Background
Methods
Study population and design
Measurements and definitions
Statistical methods
Ethics
Results
Baseline and treatment characteristics
Variables | Group (%) |
P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
New case | Previously treated case | |||
Demographic
| ||||
Gender | Female | 36 (16.1) | 70 (15.7) | 0.909 |
Male | 188 (83.9) | 375 (84.3) | ||
Age | 20-34 | 47 (21.0) | 122 (27.4) | 0.158 |
35-49 | 95 (42.4) | 183 (41.1) | ||
50- | 82 (36.6) | 140 (31.5) | ||
Health condition
| ||||
BMI (n = 626) | <18.5 | 108 (50.2) | 204 (49.6) | 0.887 |
18.5- | 107 (49.8) | 207 (50.4) | ||
Diabetes | No | 180 (80.4) | 340 (76.4) | 0.246 |
Yes | 44 (19.6) | 105 (23.6) | ||
Individual behavior
| ||||
Alcohol, within 6 months | Less than once a week | 102 (45.5) | 245 (55.1) | 0.062 |
Several times a week | 39 (17.4) | 68 (15.3) | ||
At least once a day | 83 (37.1) | 132 (29.7) | ||
Smoking, within 6 months | Never smoked | 56 (25.0) | 125 (28.1) | <0.001 |
< 1 pack/day | 30 (12.39) | 125 (28.1) | ||
1 pack/day | 78 (34.8) | 121 (27.2) | ||
> 1 pack/day | 60 (26.8) | 74 (16.6) | ||
Socioeconomic
| ||||
Residential area | Small city and town | 135 (60.3) | 245 (55.1) | 0.199 |
Large city | 89 (39.7) | 200 (44.9) | ||
Education | High school, above | 120 (53.6) | 251 (56.4) | 0.487 |
Middle school, below and refusal | 104 (46.4) | 194 (43.6) | ||
Occupation | Health care, professional, office work | 16 (7.1) | 55 (12.4) | 0.117 |
Service sector and laborer in construction or factory | 128 (57.1) | 242 (54.4) | ||
Unemployment and others | 80 (35.7) | 148 (33.3) | ||
Housing status (n = 668) | Private | 201 (89.7) | 415 (93.5) | 0.089 |
Other | 23 (10.3) | 29 (6.5) | ||
Tuberculosis-related clinical
| ||||
Chest X ray | ||||
Grade | Minimal | 10 (4.5) | 9 (2.0) | 0.020 |
Moderately advanced | 111 (49.6) | 187 (42.0) | ||
Far advanced | 103 (46.0) | 249 (56.0) | ||
Cavity | Yes | 138 (61.6) | 281 (63.1) | <0.001 |
No | 68 (30.4) | 78 (17.5) | ||
Not clear | 18 (8.0) | 86 (19.3) | ||
Bilateral | Unilateral | 57 (25.4) | 56 (12.6) | <0.001 |
Bilateral | 167 (74.6) | 389 (87.4) | ||
Nodular lesion | Yes | 199 (88.8) | 417 (93.7) | 0.038* |
No | 22 (9.8) | 27 (6.1) | ||
Not clear | 3 (1.3) | 1 (0.2) | ||
Treatment History | ||||
Number of previous treatment episode (n = 444) | 1 | - | 151 (33.9) | - |
2 | - | 106 (23.8) | ||
3 | - | 63 (14.2) | ||
4 or more | - | 125 (28.1) | ||
Cumulative duration of previous treatment (days, n = 444) | Median (IQR) | - | 304 (61-761) | - |
History of failure (n = 445) | No | - | 249 (56.0) | - |
Yes | - | 196 (44.0) | ||
History of treatment interruption (n = 445) | No | - | 207 (46.5) | - |
Yes | - | 238 (53.5) | ||
Drug Susceptibility pattern (n = 581) | DS | 146 (75.0) | 92 (26.5) | <0.001* |
Mono/Poly-R | 29 (14.8) | 44 (11.4) | ||
Rif, mono-R | 4 (2.0) | 16 (4.2) | ||
MDR | 16 (8.2) | 223 (57.9) | ||
AFB smear score at baseline | ||||
- | 1 (0.5) | 4 (0.9) | 0.689* | |
Scant | 51 (22.8) | 85 (19.1) | ||
1+ | 121 (54.0) | 247 (55.5) | ||
≥2+ | 51 (22.8) | 109 (24.5) |
Variables (n) | New case | Previously treated case |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of significant regimen change | |||
0 | 194 (86.6) | 311 (69.9) | <0.001 |
≥1 | 30 (13.4) | 134 (30.1) | |
Elevation of total bilirubin | |||
No | 143 (63.8) | 307 (69.0) | 0.180 |
Yes | 81 (36.2) | 138 (31.0) | |
Elevation of liver enzyme | |||
No | 181 (80.8) | 365 (82.0) | 0.701 |
Yes | 43 (19.2) | 80 (18.0) | |
Months to treatment completion, median (IQR) | 9.45 (8.89-12.23) | 14.97 (9.67-26.10) | <0.001† |
Treatment outcome at EOT | |||
Cured | 154 (68.8) | 181 (40.7) | <0.001* |
Failure | 4 (1.8) | 61 (13.7) | |
TI | 35 (15.6) | 87 (19.6) | |
Unknown | 15 (6.7) | 50 (11.2) | |
Death | 6 (2.7) | 44 (9.9) | |
Withdrawal | 10 (4.5) | 22 (4.9) | |
Culture positivity (since enrollment) | |||
Converted prior to 6 months | 145 (64.7) | 245 (55.1) | 0.001 |
Positivity at 6 months, over | 14 (6.2) | 71 (16.0) | |
Unknown 6 month result | 65 (29.0) | 129 (29.0) | |
Months to TI, median (IQR) | 7.98 (5.02-10.32) | 9.67 (6.60-17.83) | 0.013† |
Predictors of unfavorable outcomes at the end of treatment
Variable | Univariate | Multivariate‡ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Gender | Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Male | 1.04 | 0.57-1.87 | 0.92 | 0.42-2.01 | |
Age | 20-34 | 1 | 1 | ||
35-49 | 1.09 | 0.64-1.85 | 1.00 | 0.48-2.09 | |
≥50 | 0.70 | 0.39-1.24 | 0.78 | 0.35-1.72 | |
Body Mass Index | <18.5 | 1 | - | ||
≥18.5 | 0.86 | 0.55-1.34 | |||
Diabetes | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.78* | 1.07-2.95 | 2.52** | 1.27-5.01 | |
Alcohol, within 6 months | Less than once a week | 1 | 1 | ||
Several times a week | 0.40* | 0.19-0.83 | 0.38* | 0.16-0.93 | |
At least once a day | 0.59** | 0.36-0.98 | 1.10 | 0.56-2.19 | |
Smoking, within 6 months | Never smoked | 1 | - | ||
< 1 pack/day | 1.11 | 0.63-1.94 | |||
1 pack/day | 0.39** | 0.21-0.72 | |||
> 1 pack/day | 0.58 | 0.30-1.13 | |||
Residential area | Small city and town | 1 | - | ||
Large city | 1.70* | 1.10-2.64 | |||
Education | High school, above | 1 | - | ||
Middle school, below or refusal | 0.73 | 0.47-1.15 | |||
Occupation | Health care, professional and office work | 1 | - | ||
Service sector and laborer | 0.44* | 0.23-0.83 | |||
Unemployment and others | 0.56 | 0.29-1.08 | |||
Chest X-ray | |||||
Grade | Minimal or moderate | 1 | - | ||
Far advanced | 1.63* | 1.05-3.54 | |||
Cavity | No | 1 | - | ||
Yes or not clear | 1.88* | 1.02-3.45 | |||
Nodular lesion | No | 1 | - | ||
Yes or not clear | 1.48 | 0.59-3.76 | |||
Bilateral | Unilateral | 1 | - | ||
Bilateral | 3.45** | 1.66-7.19 | |||
Number of previous treatment episodes | 0 (new case) | 1 | 1 | ||
1 | 2.50* | 1.05-5.96 | 2.38 | 0.91-6.25 | |
2 | 5.02*** | 2.11-11.93 | 2.03 | 0.72-5.79 | |
3 | 10.27*** | 4.05-26.04 | 3.28* | 1.06-10.14 | |
≥4 | 28.54*** | 13.30-61.24 | 10.30*** | 3.79-27.94 | |
History of failure | No | 1 | - | ||
Yes | 8.00*** | 4.93-12.99 | |||
History of TI | No | 1 | - | ||
Yes | 2.15** | 1.37-3.38 | |||
Number of significant regimen changes | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
≥1 | 7.26*** | 4.53-11.64 | 4.01*** | 2.16-7.44 | |
Drug susceptibility pattern | DS | 1 | 1 | ||
Mono/poly-R | 2.40 | 0.93-6.18 | 0.93 | 0.31-2.78 | |
Rif, mono-R | 2.74 | 0.53-14.00 | 0.58 | 0.07-4.46 | |
MDR | 14.18*** | 7.47-26.90 | 2.75* | 1.13-6.72 |
Long-term predictors of unfavorable outcomes at the end of study
Variable | Univariate | Multivariate‡ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Gender | Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Male | 1.29 | 0.70-2.35 | 1.14 | 0.59-2.20 | |
Age | 20-34 | 1 | 1 | ||
35-49 | 1.96* | 1.07-3.57 | 2.14* | 1.11-4.14 | |
≥50 | 2.75** | 1.50-5.05 | 2.97** | 1.51-5.86 | |
Body Mass Index | <18.5 | 1 | 1 | ||
≥18.5 | 0.47** | 0.31-0.73 | 0.33*** | 0.20-0.54 | |
Diabetes | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 2.47*** | 1.51-4.05 | 2.57** | 1.46-4.52 | |
Alcohol, within 6 months | Less than once a week | 1 | - | ||
Several times a week | 0.52 | 0.26-1.05 | |||
At least once a day | 0.92 | 0.58-1.48 | |||
Smoking, within 6 months | Never smoked | 1 | - | ||
< 1 pack/day | 1.71 | 0.99-2.97 | |||
1 pack/day | 1.14 | 0.66-1.97 | |||
> 1 pack/day | 1.03 | 0.57-1.89 | |||
Residence | Small city and town | 1 | - | ||
Large city | 1.19 | 0.78-1.83 | |||
Education | High school, above | 1 | - | ||
Middle school, below or refusal | 1.40 | 0.92-2.15 | |||
Occupation | Health care, professional and office work | 1 | - | ||
Service sector and laborer | 1.35 | 0.66-2.76 | |||
Unemployment and others | 1.54 | 0.73-3.24 | |||
Chest X-ray | |||||
Grade | Minimal or moderate | 1 | - | ||
Far advanced | 2.09** | 1.35-3.24 | |||
Cavity | No | 1 | - | ||
Yes or not clear | 1.25 | 0.72-2.15 | |||
Nodular lesion | No | 1 | - | ||
Yes or not clear | 1.44 | 0.60-3.48 | |||
Bilateral | Unilateral | 1 | - | ||
Bilateral | 2.67** | 1.38-5.18 | |||
Number of previous treatment episodes | 0 (new case) | 1 | - | ||
1 | 1.7 | 0.90-3.22 | |||
2 | 1.04 | 0.48-2.27 | |||
≥3 | 4.66*** | 2.69-8.08 | |||
History of failure | No | 1 | - | ||
Yes | 3.32*** | 2.11-5.22 | |||
History of TI | No | 1 | - | ||
Yes | 2.26*** | 1.45-3.51 | |||
Number of significant regimen changes | 0 | 1 | - | ||
≥1 | 1.21 | 0.75-1.93 | |||
Drug Susceptibility pattern (n = 401) | DS | 1 | 1 | ||
Mono/poly-R | 1.42 | 0.68-2.97 | 1.45 | 0.67-3.13 | |
Rif, mono-R | 1.69 | 0.42-6.87 | 2.87 | 0.64-12.95 | |
MDR | 3.39*** | 2.09-5.50 | 4.51*** | 2.64-7.68 |
Predictors of treatment interruption (TI) at the end of therapy
Variable | Univariate | Multivariate‡ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Gender | Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Male | 1.48 | 0.79-2.78 | 1.53 | 0.78-3.00 | |
Age | 20-34 | 1 | 1 | ||
35-49 | 1.16 | 0.69-1.95 | 0.92 | 0.53-1.59 | |
≥50 | 0.67 | 0.38-1.18 | 0.63 | 0.34-1.16 | |
Body Mass Index (n = 446) | <18.5 | 1 | - | ||
≥18.5 | 0.78 | 0.51-1.91 | |||
Diabetes | No | 1 | - | ||
Yes | 1.56 | 0.95-2.56 | |||
Alcohol, within 6 months | Less than once a week | 1 | - | ||
Several times a week | 1.71 | 0.96-3.05 | |||
At least once a day | 2.03** | 1.27-3.24 | |||
Smoking, within 6 months | Never smoked | 1 | - | ||
< 1 pack/day | 2.68** | 1.31-5.49 | |||
1 pack/day | 3.36*** | 1.75-6.46 | |||
> 1 pack/day | 3.12** | 1.54-6.32 | |||
Residence | Small city and town | 1 | - | ||
Large city | 1.20 | 0.79-1.83 | |||
Education | High school, above | 1 | - | ||
Middle school, below or refusal | 1.20 | 0.80-1.82 | |||
Occupation | Unemployment and others | 1 | 1 | ||
Health care, professional and office work | 1.14 | 0.47-2.75 | 0.89 | 0.35-2.25 | |
Service sector and laborer | 2.39** | 1.45-3.95 | 2.30** | 1.36-3.90 | |
Chest X-ray | |||||
Grade | Minimal or moderate | 1 | - | ||
Far advanced | 1.34 | 0.89-2.04 | |||
Cavity | No | 1 | - | ||
Yes or not clear | 1.04 | 0.63-1.69 | |||
Nodular lesion | No | 1 | - | ||
Yes or not clear | 2.07 | 0.70-6.14 | |||
Bilateral | Unilateral | 1 | 1 | ||
Bilateral | 2.86** | 1.46-5.60 | 2.46* | 1.22-4.95 | |
Number of previous treatment episode | 0 (new case) | 1 | - | ||
1 | 1.54 | 0.87-2.71 | |||
2 | 2.77** | 1.53-5.02 | |||
≥3 | 2.40** | 1.35-4.27 | |||
History of failure | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.81* | 1.12-2.92 | 1.76* | 1.04-2.98 | |
History of TI | No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 2.72*** | 1.77-4.18 | 2.35*** | 1.49-3.70 | |
Elevation of total bilirubin | No | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.63* | 0.40-1.00 | |||
Elevation of liver enzyme | No | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.95 | 0.55-1.65 | |||
Number of significant regimen changes | 0 | 1 | - | ||
≥1 | 1.62* | 1.04-2.55 | |||
Drug susceptibility pattern (n = 403) | DS | 1 | - | ||
Mono/poly-R | 1.25 | 0.66-2.39 | |||
Rif, mono-R | 2.01 | 0.68-5.92 | |||
MDR | 1.45 | 0.88-2.39 |
Long-term prognosis of cured cases at the end of therapy
Adjusted HR‡ | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|
Age
| ||
20-34 | 1 | |
35-49 | 1.38 | 0.48-3.98 |
≥50 | 3.11* | 1.17-8.26 |
Gender
| ||
Female | 1 | |
Male | 1.14 | 0.44-2.95 |
Body Mass Index
| ||
<18.5 | 1 | |
≥18.5 | 0.49* | 0.25-0.95 |