Background
Methods
Patients
Patients (n = 33) | m (SD) | range |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 60,15 (7,88) | 38 – 72 |
Sex (men/women) | 22/11 | - |
Education (years) | 11,09 (2,61) | 8 – 17 |
Profession (employed/pension/household) | 3/27/3 | - |
Disease duration (years) | 13,52 (4,82) | 7 – 25 |
Hoehn and Yahr stage | 3,76 (0,56) | 3 – 5 |
Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) | 27,85 (1,37) | 25 – 30 |
Surgical procedure
Assessments
Psychological assessment
Profile of Mood Scale (POMS)
Visual Analogue Scale for Well-being (VAS)
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-X1/STAI-X2)
Self-Report Symptom Inventory 90 Items-Revised (SCL-90-R)
Sickness Impact Profile (SIP)
Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
Data analysis
Results
Analysis of the preoperative Data
Group classification – cluster analysis
Cluster analysis at baseline
Self Rating Scales | cluster 1 n = 8 | cluster 2 n = 7 | cluster 3 n = 10 | cluster 4 n = 7 | Wilks' Lambda | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression (POMS) | 18,29 | 12,57 | 9,52 | 3,62 | ,534 | 8,150 | ,000 |
Fatigue (POMS) | 13,88 | 10,10 | 8,47 | 6,71 | ,543 | 7,862 | ,001 |
Vigor (POMS) | 7,75 | 4,86 | 6,57 | 11,05 | ,695 | 4,101 | ,016 |
Irritability (POMS) | 9,54 | 5,71 | 3,42 | 3,95 | ,654 | 4,935 | ,007 |
Well-Being (VAS) | 56,64 | 56,70 | 56,90 | 43,85 | ,886 | 1,202 | ,327 |
Depressive Symptoms (BDI) | 20,00 | 15,95 | 12,17 | 7,05 | ,442 | 11,771 | ,000 |
State Anxiety (STAI X1) | 51,67 | 51,24 | 48,27 | 39,10 | ,592 | 6,436 | ,002 |
Trait Anxiety (STAI X2) | 51,81 | 47,21 | 43,10 | 34,93 | ,430 | 12,356 | ,000 |
Somatization(SCL-90-R) | 1,46 | 1,07 | 1,06 | ,70 | ,685 | 4,296 | ,013 |
Obsessive Compulsive (SCL-90-R) | 1,09 | ,76 | ,69 | ,45 | ,644 | 5,163 | ,006 |
Interpersonal Sensitivity (SCL-90-R) | 1,23 | ,73 | ,68 | ,44 | ,625 | 5,598 | ,004 |
Depression(SCL-90-R) | 1,17 | ,80 | ,73 | ,39 | ,543 | 7,870 | ,001 |
Änxiety (SCL-90-R) | 1,41 | ,86 | ,74 | ,43 | ,349 | 17,374 | ,000 |
Hostility (SCL-90-R) | ,93 | ,25 | ,23 | ,36 | ,333 | 18,669 | ,000 |
Phobic Anxiety (SCL-90-R) | ,82 | ,41 | ,55 | ,17 | ,725 | 3,532 | ,027 |
Paranoid Ideation(SCL-90-R) | 1,18 | ,37 | ,60 | ,27 | ,334 | 18,600 | ,000 |
Psychoticism (SCL-90-R) | ,67 | ,41 | ,38 | ,15 | ,500 | 9,331 | ,000 |
Sleep and Rest (SIP) | 2,50 | 4,14 | 1,80 | 1,14 | ,532 | 8,211 | ,000 |
Emotional Behaviour (SIP) | 1,94 | 2,29 | 1,55 | ,57 | ,703 | 3,935 | ,018 |
Body Care and Movement (SIP) | 8,25 | 12,14 | 5,90 | 4,93 | ,628 | 5,531 | ,004 |
Home Management (SIP) | 3,75 | 5,64 | 3,25 | 2,71 | ,729 | 3,466 | ,029 |
Mobility (SIP) | 1,88 | 4,29 | 1,45 | 1,00 | ,590 | 6,478 | ,002 |
Social Interaction (SIP) | 7,81 | 6,14 | 4,10 | 2,50 | ,510 | 8,974 | ,000 |
Ambulation (SIP) | 4,38 | 5,43 | 2,90 | 1,79 | ,570 | 7,041 | ,001 |
Alertness Behaviour (SIP) | 2,94 | 3,43 | 2,25 | ,86 | ,709 | 3,822 | ,021 |
Communication (SIP) | 2,13 | 4,79 | 2,65 | ,93 | ,410 | 13,450 | ,000 |
Work (SIP) | ,75 | ,43 | ,95 | ,57 | ,878 | 1,301 | ,294 |
Recreation and Pastimes (SIP) | 4,88 | 4,14 | 3,15 | 2,71 | ,609 | 5,985 | ,003 |
Eating (SIP) | ,44 | 1,79 | ,55 | ,00 | ,416 | 13,078 | ,000 |
Cluster 1 Very low well-being and moderate sickness impact
Cluster 2: Low well-being and a high sickness impact
Cluster 3: Slight decreased well-being and low sickness impact
Cluster 4: Good well-being, little sickness impact
cluster 1 n = 8 | cluster 2 n = 7 | cluster 3 n = 10 | cluster 4 n = 7 | total n = 32 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
age | 60,50 ± 6,30 | 64,86 ± 3,13 | 59,00 ± 8,33 | 56,43 ± 11,24 | 60,09 ± 8,00 | 0,345 |
education (years) | 10,13 ± 1,81 | 11,00 ± 3,00 | 11,90 ± 2,85 | 11,14 ± 3,02 | 11,09 ± 2,66 | 0,810 |
disease duration (years) | 10,75 ± 3,20 | 14,43 ± 2,64 | 15,50 ± 5,80 | 13,71 ± 5,65 | 13,69 ± 4,80 | 0,152 |
MMSE | 28,25 ± 1,03 | 26,43 ± 0,98 | 28,50 ± 1,51 | 27,86 ± 1,07 | 27,84 ± 1,39 | 0,018 |
sex (male/female) | 5/3 | 3/4 | 8/2 | 5/2 | 21/11 | 0,446 |
Self rating scales (baseline) | Cluster types | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | |
Depression/Anxiety (POMS) | -45,095 | 1,941 | -32,259 | -3,105 |
Fatigue (POMS) | -24,082 | -40,019 | -24,377 | -25,016 |
Vigor (POMS) | -51,583 | 18,876 | -31,280 | 18,696 |
Irritability (POMS) | 75,835 | -16,965 | 48,828 | -11,831 |
Well-Being (VAS) | 5,416 | 4,916 | 4,372 | 3,920 |
Depressive Symptoms (BDI) | 3,203 | -2,120 | 3,199 | ,444 |
State anxiety (STAI X1) | 38,949 | 6,157 | 26,704 | 4,091 |
Trait anxiety (STAI X2) | -8,686 | 27,570 | ,544 | 21,373 |
Somatization (SCL-90-R) | 211,872 | 52,274 | 172,128 | 51,987 |
Obsessive-Compulsive (SCL-90-R) | -1532,190 | 179,417 | -979,230 | 115,394 |
Interpersonal Sensitivity (SCL-90-R) | 41,463 | 512,705 | 133,831 | 382,201 |
Depression (SCL-90-R) | 706,715 | 311,415 | 504,843 | 219,817 |
Anxiety (SCL-90-R) | -391,305 | -455,959 | -358,736 | -359,636 |
Hostility (SCL-90-R) | 485,733 | 736,884 | 416,970 | 486,936 |
Phobic anxiety (SCL-90-R) | 249,424 | -218,629 | 144,239 | -138,369 |
Paranoid Ideation (SCL-90-R) | 794,922 | -159,428 | 462,165 | -115,188 |
Psychoticism (SCL-90-R) | -521,850 | -533,566 | -391,216 | -344,598 |
Sleep and Rest (SIP) | -105,772 | -55,158 | -84,909 | -39,302 |
Emotional behaviour (SIP) | 272,187 | -57,987 | 166,883 | -46,413 |
Body care (SIP) | 114,992 | 10,448 | 75,009 | 8,841 |
Home management (SIP) | -23,264 | -9,388 | -12,351 | -2,577 |
mobility (SIP) | -85,940 | 19,528 | -54,831 | 7,265 |
Social interaction (SIP) | -94,910 | -52,224 | -76,480 | -36,221 |
ambulation (SIP) | -164,687 | 123,582 | -82,296 | 85,930 |
Intellectual capacity (SIP) | 135,505 | -32,992 | 87,722 | -26,262 |
communication (SIP) | -13,535 | 130,803 | 12,335 | 79,070 |
Work (SIP) | 37,462 | -71,851 | 29,421 | -63,390 |
Recreation and pastimes (SIP) | 321,680 | 31,820 | 221,404 | 29,793 |
(Constant) | -1389,236 | -1241,196 | -942,598 | -725,862 |
Discriminant function analysis one year after surgery
Discriminant function analysis three yearsafter surgery
Pre- and postoperative changes of mood and psychosocial functions
Self Rating Scales | Baseline (n = 33) | 3 months (n = 33) | 6 months (n = 32) | 12 months (n = 31) | 36 months (n = 27) | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression (POMS) | 11,09 ± 7,65 | 7,33 ± 7,65 | 7,97 ± 8,07 | 8,61 ± 9,22 | 11,85 ± 7,13 | 3,63 | 0,014 |
Fatigue (POMS) | 9,79 ± 3,92 | 7,55 ± 4,99 | 7,84 ± 5,16 | 7,29 ± 5,18 | 9,70 ± 4,32 | 3,44 | 0,013 |
Vigor (POMS) | 7,47 ± 3,93 | 8,48 ± 5,34 | 9,66 ± 4,92 | 9,29 ± 5,43 | 6,67 ± 4,52 | 3,41 | 0,016 |
Irritability (POMS) | 5,57 ± 4,22 | 4,33 ± 4,90 | 4,84 ± 5,60 | 4,52 ± 4,75 | 5,33 ± 4,22 | 1,01 | 0,398 |
Well-Being (VAS) | 53,85 ± 15,81 | 38,56 ± 23,96 | 35,44 ± 16,93 | 40,77 ± 20,83 | 48,00 ± 22,91 | 4,62 |
0,007
|
Depressive Symptoms (BDI) | 13,84 ± 6,20 | 7,45 ± 6,36 | 8,47 ± 6,62 | 7,94 ± 5,56 | 13,74 ± 5,93 | 14,70 |
<0,001
|
State Anxiety (STAI X1) | 47,40 ± 7,78 | 39,12 ± 9,50 | 40,44 ± 10,32 | 40,10 ± 9,57 | 45,74 ± 9,93 | 9,18 |
<0,001
|
Trait Anxiety (STAI X2) | 44,26 ± 7,94 | 39,12 ± 10,68 | 38,44 ± 9,66 | 39,39 ± 9,40 | 46,26 ± 8,86 | 9,28 |
<0,001
|
Somatization(SCL-90-R) | 1,06 ± 0,49 | 0,63 ± 0,38 | 0,62 ± 0,36 | 0,62 ± 0,43 | 0,82 ± 0,45 | 14,04 |
<0,001
|
Obsessive Compulsive (SCL-90-R) | 0,75 ± 0,38 | 0,51 ± 0,39 | 0,56 ± 0,46 | 0,52 ± 0,43 | 0,67 ± 0,44 | 4,08 |
0,008
|
Interpersonal Sensitivity (SCL-90-R) | 0,77 ± 0,46 | 0,50 ± 0,42 | 0,52 ± 0,45 | 0,39 ± 0,40 | 0,67 ± 0,47 | 11,32 |
<0,001
|
Depression(SCL-90-R) | 0,79 ± 0,40 | 0,56 ± 0,46 | 0,52 ± 0,49 | 0,53 ± 0,48 | 0,87 ± 0,52 | 7,66 |
<0,001
|
Änxiety (SCL-90-R) | 0,87 ± 0,43 | 0,32 ± 0,37 | 0,40 ± 0,43 | 0,39 ± 0,47 | 0,50 ± 0,48 | 14,40 |
<0,001
|
Hostility (SCL-90-R) | 0,43 ± 0,35 | 0,28 ± 0,25 | 0,28 ± 0,38 | 0,25 ± 0,28 | 0,33 ± 0,38 | 3,14 | 0,032 |
Phobic Anxiety (SCL-90-R) | 0,50 ± 0,43 | 0,36 ± 0,38 | 0,32 ± 0,41 | 0,36 ± 0,56 | 0,57 ± 0,65 | 2,93 | 0,050 |
Paranoid Ideation(SCL-90-R) | 0,62 ± 0,42 | 0,45 ± 0,43 | 0,38 ± 0,41 | 0,37 ± 0,43 | 0,44 ± 0,49 | 2,51 | 0,052 |
Psychoticism (SCL-90-R) | 0,41 ± 0,25 | 0,23 ± 0,27 | 0,22 ± 0,27 | 0,25 ± 0,37 | 0,36 ± 0,33 | 5,40 |
0,001
|
GSI (SCL-90-R) | 0,72 ± 0,32 | 0,44 ± 0,30 | 0,47 ± 0,34 | 0,44 ± 0,37 | 0,61 ± 0,36 | 10,14 |
<0,001
|
PSDI (SCL-90-R) | 1,51 ± 0,32 | 1,34 ± 0,30 | 1,31 ± 0,26 | 1,28 ± 0,36 | 1,43 ± 0,38 | 3,14 | 0,027 |
Physical Domain (SIP) | 13,30 ± 7,59 | 6,06 ± 6,90 | 5,59 ± 6,89 | 6,16 ± 6,75 | 11,50 ± 10,42 | 14,46 |
<0,001
|
Psychosocial Domain (SIP) | 11,70 ± 5,59 | 7,21 ± 7,17 | 6,19 ± 6,25 | 7,29 ± 8,32 | 13,36 ± 9,34 | 17,97 |
<0,001
|