<0.001
| −0.648
|
<0.001
| 50 |
Variable |
β
| SE (β) | 95 % CI |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total testosterone
| ||||
Obesity | −0.153 | 0.194 | −0.546; 0.240 | 0.435 |
DM2 | −0.617 | 0.220 | −1.061; −0.173 |
0.008
|
Age | −0.171 | 0.118 | −0.410; 0.068 | 0.157 |
Triglycerides | −0.054 | 0.106 | −0.269; 0.160 | 0.610 |
HOMA-IR | −0.015 | 0.168 | −0.354; 0.324 | 0.929 |
SAT cell size | −0.324 | 0.153 | −0.633; −0.015 |
0.040
|
Free testosterone
| ||||
Obesity | 0.049 | 0.218 | −0.391; 0.489 | 0.822 |
DM2 | −0.239 | 0.246 | −0.735; 0.258 | 0.337 |
Age | −0.472 | 0.132 | −0.740; −0.205 |
0.001
|
Triglycerides | 0.043 | 0.119 | −0.197; 0.282 | 0.722 |
HOMA-IR | −0.077 | 0.188 | −0.457; 0.302 | 0.683 |
SAT cell size | −0.446 | 0.171 | −0.791; −0.100 |
0.013
|
Ratio
T/E
2
| ||||
Obesity | −0.183 | 0.274 | −0.772; 0.357 | 0.455 |
DM2 | −0.519 | 0.323 | −1.271; 0.061 | 0.073 |
Age | 0.089 | 0.211 | −0.325; 0.543 | 0.610 |
Triglycerides | −0.158 | 0.143 | −0.437; 0.153 | 0.330 |
HOMA-IR | 0.116 | 0.302 | −0.493; 0.750 | 0.673 |
SAT cell size | −0.391 | 0.218 | −0.897; 0.002 |
0.051
|
SAT aromatase | −0.167 | 0.184 | −0.565; 0.192 | 0.319 |
Characteristics and sex steroid levels of study participants after GBS
Pre-bariatric surgery (N = 14) | Post-bariatric surgery (N = 14) |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical and biochemical characteristics
| |||
Age (years) | 51 ± 12 | 53 ± 12 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 45 ± 8 | 34 ± 8 | <0.001 |
Fat (%) | 45 ± 9 | 36 ± 12 | 0.009 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.55 ± 0.79 | 1.09 ± 0.46 | 0.067 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.47 ± 1.69 | 5.35 ± 0.74 | 0.051 |
Insulin (pmol/L) | 122.0 [99.7–211.7] | 61.1 [49.9–121.3] | 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 3.3 [2.1–4.2] | 1.1 [0.9–2.3] | 0.002 |
Sex steroids
| |||
Testosterone (nmol/L) | 8.99 ± 4.70 | 14.62 ± 6.65 | 0.004 |
Free testosterone (pmol/L) | 189.6 ± 110.5 | 229.0 ± 116.8 | 0.157 |
Estradiol (pmol/L) | 70.4 ± 32.1 | 68.8 ± 25.9 | 0.848 |
Free estradiol (pmol/L) | 1.33 ± 0.52 | 1.11 ± 0.44 | 0.117 |
SHBG (nmol/L) | 27.9 [17.0–36.0] | 52.4 [39.6–59.1] | <0.001 |
LH (IU/L) | 5.2 [3.0–9.3] | 5.8 [2.7–12.6] | 0.832 |
FSH (IU/L) | 5.7 [5.0–12.0] | 7.4 [5.7–18.4] | <0.001 |