Patient-centeredness has become an acknowledged hallmark of not only high-quality health care but also high-quality drug development. Biopharmaceutical companies are actively seeking to be more patient-centric in drug research and development by involving patients in identifying target disease conditions, participating in the design of, and recruitment for, clinical trials, and disseminating study results. Drug safety departments within the biopharmaceutical industry are at a similar inflection point. Rising rates of per capita prescription drug use underscore the importance of having robust pharmacovigilance systems in place to detect and assess adverse drug reactions (ADRs). At the same time, the practice of pharmacovigilance is being transformed by a host of recent regulatory guidances and related initiatives which emphasize the importance of the patient’s perspective in drug safety. Collectively, these initiatives impact the full range of activities that fall within the remit of pharmacovigilance, including ADR reporting, signal detection and evaluation, risk management, medication error assessment, benefit–risk assessment and risk communication. Examples include the fact that manufacturing authorization holders are now expected to monitor all digital sources under their control for potential reports of ADRs, and the emergence of new methods for collecting, analysing and reporting patient-generated ADR reports for signal detection and evaluation purposes. A drug safety department’s ability to transition successfully into a more patient-centric organization will depend on three defining attributes: (1) a patient-centered culture; (2) deployment of a framework to guide patient engagement activities; and (3) demonstrated proficiency in patient-centered competencies, including patient engagement, risk communication and patient preference assessment. Whether, and to what extent, drug safety departments embrace the new patient-centric imperative, and the methods and processes they implement to achieve this end effectively and efficiently, promise to become distinguishing factors in the highly competitive biopharmaceutical industry landscape.
Key Points
Patient-centeredness has become an acknowledged hallmark of not only high-quality health care but also high-quality drug development.
Recent patient-centric regulatory and related initiatives are transforming the form and function of the pharmacovigilance function within the biopharmaceutical industry.
To meet this patient-centric imperative successfully, pharmacovigilance departments will need to develop a more patient-centered culture, use a framework-driven approach to patient engagement and become proficient in a range of patient-centered competencies.
1 Introduction
Patient-centeredness has become an acknowledged hallmark of not only high-quality health care but also high-quality drug development [1, 2]. Biopharmaceutical companies are actively seeking to be more patient-centric in drug research and development by involving patients in identifying target disease conditions; participating in the design of, and recruitment for, clinical trials; and disseminating study results [3, 4].
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Drug safety departments within the biopharmaceutical industry are at a similar inflection point. On the one hand, rising rates of per capita prescription drug use underscore the importance of having robust pharmacovigilance systems in place to detect and assess adverse drug reactions (ADRs) [4]. At the same time, both the process and the practice of pharmacovigilance are being transformed by a host of patient-centric trends [5]. Given the critical role patients have to play in safe and appropriate use of medications, such a transformation is welcome, if not long overdue [6‐8]. This development, however, challenges entrenched notions of the role and outputs of the pharmacovigilance function. Nonetheless, marketing authorization holders (MAHs) who are able to navigate this new terrain proactively will benefit in terms of an enhanced patient experience, improved patient safety outcomes and a competitive advantage in the evolving regulatory and payer landscape [4].
2 Patient-Centric Trends Affecting Drug Safety
‘Patient-centeredness’ or ‘patient-centricity’ is defined as an understanding of the patient’s perspective concerning his/her health condition and treatment experiences [9]. In recent years, a series of regulatory guidances and other initiatives have emerged, which effectively expand the ability of drug safety departments to understand and incorporate the patient’s perspective into pharmacovigilance activities (Table 1). Collectively, these initiatives impact the full range of activities that fall within the remit of pharmacovigilance, including ADR reporting, signal detection and evaluation, risk management, medication error assessment, benefit–risk assessment and risk communication. MAHs, for example, are now expected to monitor all digital sources under their control for potential reports of ADRs [10]. A new measurement system, the Patient-Reported Outcomes Version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE), has been developed to improve the precision and reliability of patient-reported adverse events in clinical trials.
Table 1
Examples of key recent patient-centric initiatives affecting pharmaceutical drug safety
Drug safety domain
Title
Description
Adverse event reporting
Directive 2010/84/EU amending Pharmacovigilance Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relative to medicinal products for use
Implementation of EU pharmacovigilance legislation 2012 expanding direct patient reporting of suspected ADRs throughout the EU
Regulation (EU) 1235/2010 amending, as regards pharmacovigilance of medicinal products for human use, Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004 laying down Community procedures for the authorisation and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing a European Medicines Agency and Regulation (EC) 1394/2007 on advanced therapy medicinal products
European Medicines Agency (EMA). Guideline on Good Pharmacovigilance Practices (GVP) Module VI: Management and Reporting of Adverse Reactions to Medicinal Products EMA/542040/2014 (2012)
Guidance outlines responsibilities for MAHs to:
(a) Monitor and screen internet sites and all forms of digital media under their management or responsibility for potential reports of suspected ADRs. The frequency of the screening should allow for potential valid individual case report forms to be reported to the health authorities within the appropriate reporting timeframe, based on the date on which the information was posted on the internet site/digital medium
(b) Utilize their websites to facilitate the collection of reports of suspected adverse reactions
(a) Develop robust text-mining techniques for analysis of social media data for patient reports of potential suspected ADRs to complement existing methods of adverse event signal detection
(b) Develop and pilot a mobile app to facilitate patient reporting of suspected ADRs
US National Cancer Institute’s Patient-Reported Outcomes Version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) Initiative (2010)
The project goal was to develop a library of patient-reported outcomes to supplement CTCAE reporting to enable standard capture of patient-reported safety data in clinical trials
Benefit–risk assessment
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Submission, Review in PMAs, HDE Applications, and De Novo Requests, and Inclusion in Device Labeling
The guidance describes scientific methods for sponsors to use in collecting patient preference data on medicinal devices, and how to submit such data in filing and labelling
Draft Guidance for Industry, Food and Drug Administration Staff, and Other Stakeholders (May 18, 2015)
International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: M4E(R2) (effective 2016)
The guidance specifies inclusion of patient preference data in the Clinical Overview Section 2.5.6 of the Common Technical Document at the time of filing for marketing authorization
IMI-2 Consortium on Patient Perspective Elicitation on Benefits and Risks of Medicinal Products, Supplementing Benefit-Risk Assessments by Regulators and HTAs from Development through the Entire Life Cycle (2015–2020)
The project goal is to develop recommendations with the view of supporting the development of guidance for industry, regulators and HTA bodies on how and when in the product life cycle to consider patient perspectives on benefits and risks of medicinal products to inform the decision-making process by regulators and HTA bodies
Risk management, risk minimization and risk communication
EMA. Good practice guide on risk minimisation and prevention of medication errors (2015)
The guidance outlines the responsibilities of sponsor to conduct human factors testing during product development
EMA. Good Pharmacovigilance Practices (GVP) Module V: Risk Management. EMA/542040/2014 (2012)
The guidance requires sponsors to develop a lay summary of the product Risk Management Plan for public posting
EMA Guideline on GVP Module XVI: Risk minimisation measures: selection of tools and effectiveness indicators (Rev. 1)
The guidance outlines the responsibilities for sponsors to obtain patient input into the design and testing of risk minimization tools and programmes
EMA/542040/2014 (2012)
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Working Group IX: Practical Approaches to Risk Minimisation of Medicinal Products (2014), Geneva
The guidance recommends that sponsors include patients throughout the cycle of risk minimization planning, implementation and evaluation
ADR adverse drug reaction, CIOMS Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, CTCAE Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, EC European Commission, EMA European Medicines Agency, EU European Union, FDA Food and Drug Administration, GVP Good Pharmacovigilance Practices, HDE Humanitarian Device Exemption, HTA Health Technology Assessment, IMI Innovative Medicines Initiative, ICH International Conference on Harmonisation, MAH marketing authorization holder, PMA Premarket Approval, PRO-CTCAE Patient-Reported Outcomes Version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, Web-RADR Web–Recognizing Adverse Drug Reactions
In addition, under the aegis of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI)’s Web-Recognizing Adverse Drug Reactions (Web-RADR) project, robust methods have been advanced for collecting, analysing and reporting patient-generated ADR reports for signal detection and evaluation purposes, and patient ADR reporting has been further facilitated by the development of a mobile reporting app [11‐17].
The value of obtaining the patient perspective regarding the benefit–risk profile of medicinal products is being increasingly acknowledged by regulatory authorities. In particular, recent revisions of the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) M4E Guideline specify where to include such data in the integrated benefit–risk section of the clinical overview for marketing authorization applications [18]. Relatedly, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has defined acceptable scientific methods to use in obtaining patient preference data for medical devices and has specified how such data can be included not only in the marketing authorization application but also in the label [19]. Both the FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) advocate for sponsors to conduct human factors testing (‘simulated use testing’) in patients in order to understand whether product instructions for use are sufficiently clear [20, 21]. Similarly, both the EMA and the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) recommend that risk communication measures be tested for patient comprehension and that patient input be elicited regarding the feasibility and acceptability of any proposed ‘additional risk minimization measures’ [22, 23].
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Many of these recent developments impose new and/or enhanced responsibilities on pharmacovigilance departments. Similarly, implementing these patient-centric initiatives may present new or added complexities and challenges. A fundamental concern and challenge will be to ensure that the privacy of patient data is adequately safeguarded. Other challenges include the need to apply scientifically rigorous patient data collection methods that are applicable across a range of healthcare settings (e.g. inpatient versus outpatient), and to develop patient communication and training materials that are sensitive to demographic, cultural and linguistic heterogeneity within and across populations. Requests for patient input must be appropriately balanced so as to avoid over-burdening patients who are taking multiple drugs from different MAHs. Not least, it will be important to continue supporting advances in the science of patient preference assessment such that these data can be used to inform regulatory authority assessments of the product benefit–risk profile and, potentially, incorporated into product labelling as well.
Significantly, however, these developments also offer new opportunities for proactively engaging with patients not only in the safety evidence generation process but also for the purposes of supporting safe and appropriate product use (Fig. 1). Such opportunities include use of eHealth methods such as ‘gamification’ (video game-based techniques that create virtual simulations of real-world use scenarios) to reinforce safe use messaging and practices, and use of animated text and graphics to convey drug benefit–risk statistics [24, 25]. Similarly, new evaluative techniques can be employed to determine the comprehensibility of patient-targeted safety information—including, for example, the ‘teach-back method’, which requires patients to describe, in their own words, their understanding of the safety information [26].
Fig. 1
The patient journey: key potential points of engagement between patients and drug safety.
Source: Adapted with permission from PatientsLikeMe from slide presented by S. Okun at “REMS Impact on Healthcare Delivery System and Patient Access,” Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Public Workshop, October 5, 2015, Rockville, MD, Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0502
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3 Key Attributes of the Patient-Centered Drug Safety Department
Drug safety departments that are able to successfully transition into a more patient-centric organization will possess three defining attributes or ‘hallmarks’. These include (1) a patient-centered culture; (2) a framework to guide patient engagement activities; and (3) being conversant in applying a range of patient engagement methods and other patient-centered competencies. Strategic objectives and supporting tactics that can assist in this transition are outlined in Table 2.
Table 2
Strategic and tactical considerations for achieving a patient-centered drug safety organization
Strategy
Tactics
Embed a patient-centered culture within the drug safety organization
Orient core drug safety functions towards understanding and addressing patient preferences, goals and priorities
Communicate the value of patient-generated information across the department, as well as the larger organization
Support modifications in practice with changes in drug safety staff culture by:
Communicating a vision
Establishing accountability
Creating metrics to measure staff behaviour
Establishing a supportive governance structure and processes
Providing training
Develop a framework to engage with patients
Internally: integrate patient engagement efforts with those patient engagement initiatives occurring elsewhere in the larger organization
Establish metrics to measure progress and the degree of transparency in reaching this goal, and to measure the quality and quantity of patient engagement
Externally: co-promote patient engagement with patient communities as a sustainable and scalable commitment
Become proficient in applying patient-centered engagement methods and other patient-centered competencies
Apply health literacy and numeracy principles in the development of labelling and other patient-targeted materials for communicating safe and appropriate use of medicinal drugs and devices, and benefit–risk information
Use eHealth tools to engage with patients to communicate/educate
Develop patient-targeted benefit–risk decision aids
3.1 A Culture of Patient-Centeredness
A key organizational attribute is a culture of patient-centeredness, one that emphasizes the importance of understanding the patient’s needs and goals for treatment, and the patient’s experience, or ‘journey’, in regard to illness and medical therapies. Such a culture clearly explicates the link between the patient and the work of individuals within the pharmacovigilance organization. Among the possible tactics that can be used to achieve a patient-centered culture, the most critical ones include senior management support, alignment with a supportive governance structure, establishment of performance metrics around patient engagement and provision of ongoing training to ensure that staff behaviours are consistent with a patient-centered cultural norm.
3.2 A Framework for Patient Engagement
The purpose of a framework is to provide a systematic, integrated, comprehensive and transparent process for patient engagement, and to facilitate cross-functional collaboration and sharing of patient-generated data. A framework outlines when, where and how patients are to be engaged at different junctures in the pharmacovigilance process, and the resources needed to achieve such engagement [4]. A framework can also serve as the linchpin that supports the development and implementation of policies for patient engagement, training, and communicating and reinforcing normative expectations for what it means to be an ‘activated’, empowered patient. Not least, a patient engagement framework should also specify metrics to evaluate both the quantity and the quality of patient engagement at defined points throughout the product life cycle.
3.3 Proficiency in Patient Engagement Methods
The patient-centered pharmacovigilance department of the future will also exhibit a number of key competencies (Table 3). These competencies can be acquired by hiring new professionals with relevant credentials, cultivating in-house talent by investing in staff training, and/or outsourcing to vendors with the requisite types of expertise. Examples of key competencies include fostering a patient-centered ethos within the organization, increasing patient access to understandable information via routine application of health literacy principles in the development of patient labelling and other patient-targeted risk communication materials, and the ability to obtain and integrate patient perspectives and preferences into relevant aspects of pharmacovigilance activities, such as product benefit–risk assessment, and risk management planning and evaluation [27].
Table 3
Requisite competencies for a patient-centered drug safety organization
Competencies
Provide ongoing support for application of patient-centered processes and patient engagement methods (‘patient engagement framework’) across the organization as a whole
Increase availability of understandable information about product benefits and risks for patients, including benefit–risk decision aids
Foster an environment that encourages ongoing innovation in regard to developing and implementing patient-centered approaches to pharmacovigilance activities
Have professional staff who have subject matter expertise in:
Human factors study design and methods
Patient engagement approaches
Patient preference assessment methods
Designing and implementing evidence-based, patient-centered risk minimization interventions
Application of eHealth technologies for patient communication and other forms of patient interface
Data-mining techniques for social media
Risk communication, including health literacy and numeracy principles
Incentivize staff to engage in cross-functional collaboration and teamwork so as to minimize ‘silo’ mentality and behaviours
Establish robust processes for rewarding and acknowledging ‘patient-centered’ service orientation among staff
4 Conclusion
Patient-centricity is transforming the form and function of pharmacovigilance. Partnering with patients to develop new medicinal products and devices that meet patients’ needs under real-world use conditions will involve a significant change in organizational culture. How drug safety departments, as well as biopharmaceutical companies as a whole, grapple with addressing this new, patient-centric imperative—and what methods and processes they implement to achieve this end effectively and efficiently—will be distinguishing factors in the highly competitive industry landscape. While currently there is no consensus regarding the optimal approach for engaging with patients, drug safety departments that invest in developing an internal patient-centered ‘ecosystem,’ including appropriate infrastructure and competencies, will be well-positioned to embrace this new era.
Acknowledgments
The views expressed herein represent those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or practices of the authors’ employer or any other party.
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Compliance with Ethical Standards
Meredith Y. Smith and Isma Benattia are full-time employees of Amgen, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, and own Amgen stock.
Funding
No sources of funding were used in the preparation of this article.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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