Background
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major health problem in many parts of the world, and is considered as a pandemic disease [1]. By the year 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 34 million people living with HIV and an estimated 1.8 million deaths around the world [2]. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region most heavily affected by HIV. In 2010, about 68% of all people living with HIV resided in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa also accounted for 70% of new HIV infections and almost half of the deaths from AIDS related illness in 2010 [3]. Almost a quarter of people living with HIV are under the age of 25. Young people ages 15–24 represent 45% of all new HIV infections. In sub-Saharan Africa, nearly 3.3 million youth are living with HIV. Lack of information, skills, and access to services for youth is expected to fuel the epidemic [4].
Ethiopia, as a country in the Sub-Saharan region, is a country with high HIV prevalence. According to the single point estimate, the Ethiopian adult HIV prevalence was 2.2% in 2008 with an estimated 1,037,267 people living with HIV in the country [5]. According to the Ethiopian demographic and health survey report of 2011, the percentage of HIV positive in the age group 15–24 years was less than one percent [6].
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Many countries have been trying to take many different approaches in an attempt to slow the spread of HIV infection and minimize its impact on the individual, family and society. Among these strategies include; voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), provider initiated counseling and testing (PICT), diagnosis of HIV in infants and young children, family care and partner testing and counseling based on index care, condom promotion and provision, detection and management of sexually transmitted infections, safer sex and risk reduction counseling, male circumcision, targeted interventions for sex workers and homosexuals [7]. Among these VCT is internationally recognized as an effective and important strategy for both prevention and care of HIV [8].
VCT is the process by which an individual undergoes counseling enabling him or her to make an informed choice about being tested for HIV. This decision must be entirely the choice of the individual and he or she must be assured that the process will be confidential [9].
VCT is an effective strategy for facilitating behavioral change around both preventing HIV as well as getting early access to care and support. It is also instrumental in bringing about behavioral change, reducing unprotected sex and helping reduce the incidence of HIV and other STIs [10]. However, the availability of VCT services in Ethiopia has been uneven, and even when available, uptake has been relatively low [11].
Ethiopia responded to the HIV epidemic as early as 1985 by developing polices different guidelines (PMTCT, ART, IP, VCT etc.) and strategic documents to create an environment conducive for the implementation of HIV prevention, care, and treatment and support programs. As part of this effort, the first counselling and testing guidelines were published by the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) in 1996 and subsequently edited in 2002 and 2007 [11].
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Studies in different areas indicated that knowledge, attitude and practice of tertiary school students towards VCT is low and its uptake is minimal. The low uptake was found to be associated with ignorance, fear of being positive, cost of VCT, inadequate number of VCT centers and stigmatization constituted major hindrances to acceptances of VCT for HIV [7, 8, 12‐14].
There are reports on the awareness and uptake of VCT service among different study groups in the study area [10, 15]. However, there are no studies conducted on the knowledge, attitude and practice of University students towards VCT service. Interventions developed for general population may not be appropriate for university students. In order to develop the body of knowledge needed to develop interventions targeted to different category of people, it is necessary to study the overall KAP of university students towards VCT in a variety of institutional settings. The university environment offers great opportunity for HIV high-risk behaviors, including unsafe sex [16]. University students are at risk because they tend to be sexually adventurous, often with multiple partners and do not consistently use condoms [17, 18]. Moreover youths, students of tertiary level, constitute a significant proportion of persons affected by HIV and a good number of them are also sexually active. Knowing the benefits of VCT, it is important to determine their awareness and utilization of VCT services, willingness to undergo and pay for VCT so that barriers can be identified and interventions can be planned. Hence this study aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice of University students towards VCT service in North West Ethiopia.
Methods
Study area, study design and study period
This was a cross sectional study conducted among university students of in Ethiopia from February to May, 2010. During the study period there were 10,500 students in three campuses under five faculties.
Sample size and sampling technique
The campus involved in this study was selected purposefully. During the study period there were 2,900 (917 1st year, 1012 2nd year and 971 3rd year) students enrolled in nine departments in the campus studied. Since there is no similar study in target group in our study area, the sample, the sample size was determined by a single proportion formula using
Where Z—1.96, P—50%, d—0.05, accordingly the sample size will be 384. Since the total population in the campus was 2,900, adjustment was made by the following formula nf = ni/[1 + (ni/N)]; where nf is the sample size calculated by adjustment, ni is the initial sample size calculated by single proportion formula (384), N is the total number of students in the campus (2,900). Based on this formula the sample size for this study was 340.
The sampling technique employed was multistage sampling technique; stratified sampling followed by simple random sampling technique. The list of all students were obtained from the campus’s registrar office and considering students with the same year of study as a homogenous group, they were stratified in to three clusters as year I, year II and year III. Then numbers of study participants for each stratum was allocated proportionally and samples were selected by simple random sampling technique using the list of students as a sample frame. Based on these 95 students from year I, 144 students from year II and 101 students from year III were enrolled.
Data collection
The study instrument was a self-administered questionnaire which comprised of four parts. Part I related to students’ sociodemographic background, Part II on students’ knowledge regarding VCT, Part III on attitude scale towards VCT and Part IV on students’ practice of VCT.
Knowledge of VCT for HIV was assessed using a five item questionnaire which includes knowledge on the presence of blood test for HIV, counseling service during test, voluntary basis of the test, places where VCT service is provided, importance of VCT in HIV prevention and control. Attitude towards VCT was also assessed using a five item questionnaire which includes attitude: towards screening of HIV, towards necessity of VCT, towards their recommendation of VCT for others and towards eligibility to VCT Practice of VCT was assessed by single question as "Did you used VCT service?” which respond in “Yes” or “No”.
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The questionnaire was prepared in English version and translated to the local language (Amharic) and checked for consistency. Before the actual data collection it was pre-tested on twenty students in the other campus of the university and the result was used to improve the phrasing of questions in the questionnaire. Improvement was made on the attitude questions since they looked knowledge questions. Questionnaire validation tests showed that the Alpha Cronbach was 0.85 for knowledge of HIV.
Scoring
For knowledge about VCT, each question had a response of “Yes” for correct answers or “No” for wrong answers. Scores of all the respondents was sum up and the mean value was calculated. Participants who scored greater than or equal to the mean were considered knowledgeable and the others not knowledgeable. A five-item attitude indicator, responded as either “Yes” or “No”, towards VCT test was used to assess the student’s level of attitude towards VCT. A score serving as a proxy variable was calculated by adding each of the attitudinal scores after giving a value of “1” and “0” for positive and negative responses respectively. Respondents who scored greater than or equal the proxy variable were considered as having positive attitude and those scored less than the proxy variable were considered as having negative attitude . Practice was assessed using one question having “Yes” or “No” response. Those who responded “Yes” were considered as they had had VCT service in the past.
Data management and analysis
During data collection process, the data were checked for completeness and any incomplete or misfiled questions were sent back for correction. Data were double entered and analyzed using SPSS-16 statistical software. Descriptive statistics were used to give a clear picture of background variables like age, sex and other variables in well structured questionnaire. The frequency distribution of both dependent (knowledge, attitude and practice of VCT) and independent (sociodemographic) variables were worked out. The association between variables was measured and tested using chi square. A P-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant in all cases.
Ethical consideration
The study was ethically cleared by the research organizing and approving committee of the department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Gondar. Written consent, after explanation about the study, was obtained from the study participants. Students thoroughly read the consent from and signed on it. For confidentiality the name of the participants was not typed on the questionnaire. The researchers were from the other campus of the university and had no any relation with the students enrolled in the study.
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Results
Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents
Table 1 represents the characteristics of the study participants. A total of 330 (97.3%), subjects completed the questionnaire among whom 218 (66.1%) were males. The mean age of the study participants was 20 (±1.7) years. The majority, 301(91.2%), 170 (51.5%), 250 (75.6%) and 208 (63%) of the respondents were in the age group from 19 to 22 years, Amhara by ethnicity, Orthodox Christians in religion and originate from urban areas respectively (Table 1).
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study subjects
Variables | Frequency, N (%) |
|---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 218 (66.1) |
Female | 112 (33.9) |
Age | |
15-18 | 3 (0.91) |
19-22 | 301 (91.2) |
> 22 | 26 (7.88) |
Year of study | |
1st year | 87 (26.4) |
2nd year | 142 (43) |
3rd year | 101 (30.6) |
Religion | |
Orthodox | 250 (75.8) |
Muslim | 45 (13.6) |
Protestant | 30 (9.1) |
Others | 5 (1.5) |
Residence | |
Urban | 208 (63.1) |
Rural | 122 (36.9) |
Marital status | |
Married | 19 (5.76) |
Unmarried | 311 (94.24) |
Knowledge, attitude and practice of the respondents about VCT
Knowledge about VCT
A total of five questions, with “Yes” and “No” response, were included in the questionnaire regarding the knowledge of the study subjects about VCT. The mean of correct answers was computed and those who score a value greater than or equal to the mean were considered knowledgeable. The mean scored value was 4.85. From the respondents 285 (86.3%) scored greater than or equal to the mean and considered knowledgeable. Two hundred and eighty nine (87.6%) of the respondents knew that HIV testing is given with counseling services. The place where VCT service is given is known by 258 (78.2%) of the respondents (Table 2). Mass media is the source of information for about 224 (67.9%) of the respondents. Previous residence of the respondents before joining the university (χ
2
= 26, P-value < 0.001) showed statistically significant association with the knowledge status on VCT service (Table 3).
Table 2
Knowledge questions about VCT for HIV and responses given by the respondents
Questions | Responses | Frequency (%) |
|---|---|---|
1. Have you ever heard about VCT? | Yes | 310 (93.9) |
No | 20 (6.1) | |
2. Do you know HIV testing is given with counseling? | Yes | 289 (87.6) |
No | 41 (12.4) | |
3. Do you know HIV test is conducted voluntarily? | Yes | 291 (88.2) |
No | 39 (11.8) | |
4. Do you know the place where VCT is provided? | Yes | 258 (78.2) |
No | 72 (21.8) | |
5. Is VCT important for the prevention and control of HIV? | Yes | 285 (86.4) |
No | 45 (13.6) |
Table 3
Association between sociodemographic variables with the knowledge of respondents about VCT service
Variables | Knowledgeable (%) | Not knowledgeable (%) | χ2(P-value) |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.06(0.80) | ||
Male | 189 (86.7) | 29 (13.3) | |
Female | 96 (85.7) | 16 (14.3) | |
Age | |||
15-18 | 2 (66.7) | 1(33.3) | 1.79 (0.41) |
19-22 | 262 (87) | 39 (13) | |
>22 | 21 (80.77) | 5 (19.23) | |
Year of study | |||
1st year | 73 (83.9) | 14 (16.1) | 1.12 (0.57) |
2nd year | 122 (85.9) | 20 (14.2) | |
3rd year | 90 (89.1) | 11 (10.9) | |
Residence | |||
Urban | 195 (93.7) | 13 (6.2) | 26 (<0.001) |
Rural | 90 (73.8) | 32 (26.2) | |
Religion | |||
Orthodox | 217 (86.8) | 33 (13.2) | 2.99 (0.39) |
Muslim | 36 (80) | 9 (20) | |
Protestant | 28 (93.3) | 2 (6.7) | |
Others | 4 (80) | 1 (20) |
Attitude towards VCT
A five-item attitude indicator responded as either “Yes” or “No”, towards VCT test was used to assess the student’s level of attitude towards VCT. A score serving as a proxy variable was calculated by adding each of the attitudinal scores after giving a value of “1” and “0” for positive and negative responses respectively. Accordingly 242 (73.3%) of the respondents had positive attitude towards VCT service. Based on the findings 276 (83.6%) of the respondents felt that VCT is necessary. The most important reasons why VCT is necessary for the respondents include knowing self status and caring for the future, 232 (70.3%), to prevent partners and others from HIV, 179 (54.2%) and to choose partners for the future, 128 (38.8%). Majority, 254 (76.9%), and 244 (73.9%), of the respondents would recommend VCT to their partners and are interested to get VCT service for themselves (Table 4). The educational level of respondents and previous residence of respondents before joining the university had a statistically significant association with the attitude towards VCT service at χ
2
(P-value) of 15.8 (<0.001 and 12 (<0.001) respectively. The knowledge of respondents about VCT has also showed an association with attitude towards VCT (χ2 = 30.026, P-value < 0.001) (Table 5).
Table 4
Responses given by the respondents to attitude questions towards VCT for HIV
Questions | Responses | Frequency (%) |
|---|---|---|
1. Do you think that VCT is necessary? | Yes | 276 (83.6) |
No | 54 (16.4) | |
2. Do you recommend VCT for others? | Yes | 254 (76.9) |
No | 76 (23.03) | |
3. Are you interested to take VCT whether you have it before or not? | Yes | 244 (73.9) |
No | 86 (26.1) | |
4. Does that VCT site affects your interest to take VCT? | Yes | 255 (72.3) |
No | 75 (22.7) | |
5. Do you have any preference of individuals in VCT sites to take the service? | Yes | 200 (60.6) |
No | 130 (39.4) |
Table 5
Association between sociodemographic variables and knowledge on VCT with the attitude of respondents towards VCT service
Variables | Positive attitude | Negative attitude | χ2(P-value) |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 167 (76.6) | 51 (23.4) | 1.92 (0.26) |
Female | 75 (66.9) | 37 (33) | |
Age | |||
15-18 | 2 (66.6) | 1 (33.3) | 0.28 (0.88) |
19-22 | 220 (73.1) | 81 (26.9) | |
> 22 | 20 (76.9) | 6 (23.1) | |
Year of study | |||
1st year | 51 (58.6) | 36 (41.4) | 15.8 (<0.001) |
2nd year | 106 (74.6) | 36 (25.3) | |
3rd year | 85 (84.1) | 16 (15.8) | |
Residence | |||
Urban | 166 (79.8) | 42 (20,2) | 12.06 (<0.001) |
Rural | 76 (62.3) | 46 (37.7) | |
Religion | |||
Orthodox | 188 (75.2) | 62 (24.8) | 6.81(0.078) |
Muslim | 26 (57.8) | 19 (42.2) | |
Protestant | 24 (80) | 6 (20) | |
Others | 4 (80) | 1 (20) | |
Knowledge on VCT | |||
Knowledgeable | 226 | 59 | 30.026 (<0.001) |
Not knowledgeable | 16 | 29 |
Practice of VCT for HIV
Regarding the practices on VCT, 204 (61.8%) had had VCT in the past. Among those who had used VCT 151(74%) were satisfied with the counseling service they got. Fear of positive results, fear of stigma and discrimination, partner and self trust and partner refusal were the reasons mentioned for not attending VCT services by 106 (84.1%), 74 (58.7%), 18 (14.8%) and 6 (4.8%) of the respondents respectively (Table 6). Among the sociodemographic variables sex (χ
2
= 7.2, P-value < 0.05), previous residence before joining the university (χ
2
= 9.9, P-value < 0.01) and religion (χ
2
= 28.9, P-value < 0.0001) had a statistically significant association with the habit of using VCT service. Additionally knowledge about VCT (χ
2
= 15.23, P-value < 0.001) and attitude towards VCT (χ
2
= 153.8, P-value < 0.001) showed a statistically significant association with the practice of VCT for HIV (Table 7).
Table 6
Respondents practice of VCT for HIV
Questions | Responses | Frequency (%) |
|---|---|---|
1. Have you ever had VCT in the past? | Yes | 204 (61.8) |
No | 126 (38.2) | |
2. What were your reasons for not having VCT? | Fear of stigma and discrimination | 74 (58.7) |
Fear of positive results | 106 (84.1) | |
Partner and self trust | 18 (14.8) | |
Partner refusal | 6 (4.8) | |
3. Where did you take VCT service? | Hospital | 102 (50) |
Health center | 83 (40.7) | |
NGO clinic | 10 (4.9) | |
Private clinic | 9 (4.4) |
Table 7
Association between sociodemographic variables, knowledge about VCT and attitude towards VCT with practice of VCT service for HIV
Variables | Practice VCT | Do not practice VCT | χ2(P-value) |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 146 (66.9) | 72 (33) | 7.23 (<0.01) |
Female | 58 (51.8) | 54 (48.2) | |
Age | |||
15-18 | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.6) | 1.85 (0.39) |
19-22 | 189 (62.8) | 112 (37.2) | |
>22 | 14 (53.8) | 12 (46.2) | |
Year of study | |||
1st year | 54 (62.1) | 33 (37.9) | 4.2 (0.12) |
2nd year | 80 (56.3) | 62 (43.7) | |
3rd year | 70 (69.3) | 31 (30.7) | |
Residence | |||
Urban | 142 (68.3) | 66 (31.7) | 9.92 (0.001) |
Rural | 62 (50.8) | 60 (49.2) | |
Religion | |||
Orthodox | 172 (68.8) | 78 (31.2) | 28.31 (<0.001) |
Muslim | 13 (28.9) | 32 (71.1) | |
Protestant | 15 (50) | 15 (50) | |
Others | 4 (80) | 1 (20) | |
Knowledge on VCT | |||
Knowledgeable | 188 | 97 | 15.23 (<0.001) |
Not knowledgeable | 16 | 29 | |
Attitude towards VCT | |||
Positive attitude | 198 | 44 | 153.8 (<0.001) |
Negative attitude | 6 | 82 |
Discussion
From the finding of this study the overall knowledge of respondents about VCT for HIV was high. A comparable report was found in Ethiopia from high school students [19]. Though the degree of awareness varies, reports from Nigeria and Tanzania indicated a good level of knowledge about VCT among tertiary school students [7, 8, 20]. But a community based research from China indicated a significant level of lack of knowledge about HIV and VCT on HIV [21]. This might be due to the difference in the sociodemographic characteristics, especially the educational level, of the study participants. Assessment on the impact of sociodemographic variables on the knowledge of VCT showed that previous resident area before joining the university has significant association with the level of knowledge. The difference in the level of knowledge between students originated from urban and rural might be due to the accessibility of information to the rural set up is minimal and this urges the need of further activities on awareness creation about VCT in the rural areas of the country.
The participants attitude towards VCT was very high and appreciable which is very important and needed in the prevention and control of HIV. Majority believed that VCT is necessary for different reasons including knowing self status and caring for the future, to prevent partners and others from HIV and to choose partners for the future. The level of educational and previous residence of students was sociodemographic variables that showed a significant association with attitude of students towards VCT. Students from rural areas lack good level of information about VCT and may be associated with decreased level of attitude, though not statistically significant. The association of level of education may rise from the increase in knowledge of students and hence increased attitude as the stay in the university is elongated. The findings in this case go in line with a study from Addis Ababa University [22]. The current report is also similar to a study from Northern Nigeria where majority of the adults were volunteer to get VCT service and would recommend VCT to their friends [23].
The results from this study also indicated a relatively good attendance of VCT which is much higher than a study conducted in Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda [8, 24]. The difference may be attributable to one’s health beliefs and health seeking behavior, cultural, beliefs, social networks, income, perceived health status and severity of disease. According to this study the main reason for those who had never had VCT in the past was fear of positive result and stigma and discrimination following the result. Though there is a difference in VCT attendance main reasons for not visiting VCT centers is similar across different study areas including community based surveys [14, 19, 20, 25, 26]. This indicated the need of more work in awareness creation associated with stigma and discrimination and the possibility to live longer with the virus as far as HIV positive individuals lead their lives as per physicians and counselors recommendations. According to the current study sex, previous residence before joining the university and religion showed statistically significant association with level of VCT uptake. Moreover knowledge about HIV, knowledge about VCT and attitude towards VCT showed association with practice on VCT for HIV which indicates the relation of one with the other. Hence, working on the knowledge and attitude change will facilitate the uptake of VCT service.
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Limitation of the study
The findings of our study must be interpreted in the context of the limitations encountered. This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study in which we relied completely on information provided by the respondents, which may lead to bias and misunderstanding of questions. Our study was a single institutional survey and the results may not be generalized to the majority of tertiary level students. Perceived risk of HIV was not assessed which will strengthen the result of this study. The use of mean to classify as knowledgeable and not knowledgeable may contribute to the bias in this study. Nevertheless, it provides useful information for planning a multicenter study.
Conclusion
The current study sought to explore the knowledge, attitude and practice on VCT of tertiary school students in one of the oldest universities in the country. Since VCT is an important tool for HIV prevention and control knowing the level of uptake of the service by this high risk group is vital in future activities to be conducted. From this study it can be concluded that there is a need to work on awareness creation on stigma and discrimination since they were among the determining factors for the uptake of VCT. More over building the knowledge of people in rural areas about VCT should be an area of focus to work on. Expansion of facilities that provide VCT service and training of counselors are also important activities that must be done to improve utilization of the service.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all the participants in the study.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors do not have any competing interests to declare.
Authors’ contributions
ZA conceived the study, undertook statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. AY, YS, AA, WB, BM and BT initiated the study and made major contributions to the study design and statistical analysis. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.