| 2006 | 100 | PD patients (PD + ICD: 9 patients) | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean age at onset: 44.3 (±9) vs. 48.6 (±9) years Mean duration: 4.6 (±62.2) vs. 6.2 (±5.5) years | Pramipexole, ropinirole, amantadine, entacapone, selegiline, l-dopa
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
l-dopa dose = 627 (±281) vs. 520 (±450) mg | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | DAAs (as a class, concerning only pramipexole or ropinirole) use Significant association with pramipexole (and not with ropinirole) |
| 2006 | 272 | PD patients | PD | Pramipexole, ropinirole, pergolide, l-dopa, amantadine | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | DAA use No significant association with a specific DAA (ropinirole, pramipexole, or pergolide) Significant association with higher doses of DAAs |
| 2006 | 388 | PD patients | PD | Pramipexole, ropinirole, pergolide, l-dopa, amantadine, entacapone, selegiline, anticholinergic | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of excessive gambling | Higher daily doses of pramipexole |
| 2007 | 383 | 193 PD patients (PD + ICD: 27 patients; PD–ICD: 166 patients) 190 age- and gender-matched HCs | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean age at onset (years): 51.5 (±12.2) vs. 58.7 (±12.1) Mean duration (years): 10.3 (±4.9) vs. 9.7 (±6.6) | Ropinirole, pergolide, cabergoline, apomorphine, amandatine, selegiline, entacapone | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | Longer duration of treatment with DAAs |
| 2008 | 140 | Not demented patients, with moderate to severe PD | PD | Pramipexole, ropinirole, pergolide, bromocriptine, l-dopa LEDD (mg) = 707 (±402) | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of problem gambling and PG | DAA use |
| 2009 | 12 | Female RLS patients | RLS Mean duration (years): 4 (±2) | Pramipexole, ropinirole, cabergoline DAA doses (mg pramipexole equivalent) = 0.5 (±0.2) | Crossover (‘on’ and ‘off’ DAA medication) fMRI coupled with a gambling game task | To investigate the underlying neurobiology | Change in the neural signaling of reward expectation (mesolimbic dopaminergic hyperactivation) with DAA medication, underlying a sensitization towards ICDs |
| 2009 | 444 | 312 PD patients (PD + ICD: 11 patients; PD–ICD: 301 patients) 132 controls (spouses/caregivers of the patients) | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean age at onset (years): 59 (±7) vs. 60 (±11) Mean duration (years): 5 (±3) vs. 6 (±3) |
l-dopa, piribedil, pramipexole, amantadine, pergolide, ergocriptine, bromocriptine
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Total LEDD = 487 (±289) vs. 392 (±224) mg | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | DAA use |
| 2009 | 8 | PD patients | Patients with early-stage PD Mean duration (years): 4 (±3) |
Combination of
l-dopa dose (mg/day) = 594 (±290)
And
Pramipexole dose (mg/day) = 2.3 (±1.1) | Crossover (off medication, after l-dopa and after an equivalent dose of pramipexole fMRI coupled with a probabilistic reward task | To investigate the underlying neurobiology | With pramipexole: tonic dopaminergic stimulation specifically diminished reward processing in the lateral OFC DAAs may abate negative reinforcement in feedback-based learning This finding is drug-specific (not observed after l-dopa) |
| 2010 | 14 | 14 PD patients: 7 with DAA-induced PG 7 without PG (matched for DRT, age and PD duration and severity) | PD The 2 groups of patients were matched for PD duration and severity | The 2 groups of patients were matched for DRT | Cross-sectional Case-control PET scanning coupled with a card selection game | To investigate the underlying neurobiology | In PD + DAA-induced PG: significant DAA-induced reduction of neuronal activity in brain areas that are implicated in impulse control and response inhibition (lateral OFC, RCZ, amygdala, GPe). |
| 2010 | 554 | PD patients (PD + ICD: 33 patients; PD–ICD: 65 patients) | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean age at onset (years): 49 (±9) vs. 52 (±11) Mean duration (years): 8 (±5) vs. 7 (±5) | Pergolide, cabergoline, pramipexole, ropinirole, piribedil, lisuride
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
DAA-LEDD (mg) = 369 (±181) vs. 319 (±208) Total LEDD (mg) = 702 (±2369) vs. 640 (±357) | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | No association between ICDs and doses of DAAs |
| 2010 | 3090 |
DOMINION study
| PD | DAAs and/or l-dopa (n = 3031) DAAs (mean daily dosage and LEDDs): Pramipexole: 3.1 (SD = 1.7) and 306.9 (SD = 168.2) mg Ropinirole: 11.1 (SD = 6.6) and 277.9 (SD = 164.9) mg Pergolide: 2.9 (SD = 1.7) and 286.6 (SD = 169.3) mg | Cross-sectional Case-control (matching on age, sex and DAA treatment) | To determine the correlates of ICDs | Both DAAs and l-dopa use, with the OR nearly twice as high for DAAs |
| 2010 | 1167 | PG patients | PD Mean age at onset (years): 58 (±11) Mean duration (years): 7 (±4) | Stable DRT for at least 3 months Mean duration of DRT: 5.0 years (± 3.8) | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICRBs |
Multivariate analysis: DAAs: dose-response relationship with the compulsive shopping, gambling, and sexual behaviors
l-dopa: dose–response relationship with punding |
| 2010 | 44 | 14 PD + ICD patients 14 PD patients 16 medication-free normal controls | PD | DAAs ± l-dopa DAA-LEDD (mg) = 161.5 (SD = 43.5) for PD ± ICD and 155.5 (SD = 57.3) for PD | Crossover with a within- and between-subjects design (‘on’ and ‘off’ DAA medication) | To investigate the underlying neurobiology | Group × medication interaction effect: DAA status was associated with increased impulsive choice and shorter reaction time and decision conflict reaction time in PD + ICD but not in PD Higher rate of spatial working memory errors in PD + ICD Higher rate of visual hallucinations or illusions in PD |
| 2010 | 24 | 24 PD patients who underwent STN DBS | PD | STN DBS | Cross-sectional Patient-and-relative-completed survey | To investigate the underlying neurobiology | Non-punders: started bilateral STN DBS on average 1.96 years before the punders |
| 2010 | 22 | 22 PD patients with ICDs | PD Mean age at onset (years): 47 (±9) Mean duration (years): 11 (±6) | DAA (mg/day) = 3.7 (±1.7)
l-dopa (mg/day) = 239 (±252) | Longitudinal T1: ICDs diagnosis T2: follow-up | To evaluate the outcome of ICDs | Recovery from compulsive behaviors after reducing dosage of DAAs for 16/22 patients |
| 2011 | 44 | 14 PD + ICD 14 PD 16 medication-free normal controls | PD | DDAs | Crossover with a within- and between-subjects design (‘on’ and ‘off’ DAA medication) fMRI coupled with a gamble risk-taking task | To investigate the underlying neurobiology | PD + ICD made more risky choices at lower ‘gamble risk’ than PD DAAs in PD + ICS enhanced sensitivity to gamble risk with the opposite effect in PD. PD + ICS have an increased risk-taking bias compared to PD when there is only the prospect of gain, but not where there are both prospects of gain and loss DAAs may enhance an unconscious bias towards risk in susceptible individuals, underpinned by decreased coupling of neural evaluation and risk in the ventral striatum, orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate |
| 2011 | 140 | RLS ± ICD | RLS | DAAs (ropinirole 2–4.5 mg/day: n = 3; pramipexole 0.72–1.4 mg/day: n = 3; lisuride 2.5 mg/day: n = 1; cabergoline 3 mg/day: n = 1)
l-dopa (100 mg/day: n = 3) | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | Higher DAAs dose (mean DAA dose as LEDD mg/day: 63.7 [SD = 52.7] vs. 26.7 [SD = 26.4]) |
| 2011 | 321 | DAA-treated PD patients | PD | Ropinirole and pramipexole, l-dopa, selegiline, rasagiline, amantadine, entacapone | Cohort (retrospective) | To determine the correlates of ICDs |
Univariate analysis: Median duration of DAA use Therapeutic dose Target dose Concurrent l-dopa Surgery |
| 2011 | 213 | PD patients (PD + ICD: 198 patients; PD–ICD: 15 patients) | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean age at onset (years): 46 (±6) vs. 59 (±11) Mean duration (years): 14 (±6) vs. 9 (±5) | Bromocriptine, ropinirole, pramipexole, rotigotine, l-dopa
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
DAA-LEDD (mg) = 277 (±147) vs. 85 (±98) Total LEDD (mg) = 1215 (±635) vs.634 (±330) | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | Higher dose of DAA exposure |
| 2011 | 25 | PD patients who developed ICBs | PD Mean duration (years): 4 (1–21) | Pramipexole, ropinirole, pergolide, cabergoline, rotigotine T1: 18/25 were taking DAA DAA-LEDD (mg) = 286 (±118) | Longitudinal T1: ICBs diagnosis T2: follow-up | To analyze the long-term outcomes in relation to changes in DRT and psychiatric therapy | Significant association between DRT and ICD, but not with punding Full or partial remission of the ICDs symptoms in 5 patients who did not reduce DRT |
| 2011 | 96 | 96 PD patients (PD + BED: 9 patients; PD–BED: 87 patients) | PD
PD + BED vs. PD–BED:
Mean age at onset (years): 58 (±8) vs. 56 (±13) Mean duration (months): 124 (±57) vs. 120 (±109) | DAA STN DBS surgery | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of BED and subthreshold BED | History of DBS No significant association with DAAs |
| 2011 | 41 | 41 DAA-treated PD patients: 22 with ICDs 19 No-ICDs | PD | Pramipexole, ropinirole, l-dopa | Cross-sectional Crossover with a within- and between-subjects design (‘on’ and ‘off’ DAA medication) Risk task | To investigate the underlying neurobiology | DAAs increased risk-taking in PD patients with ICDs, but not for those without ICDs (no difference in ‘off’ state)—this effect is maintained with low doses of DA agonists Risk adjustment after negative outcomes was not influenced by DAA state, ICD status, or their interaction Importance of DAA doses in explaining risk behavior |
| 2011 | 200 | PD patients | PD | Piribedil, pramipexole, ropinirole, bromocriptine, amantadine Low dosages of DRT | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs |
Multivariate analysis: No significant association |
| 2011 | 349 | 349 PD patients: 87 without MC 262 with MC | PD
PD + MC vs. PD–MC:
Mean age at onset (years): 62 (±10) vs. 63 (±10) Mean duration (years): 11 (±6) vs. 6 (±6) |
l-Dopa, DAAs
PD + MC vs. PD-MC:
DAA-LEDD (mg) = 73 (±106) vs. 64 (±79) Total LEDD (mg) = 606 (±324) vs. 411 (±238) | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of motor complications | All the patients with ICDs were taking significantly higher LEDD, with concomitant more frequent use of DAAs (with the exception of patients with compulsive shopping) |
| 2011 | 89 | 89 PD patients: 48 No-ICD 41 with ICDs | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean age at onset (years): 53 (±10) vs. 57 (±11) Mean duration (years): 9 (±4) vs. 11 (±8) |
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
DAA use: 40/41 vs. 38/48 DAA-LEDD (mg) = 168 (±114) vs. 124 (±114) | Cross-sectional Case-control study | To determine the correlates of ICDs |
Univariate analysis: No significant association with variants of DRD2 Taq1A, COMT and DAT1 |
| 2012 | 50 | 50 PD patients with a pre-operative assessment | PD | DBS | Longitudinal | To discuss ICD/DDS and DBS pre-operative and post-operative relationships | 29 patients proceeded to surgery (including 4/8 patients who had ICDs and/or DDS) 1 has shown recurrence after 18 months of being free from ICD. In the remaining 3, none has shown recurrence at follow-up ranging from 17 to 41 months |
| 2012 | 24 | 24 PD patients: 12 with hypersexuality 12 controls | PD | | Cross-sectional Case-control study with a within- and between-subjects design (‘on’ and ‘off’ DA medication) fMRI coupled with exposure to sexual cues | To investigate the underlying neurobiology |
Univariate analysis: PD + hypersexuality Significantly more DAAs and significantly less l-DOPA Decreases in activation during the presentation of sexual cues relative to rest when the patients were OFF medication, but not ON medication DA drugs may release inhibition within local neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex that may contribute to compulsive sexual behavior |
| 2012 | 99 | 99 PD patients: 35 PD + ICD 26 PD + apathy 38 control PD | PD | 57.6% were taking DRT | Cross-sectional Case-control | To determine the correlates of ICDs and apathy |
Univariate analysis: PD + ICD vs. PD + apathy Higher LEDD |
Perez-Lloret et al. [ 103] | 2012 | 255 | 203 PD patients (PD + ICD: 52 patients; PD–ICD: 151 patients) 52 post-stroke patients | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean duration: 9.4 years (±0.7) vs. 8.8 (±0.5) | DAA, l-dopa, MAO-B inhibitors, entacapone, amantadine
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
LEDD ≥1050 mg: 63% vs. 42% | Cross-sectional Case-control | To determine the correlates of ICDs | Exposure to DAAs or MAO-B inhibitors, with a dose-response fashion (non-linear dose–response relationship between DAAs and frequency of ICD symptoms) |
| 2012 | 270 | 270 PD patients: 135 no ICDs 22 novel ICDs 31 resolved ICDs 82 stable ICDs | PD | DAAs, l-dopa MAO-B inhibitor | Longitudinal T1: baseline T2: follow-up (15 months later) | To determine the correlates of ICDs development and resolution |
Resolution of ICDs: Lower DAA dose at baseline
Development of a novel ICDs: No significant association with DAAs doses |
| 2012 | 1040 | PD patients, excluding those who were never exposed to DAA (PD + ICD: 89 patients; PD–ICD: 951 patients) | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean age at onset (years): 52 (±10) vs. 59.7 (±12) Mean duration (years): 11.5 (±6.1) vs. 11.3 (±6.8) |
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
LEDD = 971 (±663) vs. 672 (±512) mg DAA-LEDD = 292 (±184) vs. 142 (±176) mg Total LEDD = 1122 (±644) vs. 779 (±543) mg | Retrospective (cohort) | To determine the correlates of DAWS, DDS, and ICDs |
Univariate analysis concerning ICDs: Higher doses of DAA, l-dopa, and total dopaminergic medications More frequent DAWS and DDS |
| 2013 | 140 | 140 PD patients | PD | Amantadine, pramipexole, l-dopa | Retrospective chart review | To determine the correlates of ICDs | 5 common variables among the patients who developed ICDs, including: maximum dose of the drug; DAA use |
| 2013 | 364 | 152 PD patients (PD + ICD: 28 patients; PD–ICD: 124 patients) 212 HCs | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean duration: 7.4 (±4.2) vs. 7.2 (±5.5) years | Pramipexole, amantadine, selegiline, l-dopa
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Daily pramipexole dosage = 2.9 (±1.2) vs. 0.85 (±1.4) mg LEDD = 732 (±404) vs. 644 (±397) mg | Cross-sectional Case-control | To determine the correlates of ICDs | Higher dose of pramipexole |
| 2013 | 110 | 90 PD patients: 35 PD with ICD 55 PD without ICD 20 HCs | PD | Stable DRT for at least 2 months | Cross-sectional Case-control study with a within- and between-subjects design (‘on’ and ‘off’ DA medication) Stop and delay-discounting tasks Genotyping for a subset of PD patients | To investigate the underlying neurobiology |
Univariate analysis ICD vs. Non-ICD: ICD were associated with more complications of therapy and higher LEDD PD + ICD/‘on’ medication: no impairment on cognitive flexibility; greater impulsive choice; no difference on the response inhibition PD + ICD/‘off’ medication: no difference in impulsive choice |
| 2013 | 89 | 89 PD patients with bilateral STN DBS surgery | PD | Bilateral STN DBS surgery | Longitudinal T1: baseline T2: follow-up (12 months after surgery) | To determine the effect of STN DBS on ICRB | 20/89 patients had ICRB in the preoperative period, which improved for 13 of them 9 patients developed de novo ICRB after surgery No significant association between postoperative worsening or de novo ICRBs and LEDD levels |
| 2013 | 46 | PD without previous history of ICDs, who were taking a DAA | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD (baseline):
Mean age at onset (years): 57 (±10) vs. 57 (±9) Mean duration (years): 4 (1–19) vs. 5 (0–14) Motor complications: 61% vs. 25% | DAAs
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD (follow up):
Peak DAA-LEDD (mg, median) = 300 (75–450) vs. 165 (50–400) | Longitudinal (4-year prospective cohort study) | To determine the correlates of ICDs | Higher peak DAA dose Non-significant results: DAA treatment duration, cumulative DAA exposure, type of molecule, concomitant l-dopa, l-dopa dosage, total LEDD, DRT duration |
| 2013 | 149 | 89 RLS patients: 39 RLS drug-free 50 RLS with DAA 30 HCs | RLS | RLS + DAA: pramipexole or ropinirole | Cross-sectional Case-control Decision-making tasks PSG record for the RLS drug-free group | To investigate the underlying neurobiology | (1) ICDs, impulsivity, and addictive behaviors are relatively uncommon in patients with RLS, with no difference between drug-free and DAA-treated patients (2) Reduced decision-making performances in patients with RLS when the outcome probabilities are unknown, with no difference between drug-free and DAA-treated patients |
| 2013 | 36 | 18 PD patients 18 age-matched HCs | PD |
l-Dopa (LEDD : 631.15 mg/day) 1 h before the second decision-making task | Cross-sectional Case-control Vancouver gambling task | To investigate the underlying neurobiology | No significant difference between PD patients (ON or OFF medication) and HC when evaluating gains OFF l-dopa: PD patients show risk-aversion for large losses ON l-dopa: PD patients have normal perception of magnitude and probability for both loss and gain |
| 2013 | 805 | 805 PD patients 593 cognitively preserved 212 demented | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean age at onset (years): 57 (±12) vs. 66 (±11) Mean duration (years): 10 (±6) vs. 10 (±7) |
l-Dopa, DAAs, amantadine, rasagiline | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | DAA use (no difference between pramipexole and ropinirole)
l-dopa use |
| 2014 | 490 | 490 PD patients | PD | Total-LEDD: 555.4 (392.2) mg DAA-LEDD: 114.8 (141.9) mg | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | Higher total LEDD (no difference on DAA-LEDD) |
| 2014 | 2.7 million ADE reports | FDA ADE reporting system | | 6 FDA-approved DAAs: pramipexole, ropinirole, cabergoline, bromocriptine, rotigotine, apomorphine | Retrospective disproportionality analysis during the 10-year period | To analyze serious ADR reports about ICDs | 1580 reports of ICDs (+ gambling): 710 for DAAs and 870 for other drugs The 6 DAAs had a strong signal, the strongest with pramipexole and ropinirole (preferential affinity for the dopamine D3 receptor). |
| 2014 | 73 | 73 PD patients: 20 with CSB 11 with ICD–CSB 42 PD controls | PD
PD + CSB vs. PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean duration (months): 96 (±48) vs. 72 (±72) vs. 72 (±66) |
PD + CSB vs. PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
LEDD = 941 (±668) vs. 800 (±619) vs. 706 (±693) mg | Cross-sectional Case-control | To determine the correlates of CSB |
PD ± CSB vs. PD controls: Higher LEDD |
| 2014 | 233 | 233 PD patients | PD Mean duration: 5.9 years ± 4.1 |
Oral (n = 197): Pramipexole Ropinirole
Transdermal (n = 36): Rotigotine | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | Oral DAAs Rasagiline use |
| 2014 | 61 | 44 PD patients: 17 PD + l-Dopa + DAA 12 PD + l-Dopa only 15 PD + ICDs 17 HCs | PD | DAAs: pramipexole (n = 15), ropinirole (n = 9), rotigotine (n = 1) and apomorphine (n = 1)
l-dopa (n = 12) | Cross-sectional Case-control Perceptual inference and reaction time tasks | To investigate the underlying neurobiology |
PD ± ICD vs. HC: Faster reaction times, presumably reflecting lower decision thresholds and poorer information sampling
PD with l
-dopa ± DAA vs. with l
-Dopa only: Faster reaction times |
Rodríguez-Violante et al. [ 93] | 2014 | 450 | 300 PD patients (PD + ICD: 77 patients; PD–ICD: 223 patients) 150 HCs (including 25 patients) | PD |
l-Dopa, DAAs (especially pramipexole), amantadine
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
DAA-LEDD (mg) = 147 (±123) vs. 97 (±125) LEDD (mg) = 638 (±449) vs. 561 (±417) | Cross-sectional Case-control | To determine the correlates of ICDs | DAA use Higher DAA-LEDD |
| 2015 | 40 | 40 PD patients: 20 PG_PD 20 NG_PD | PD
PG_PD vs. NG_PD:
Mean age at onset (years): 56.4 (±9) vs. 59.4 (±8) Mean duration (years): 8 (±5) vs. 7.9 (±4) | Cabergoline, pramipexole, pergolide, bromocriptine, l-dopa | Cross-sectional Case-control | To explore the temporal relationships between problem gambling and DRT | 90% of PG_PD identified a noticeable increase in their gambling behaviors and urges after commencing DRT, within 3 or 6 months 80% of PG_PD changed the dosage, class, or type of DRT, and within this group, 30% had ceased gambling and 50% had decreased gambling behaviors |
| 2015 | 36 | 24 PD patients: 12 PD + ICDs 12 PD–ICD 12 HCs | PD | All patients were taking DAAs and about half were taking concomitant l-dopa | Cross-sectional Case-control study with a within- and between-subjects design (‘on’ and ‘off’ DAA) Stop-signal task | To investigate the underlying neurobiology | No significant difference on motor-impulsivity between PD-ICD and HC PD + ICDs stopped faster than both other groups, in both medication states (‘on’ and ‘off’ DAAs) There was an opposite effect on Go Reaction Time between patients with DAA monotherapy (DAA administration speeds Go Reaction Time) and those with l-dopa co-therapy (DAA administration slows Go Reaction Time) |
| 2015 | 155 | 155 PD patients: 21 PD + PG 36 PD + ICD-NOS 98 No-ICD | PD
PD + PG vs. PD + ICD-NOS vs. PD–ICD:
Mean age at onset (years): 51 (±8) vs. 57 (±10) vs. 61 (±9) Mean duration (years): 8 (±5) vs. 7 (±4) vs. 5 (±3) |
PD + PG vs. PD + ICD-NOS vs. PD–ICD:
DAA-LEDD (mg) = 307 (±275) vs. 316 (±374) vs. 166 (±197) LEDD (mg) = 487 (±625) vs. 388 (±278) vs. 251 (±279) Total LEDD (mg) = 794 (±603) vs. 704 (±509) vs. 416 (±303) | Study cohort | To determine the correlates of ICDs | PD patients with PG and ICD-NOS vs. No-ICD: higher doses of DRT |
| 2016 | 115 | 115 PD patients: 27 PD + ICD 88 PD–ICD | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
Mean age at onset (years): 53.7 (±10) vs. 60.3 (±9) Mean duration (months): 74.8 (±49) vs. 46.3 (±42) | DAA, l-dopa, MAO-B inhibitors, amantadine
PD + ICD vs. PD–ICD:
DAA-LEDD (mg) = 216 (±135) vs. 114 (±135) LEDD (mg) = 660 (±403) vs. 440 (±521) | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | DAA use |
| 2016 | | 87 EOPD patients 87 age- and gender-matched HCs | PD Median disease duration: 5 years | Rasagiline (n = 48), l-dopa (n = 55) DAAs (n = 70): rotigotine, pramipexole, ropinirole, cabergoline | Cross-sectional Case-control | To determine the correlates of ICDs | DAA use |
| 2016 | 15 | 15 PD patients treated with LCIG | PD | Intraduodenal LCIG infusion during 16 h/day for 6 months Stop DA agonists: oral l-dopa/carbidopa authorized for nocturnal ‘off’ symptoms | Longitudinal T1: baseline T2: follow-up (6 months) T2: follow-up (12 months) Open-label study | To assess the efficacy and ADE profile of LCIG for the treatment of advanced PD | (1) Efficacy: 66% had a reduction in total LEDD, improvement of the part III of the UPDRS (at 6 and 12 months), reduction of the daily ‘off’ period and increase of the daily ‘on’ period (at 6 and 12 months) and improvement of functioning and well-being (PDQ-39) (at 6 and 12 months) (2) ADEs: The most common ADEs were reversible peripheral neuropathy secondary to vitamin B12 ± B6 deficiency (40%), local tube problems (40%), and ICDs or DDS (27%) 3 patients who had prior ICD with DAAs did not develop ICD or DDS with LCIG infusion LEDD increased in patients with ICD and decreased in patients without ICD |
Krishnamoorthy et al. [ 83] | 2016 | 455 | 170 PD patients: 70 with ICDs 100 No-ICD 285 HCs | PD |
l-Dopa (81%) DAAs (pramipexole or ropinirole) (58%) | Cross-sectional Case-control | To determine the correlates of ICDs | DDA use Higher LEDD |
| 2016 | 87 | 49 EOPD 38 age-matched HCs | PD Mean duration (years): 11 (3–27) |
l-Dopa, DAAs, amantadine, anticholinergics DAA-LEDD (mg) = 300 (105–480) LEDD (mg) = 798 (300–1750) Total LEDD (mg) = 894 (256–2050) | Cross-sectional Case-control | To determine the correlates of ICD symptoms |
Univariate analysis: Higher frequency of PG in EOPD treated with DAAs |
Ramirez Gómez et al. [ 96] | 2017 | 255 | 255 PD patients: 70 with ICD 185 No-ICD | PD
PD + ICD vs. PD-ICD:
Median duration (years): 4 vs. 10 | DAAs (pramipexole, ropinirole, bromocriptine, piribedil, rotigotine) | Cross-sectional | To determine the correlates of ICDs | DAA use |