Background
Methods
Study setting
Participants
Interviewees | Study area - Orissa, India | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural districts | Urban districts | |||||||
Malkangiri | Koraput | Cuttack | Khurda | |||||
Registered allopathic doctors (M)
Sex (female (f) or male (m)) Age (experience) in years Qualification | 1 f 31 (3) MD | 2 m 29 (3) MBBS | 3 f 27 (2) MBBS | 4 m 47 (21) MS | 5 m 65 (41) MD | 6 m 72 (40) MS | 7 m 53 (28) MS | 8 m 51 (28) MD |
Veterinarians (V)
Sex (female (f) or male (m)) Age (experience) in years Qualification | 1 m 54 (30) MVSc | 2 m 30 (5) BVSc | 3 m 71 (37) BVSc | 4 m 50 (27) MVSc | 5 m 50 (30) MVSc | 6 m 38 (10) MVSc | 7 m 55 (32) MVSc | 8 m 48 (25) BVSc |
Drug dispensers (D)
Sex (female (f) or male (m)) Age (experience) in years Qualification | 1 m 34 (8) B.Pharm. | 2 m 29 (4) Dip.Pharm | 3 m 50 (34) B.Pharm. | 4 m 39 (12) Dip.Pharm | 5 m 44 (17) B.Pharm. | 6 m 27 (5) B.Pharm. | 7 m 34 (10) Dip.Pharm | 8 m 35 (7) B.Pharm. |
Data collection procedures
Data management and analysis
Ethical approval
Results
Interrelationship between antibiotic use, resistance development and environment | ||||
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Categories
| Influence of ecological factors on antibiotic prescription | Influence of presence of antibiotics in the natural environment leading to resistance development | ||
Sub categories
| Abiotic factors | Biotic factors | Antibiotics in the environment | Effect of presence of antibiotics in the environment |
Codes
| Physiography Seasons High temperature Pollution | Biotopes Population density | Water Terrain Air | Micro organisms Aquatic organisms Grazing animals Rural people Resistance |
Antibiotic management contributing to the development and spread of resistance | |||||
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Categories
| Antibiotics use and factors influencing prescribing | Health systems and policy factors influencing resistance | |||
Sub-categories
| Humans | Animals | Patients | Health systems and professionals | Policy and regulatory issues |
Codes
| Broad and narrow spectrum "Higher" antibiotics High loads of patients Prior prescribers Unqualified medical providers Influence of pharmacy company | Therapeutic uses Prophylactic uses Antibiotics as growth promoter Uses in poultry Uses in dairy farming | Noncompliance Self-medication Poverty Ignorance Lack of awareness | Inadequate prescription Irrational use Improper diagnosis Lack of infrastructure | Fake and Low-quality medicine Without prescription Weak implementations of policy |