Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Current Pediatrics Reports
Erschienen in: Current Pediatrics Reports 2/2015

01.06.2015 | Endocrine (M Craig, Section Editor)

Diabetes Complications in Childhood Diabetes: New Biomarkers and Technologies

verfasst von: Petter Bjornstad, David M. Maahs

Erschienen in: Current Pediatrics Reports | Ausgabe 2/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

A major challenge in preventing vascular complications in diabetes is the inability to identify high-risk patients at an early stage, emphasizing the importance of discovering new risk factors, technologies, and therapeutic targets to reduce the development and progression of complications. Promising biomarkers which may improve risk stratification and serve as therapeutic targets include uric acid, insulin sensitivity, copeptin, SGLT-2, and Klotho/FGF-23. Non-invasive measures of macrovasuclar disease in youth include (1) pulse wave velocity to examine arterial stiffness, (2) carotid intima-media thickness to evaluate arterial thickness, (3) cardiac MRI to investigate cardiac function and structure. Novel microvascular measures include GFR by iohexol clearance using filter paper to directly measure GFR, retinal vascular geometry to predict early retinal changes, and corneal confocal microscopy to improve detection of early nerve loss to better predict diabetic neuropathy. Herein we will review technologies, novel biomarkers, and therapeutic targets in relation to vascular complications of diabetes.
Literatur
1.
•• de Ferranti SD, de Boer IH, Fonseca V, Fox CS, Golden SH, Lavie CJ, et al. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. Circulation. 2014. Recent scientific statement by American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association on cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes.
2.
Collins AJ, Foley RN, Herzog C, Chavers B, Gilbertson D, Ishani A, et al. US Renal Data System 2010 Annual Data Report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57(1 Suppl 1):A8, e1-526.PubMed
3.
Bjornstad P, Cherney D, Maahs DM. Early diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: new insights. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014;21(4):279–86.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Krolewski AS, Kosinski EJ, Warram JH, Leland OS, Busick EJ, Asmal AC, et al. Magnitude and determinants of coronary artery disease in juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(8):750–5.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(4):956–62.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Fong DS, Aiello L, Gardner TW, King GL, Blankenship G, Cavallerano JD, et al. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(1):226–9.PubMedCrossRef
7.
•• Donaghue KC, Wadwa RP, Dimeglio LA, Wong TY, Chiarelli F, Marcovecchio ML, et al. Microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15 (Suppl 20):257–69. Updated clinical guidelines for work-up and management of micro- and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents.
8.
Maahs DM, Daniels SR, de Ferranti SD, Dichek HL, Flynn J, Goldstein BI, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in youth with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;130:1532–58.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Nambam B, DuBose SN, Nathan BM, Beck RW, Maahs DM, Wadwa RP, et al. Therapeutic inertia: underdiagnosed and undertreated hypertension in children participating in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014. doi:10.​1111/​pedi.​12231.
10.
Cho YH, Craig ME, Hing S, Gallego PH, Poon M, Chan A, et al. Microvascular complications assessment in adolescents with 2- to 5-yr duration of type 1 diabetes from 1990 to 2006. Pediatr Diabetes. 2011;12(8):682–9.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Tang M, Donaghue KC, Cho YH, Craig ME. Autonomic neuropathy in young people with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. Pediatr Diabetes. 2013;14(4):239–48.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Mauer M, Drummond K. The early natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: I. Study design and baseline characteristics of the study participants. Diabetes. 2002;51(5):1572–9.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. New Engl J Med. 1993;329(20):1456–62.PubMedCrossRef
14.
•• Marshall SM. Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: has the outlook improved since the 1980s? Diabetologia. 2012;55(9):2301–6. Excellent review on diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes and its prognosis over the last two decades.
15.
Lind M, Svensson AM, Kosiborod M, Gudbjornsdottir S, Pivodic A, Wedel H, et al. Glycemic control and excess mortality in type 1 diabetes. New Engl J Med. 2014;371(21):1972–82.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Libby P, Nathan DM, Abraham K, Brunzell JD, Fradkin JE, Haffner SM, et al. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Working Group on Cardiovascular Complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Circulation. 2005;111(25):3489–93.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Olson JC, Edmundowicz D, Becker DJ, Kuller LH, Orchard TJ. Coronary calcium in adults with type 1 diabetes: a stronger correlate of clinical coronary artery disease in men than in women. Diabetes. 2000;49(9):1571–8.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Alman AC, Maahs DM, Rewers MJ, Snell-Bergeon JK. Ideal cardiovascular health and the prevalence and progression of coronary artery calcification in adults with and without type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(2):521–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
19.
Strong JP, Malcom GT, McMahan CA, Tracy RE, Newman WP 3rd, Herderick EE, et al. Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA, J Am Med Assoc. 1999;281(8):727–35.CrossRef
20.
Krantz JS, Mack WJ, Hodis HN, Liu CR, Liu CH, Kaufman FR. Early onset of subclinical atherosclerosis in young persons with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr. 2004;145(4):452–7.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Urbina EM, Srinivasan SR, Tang R, Bond MG, Kieltyka L, Berenson GS. Impact of multiple coronary risk factors on the intima-media thickness of different segments of carotid artery in healthy young adults (The Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(9):953–8.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Berenson GS. Childhood risk factors predict adult risk associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(10C):3L–7L.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Nadeau KJ, Maahs DM, Daniels SR, Eckel RH. Childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease: links and prevention strategies. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011;8(9):513–25.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
24.
Weber T, Auer J, O’Rourke MF, Kvas E, Lassnig E, Berent R, et al. Arterial stiffness, wave reflections, and the risk of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2004;109(2):184–9.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(13):1318–27.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Urbina EM, Williams RV, Alpert BS, Collins RT, Daniels SR, Hayman L, et al. Noninvasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in children and adolescents: recommendations for standard assessment for clinical research: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2009;54(5):919–50.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Urbina EM, Wadwa RP, Davis C, Snively BM, Dolan LM, Daniels SR, et al. Prevalence of increased arterial stiffness in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus differs by measurement site and sex: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. J Pediatr. 2010;156(5):731–7, 7 e1.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Bjornstad P, Pyle L, Nguyen N, Snell-Bergeon J, Bishop F, Wadwa P, et al. Achieving International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes and American Diabetes Association Clinical Guidelines Offers Cardiorenal Protection for Youth with Type 1 Diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;16(1):22–30.CrossRef
29.
Bjornstad P, Nguyen N, Reinick C, Maahs D, Bishop F, Clements SA, et al. Association of apolipoprotein B, LDL-C and vascular stiffness in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2014. doi:10.​1007/​s00592-014-0693-9.
30.
Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 1997;96(5):1432–7.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Rabago Rodriguez R, Gomez-Diaz RA, Tanus Haj J, Avelar Garnica FJ, Ramirez Soriano E, Nishimura Meguro E, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness in pediatric type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(10):2599–602.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Nathan DM, Lachin J, Cleary P, Orchard T, Brillon DJ, Backlund JY, et al. Intensive diabetes therapy and carotid intima-media thickness in type 1 diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med. 2003;348(23):2294–303.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Kim WY, Astrup AS, Stuber M, Tarnow L, Falk E, Botnar RM, et al. Subclinical coronary and aortic atherosclerosis detected by magnetic resonance imaging in type 1 diabetes with and without diabetic nephropathy. Circulation. 2007;115(2):228–35.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Turkbey EB, Backlund JY, Genuth S, Jain A, Miao C, Cleary PA, et al. Myocardial structure, function, and scar in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2011;124(16):1737–46.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
35.
Cleland SJ, Fisher BM, Colhoun HM, Sattar N, Petrie JR. Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: what is ‘double diabetes’ and what are the risks? Diabetologia. 2013;56(7):1462–70.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
36.
Schauer IE, Snell-Bergeon JK, Bergman BC, Maahs DM, Kretowski A, Eckel RH, et al. Insulin resistance, defective insulin-mediated fatty acid suppression, and coronary artery calcification in subjects with and without type 1 diabetes: The CACTI study. Diabetes. 2011;60(1):306–14.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
37.
Nadeau KJ, Chow K, Alam S, Lindquist K, Campbell S, McFann K, et al. Effects of low dose metformin in adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014. doi:10.​1111/​pedi.​12140.
38.
Riphagen IJ, Boertien WE, Alkhalaf A, Kleefstra N, Gansevoort RT, Groenier KH, et al. Copeptin, a surrogate marker for arginine vasopressin, is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (ZODIAC-31). Diabetes Care. 2013;36(10):3201–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
39.
Maisel A, Xue Y, Shah K, Mueller C, Nowak R, Peacock WF, et al. Increased 90-day mortality in patients with acute heart failure with elevated copeptin: secondary results from the Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure (BACH) study. Circ Heart Fail. 2011;4(5):613–20.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Bankir L, Bardoux P, Ahloulay M. Vasopressin and diabetes mellitus. Nephron. 2001;87(1):8–18.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Abbasi A, Corpeleijn E, Meijer E, Postmus D, Gansevoort RT, Gans RO, et al. Sex differences in the association between plasma copeptin and incident type 2 diabetes: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease (PREVEND) study. Diabetologia. 2012;55(7):1963–70.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Bardoux P, Martin H, Ahloulay M, Schmitt F, Bouby N, Trinh-Trang-Tan MM, et al. Vasopressin contributes to hyperfiltration, albuminuria, and renal hypertrophy in diabetes mellitus: study in vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96(18):10397–402.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
43.
• Bankir L, Bouby N, Ritz E. Vasopressin: a novel target for the prevention and retardation of kidney disease? Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013;9(4):223–39. Important review discussing vasopressin as a target to prevent chronic kidney disease.
44.
Johnson RJ, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Roncal-Jimenez C, Lanaspa MA, Ishimoto T, Nakagawa T, et al. Hyperosmolarity drives hypertension and CKD–water and salt revisited. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10(7):415–20.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Bjornstad P, Cherney D, Maahs DM. Early diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes—new insights. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014;21(4):279–86.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Broe R, Rasmussen ML, Frydkjaer-Olsen U, Olsen BS, Mortensen HB, Peto T, et al. The 16-year incidence, progression and regression of diabetic retinopathy in a young population-based Danish cohort with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the Danish cohort of pediatric diabetes 1987 (DCPD1987). Acta Diabetol. 2014;51(3):413–20.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Hautala N, Aikkila R, Korpelainen J, Keskitalo A, Kurikka A, Falck A, et al. Marked reductions in visual impairment due to diabetic retinopathy achieved by efficient screening and timely treatment. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92(6):582–7.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Twyman S, Rowe D, Mansell P, Schapira D, Betts P, Leatherdale B. Longitudinal study of urinary albumin excretion in young diabetic patients–Wessex Diabetic Nephropathy Project. Diabetic Med. 2001;18(5):402–8.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Gross JL, de Azevedo MJ, Silveiro SP, Canani LH, Caramori ML, Zelmanovitz T. Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(1):164–76.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Silva KH, Finkelstein DM, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. New Engl J Med. 2003;348(23):2285–93.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Maahs DM, Ogden LG, Kretowski A, Snell-Bergeon JK, Kinney GL, Berl T, et al. Serum cystatin C predicts progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2007;56(11):2774–9.PubMedCrossRef
52.
•• Shlipak MG, Matsushita K, Arnlov J, Inker LA, Katz R, Polkinghorne KR, et al. Cystatin C versus creatinine in determining risk based on kidney function. New Engl J Med. 2013;369(10):932–43. Important original article demonstrating that the use of cystatin C alone or in combination with creatinine strengthens the association between the kidney function and the risks of death and end-stage renal disease across diverse populations.
53.
Bjornstad P, Maahs DM, Rivard CJ, Pyle L, Rewers M, Johnson RJ, et al. Serum uric acid predicts vascular complications in adults with type 1 diabetes: the coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetes study. Acta Diabetol. 2014;51(5):783–91.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Krolewski AS, Niewczas MA, Skupien J, Gohda T, Smiles A, Eckfeldt JH, et al. Early progressive renal decline precedes the onset of microalbuminuria and its progression to macroalbuminuria. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):226–34.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
55.
56.
KDOQI. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(2 Suppl 2):S12–154.
57.
Stevens PE, Levin A. Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(11):825–30.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Inker LA, Schmid CH, Tighiouart H, Eckfeldt JH, Feldman HI, Greene T, et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. New Engl J Med. 2012;367(1):20–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
59.
Schwartz GJ, Munoz A, Schneider MF, Mak RH, Kaskel F, Warady BA, et al. New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(3):629–37.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
60.
Maahs DM. Early detection of kidney disease in type 1 diabetes: what do we really know? Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14(7):541–4.PubMedCrossRef
61.
• Maahs DM, Bushman L, Kerr B, Ellis SL, Pyle L, McFann K, et al. A practical method to measure GFR in people with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complicat. 2014;28(5):667–73. First report of iohexol clearance by dried blood spots to measure glomerular filtration rate in adults with type 1 diabetes.
62.
Orchard TJ, Secrest AM, Miller RG, Costacou T. In the absence of renal disease, 20 year mortality risk in type 1 diabetes is comparable to that of the general population: a report from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetologia. 2010;53(11):2312–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
63.
Jalal DI, Rivard CJ, Johnson RJ, Maahs DM, McFann K, Rewers M, et al. Serum uric acid levels predict the development of albuminuria over 6 years in patients with type 1 diabetes: findings from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(6):1865–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
64.
Hovind P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Johnson RJ, Parving HH. Serum uric acid as a predictor for development of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: an inception cohort study. Diabetes. 2009;58(7):1668–71.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
65.
Maahs DM, Caramori L, Cherney DZ, Galecki AT, Gao C, Jalal D, et al. Uric acid lowering to prevent kidney function loss in diabetes: the preventing early renal function loss (PERL) Allopurinol Study. Curr Diabetes Rep. 2013;13(4):550–9.CrossRef
66.
Bjornstad P, Snell-Bergeon JK, Rewers M, Jalal D, Chonchol MB, Johnson RJ, et al. Early diabetic nephropathy: a complication of reduced insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3678–83.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
67.
Orchard TJ, Chang YF, Ferrell RE, Petro N, Ellis DE. Nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: a manifestation of insulin resistance and multiple genetic susceptibilities? Further evidence from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complication Study. Kidney Int. 2002;62(3):963–70.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM, Hardison RM, Kelsey SF, MacGregor JM, et al. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. New Engl J Med. 2009;360(24):2503–15.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Cherney DZ, Perkins BA, Soleymanlou N, Maione M, Lai V, Lee A, et al. The renal hemodynamic effect of SGLT2 inhibition in patients with type 1 diabetes. Circulation. 2013;129(5):587–97.PubMedCrossRef
70.
List JF, Whaley JM. Glucose dynamics and mechanistic implications of SGLT2 inhibitors in animals and humans. Kidney Int Suppl. 2011;120:S20–7.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Idris I, Donnelly R. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors: an emerging new class of oral antidiabetic drug. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009;11(2):79–88.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Schernthaner G, Gross JL, Rosenstock J, Guarisco M, Fu M, Yee J, et al. Canagliflozin compared with sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who do not have adequate glycemic control with metformin plus sulfonylurea: a 52-week randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2508–15.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
73.
Cherney DZ, Perkins BA. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 1 diabetes: simultaneous glucose lowering and renal protection? Can J Diabetes. 2014;38(5):356–63.PubMedCrossRef
74.
75.
Bolignano D, Zoccali C. Vasopressin beyond water: implications for renal diseases. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2010;19(5):499–504.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Bouby N, Bachmann S, Bichet D, Bankir L. Effect of water intake on the progression of chronic renal failure in the 5/6 nephrectomized rat. Am J Physiol. 1990;258(4 Pt 2):F973–9.PubMed
77.
Strippoli GF, Craig JC, Rochtchina E, Flood VM, Wang JJ, Mitchell P. Fluid and nutrient intake and risk of chronic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton). 2011;16(3):326–34.CrossRef
78.
Boertien WE, Riphagen IJ, Drion I, Alkhalaf A, Bakker SJ, Groenier KH, et al. Copeptin, a surrogate marker for arginine vasopressin, is associated with declining glomerular filtration in patients with diabetes mellitus (ZODIAC-33). Diabetologia. 2013;56(8):1680–8.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Moe SM. Klotho: a master regulator of cardiovascular disease? Circulation. 2012;125(18):2181–3.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Hu MC, Shi M, Zhang J, Quinones H, Griffith C, Kuro-o M, et al. Klotho deficiency causes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(1):124–36.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
81.
Lim K, Lu TS, Molostvov G, Lee C, Lam FT, Zehnder D, et al. Vascular Klotho deficiency potentiates the development of human artery calcification and mediates resistance to fibroblast growth factor 23. Circulation. 2012;125(18):2243–55.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Bacchetta J, Cochat P, Salusky IB, Wesseling-Perry K. Uric acid and IGF1 as possible determinants of FGF23 metabolism in children with normal renal function. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27(7):1131–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
83.
Isakova T, Xie H, Yang W, Xie D, Anderson AH, Scialla J, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and risks of mortality and end-stage renal disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2011;305(23):2432–9.CrossRef
84.
Fliser D, Kollerits B, Neyer U, Ankerst DP, Lhotta K, Lingenhel A, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) predicts progression of chronic kidney disease: the Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease (MMKD) Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(9):2600–8.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Lin Y, Kuro-o M, Sun Z. Genetic deficiency of anti-aging gene klotho exacerbates early nephropathy in STZ-induced diabetes in male mice. Endocrinology. 2013;154(10):3855–63.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
86.
Panesso MC, Shi M, Cho HJ, Paek J, Ye J, Moe OW, et al. Klotho has dual protective effects on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2014;85(4):855–70.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
87.
Lin Y, Sun Z. In vivo pancreatic beta cell-specific expression of anti-aging Gene Klotho, a novel approach for preserving beta cells in type II diabetes. Diabetes. 2014.
88.
Downie E, Craig ME, Hing S, Cusumano J, Chan AK, Donaghue KC. Continued reduction in the prevalence of retinopathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: role of insulin therapy and glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(11):2368–73.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
89.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2014. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(Suppl 1):S14–80.CrossRef
90.
Ikram MK, Cheung CY, Lorenzi M, Klein R, Jones TL, Wong TY. Retinal vascular caliber as a biomarker for diabetes microvascular complications. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(3):750–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
91.
Benitez-Aguirre P, Craig ME, Sasongko MB, Jenkins AJ, Wong TY, Wang JJ, et al. Retinal vascular geometry predicts incident retinopathy in young people with type 1 diabetes: a prospective cohort study from adolescence. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1622–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
92.
Benitez-Aguirre PZ, Sasongko MB, Craig ME, Jenkins AJ, Cusumano J, Cheung N, et al. Retinal vascular geometry predicts incident renal dysfunction in young people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(3):599–604.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
93.
Sasongko MB, Wang JJ, Donaghue KC, Cheung N, Benitez-Aguirre P, Jenkins A, et al. Alterations in retinal microvascular geometry in young type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(6):1331–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
94.
Maser RE, Steenkiste AR, Dorman JS, Nielsen VK, Bass EB, Manjoo Q, et al. Epidemiological correlates of diabetic neuropathy. Report from Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes. 1989;38(11):1456–61.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Trotta D, Verrotti A, Salladini C, Chiarelli F. Diabetic neuropathy in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2004;5(1):44–57.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Martin CL, Albers JW, Pop-Busui R. Neuropathy and related findings in the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):31–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
97.
Jaiswal M, Lauer A, Martin CL, Bell RA, Divers J, Dabelea D, et al. Peripheral neuropathy in adolescents and young adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth follow-up cohort: a pilot study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):3903–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
98.
Welsh P, Woodward M, Hillis GS, Li Q, Marre M, Williams B, et al. Do cardiac biomarkers NT-proBNP and hsTnT predict microvascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes? Results from the ADVANCE trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(8):2202–10.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Ding J, Cheung CY, Ikram MK, Zheng YF, Cheng CY, Lamoureux EL, et al. Early retinal arteriolar changes and peripheral neuropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(5):1098–104.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
100.
Sivaskandarajah GA, Halpern EM, Lovblom LE, Weisman A, Orlov S, Bril V, et al. Structure-function relationship between corneal nerves and conventional small-fiber tests in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2748–55.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
101.
Petropoulos IN, Alam U, Fadavi H, Asghar O, Green P, Ponirakis G, et al. Corneal nerve loss detected with corneal confocal microscopy is symmetrical and related to the severity of diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3646–51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
102.
Sellers EA, Clark I, Tavakoli M, Dean HJ, McGavock J, Malik RA. The acceptability and feasibility of corneal confocal microscopy to detect early diabetic neuropathy in children: a pilot study. Diabetic Med. 2013;30(5):630–1.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Riazi S, Bril V, Perkins BA, Abbas S, Chan VW, Ngo M, et al. Can ultrasound of the tibial nerve detect diabetic peripheral neuropathy? A cross-sectional study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12):2575–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
104.
Lee JA, Halpern EM, Lovblom LE, Yeung E, Bril V, Perkins BA. Reliability and validity of a point-of-care sural nerve conduction device for identification of diabetic neuropathy. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86515.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
105.
Lysy Z, Lovblom LE, Halpern EM, Ngo M, Ng E, Orszag A, et al. Measurement of cooling detection thresholds for identification of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy in type 1 diabetes. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106995.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
106.
de Boer IH, Sun W, Cleary PA, Lachin JM, Molitch ME, Steffes MW, et al. Intensive diabetes therapy and glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetes. New Engl J Med. 2011;365(25):2366–76.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. New Engl J Med. 2005;353(25):2643–53.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Group DR. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977–86.CrossRef
109.
Writing Team for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2003;290(16):2159–67.CrossRef
110.
de Boer IH, Rue TC, Cleary PA, Lachin JM, Molitch ME, Steffes MW, et al. Long-term renal outcomes of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: an analysis of the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(5):412–20.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
111.
de Boer IH. Kidney disease and related findings in the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):24–30.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
112.
Wong JC, Foster NC, Maahs DM, Raghinaru D, Bergenstal RM, Ahmann AJ, et al. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring among participants in the T1D Exchange clinic registry. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(10):2702–9.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Cefalu WT, Tamborlane WV. The artificial pancreas: are we there yet? Diabetes Care. 2014;37(5):1182–3.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Bergenstal RM, Klonoff DC, Garg SK, Bode BW, Meredith M, Slover RH, et al. Threshold-based insulin-pump interruption for reduction of hypoglycemia. New Engl J Med. 2013;369(3):224–32.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Maahs DM, Calhoun P, Buckingham BA, Chase HP, Hramiak I, Lum J, et al. A randomized trial of a home system to reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(7):1885–91.PubMedCrossRef
116.
•• Russell SJ, El-Khatib FH, Sinha M, Magyar KL, McKeon K, Goergen LG, et al. Outpatient glycemic control with a bionic pancreas in type 1 diabetes. New Engl J Med. 2014;371(4):313–25. This original research paper demonstrates that a wearable, automated, bihormonal, bionic pancreas improved mean glycemic levels, with less frequent hypoglycemic episodes, among both adults and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus as compared with an insulin pump.
117.
Phillip M, Battelino T, Atlas E, Kordonouri O, Bratina N, Miller S, et al. Nocturnal glucose control with an artificial pancreas at a diabetes camp. New Engl J Med. 2013;368(9):824–33.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Chernavvsky DR, DeBoer MD, Keith-Hynes P, Mize B, McElwee M, Demartini S, et al. Use of an artificial pancreas among adolescents for a missed snack bolus and an underestimated meal bolus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014. doi:10.​1111/​pedi.​12230.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Diabetes Complications in Childhood Diabetes: New Biomarkers and Technologies
verfasst von
Petter Bjornstad
David M. Maahs
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Pediatrics Reports / Ausgabe 2/2015
Elektronische ISSN: 2167-4841
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40124-015-0081-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2015

Current Pediatrics Reports 2/2015 Zur Ausgabe

Hematology/Oncology (C Cole, Section Editor)

Survival and Quality of Life Following Treatment for Sarcoma

Hematology/Oncology (C Cole, Section Editor)

Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Sickle-Cell Disease: An Option for Everyone?

Endocrine (M Craig, Section Editor)

Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis in Children

Hematology/Oncology (C Cole, Section Editor)

The Role of Registries and Tumor Banking in Rare Pediatric Tumors

Endocrine (M Craig, Section Editor)

Technology and Type 1 Diabetes: Closed-Loop Therapies

Hematology/Oncology (C Cole, Section Editor)

Infectious Prophylaxis in Paediatric Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation

Neu im Fachgebiet Pädiatrie

Ein Drittel der jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte erwägt abzuwandern

07.05.2024 Medizinstudium Nachrichten

Extreme Arbeitsverdichtung und kaum Supervision: Dr. Andrea Martini, Sprecherin des Bündnisses Junge Ärztinnen und Ärzte (BJÄ) über den Frust des ärztlichen Nachwuchses und die Vorteile des Rucksack-Modells.

Häufigste Gründe für Brustschmerzen bei Kindern

06.05.2024 Pädiatrische Diagnostik Nachrichten

Akute Brustschmerzen sind ein Alarmsymptom par exellence, schließlich sind manche Auslöser lebensbedrohlich. Auch Kinder klagen oft über Schmerzen in der Brust. Ein Studienteam ist den Ursachen nachgegangen.

Endlich: Zi zeigt, mit welchen PVS Praxen zufrieden sind

IT für Ärzte Nachrichten

Darauf haben viele Praxen gewartet: Das Zi hat eine Liste von Praxisverwaltungssystemen veröffentlicht, die von Nutzern positiv bewertet werden. Eine gute Grundlage für wechselwillige Ärztinnen und Psychotherapeuten.

Durch übermäßige Internetnutzung wird oft die Schule verpasst

02.05.2024 Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung in der Pädiatrie Nachrichten

Häufige Fehlzeiten in der Schule können durch physische und psychische Probleme verursacht werden. Wie in einer Studie aus Finnland nun belegt wird, führt auch die exzessive Nutzung des Internets gehäuft zu Abwesenheiten.

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise