Background
Methods
main areas of development | subdivision of development | standardised tests |
---|---|---|
motor development | gross motor skills | standing on one leg; jumping on one leg; going like a rope dancer; going with clapping hands |
fine motor coordination grapho- motor coordination | finger-opposition-test; drawing different figures; drawing of a person | |
development of speech | pronunciation | repeating words |
grammar | retelling a short story; retelling a short picture story; explaining rules of a well known game | |
rhythm of speech | repeating sentences | |
development of cognition | memory and concentration | repeating sentences with 7–10 words including three adjectives; repeating four single numbers in the correct sequence |
perseverance | discontinuity of capacity during the whole time of medical examinations | |
abstraction | building pairs; finding out a object of various objects belonging together | |
visual perception | reception and knowing of simple geometric figures or silhouettes of figures and animals | |
arithmetic | counting from 1 to 10 in the correct sequence | |
psychosocial development | behaviour, emotionality, psycho motor et cetera |
Statistics
Results
Target population
Duration of attendance and locality of preschool
Prevalence rates of impairments
Motor development
Impairments of development | Age | Gender | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
under 6 years N = 3,084 % (m = 83) | 6 years and older N = 3,146 % (m = 109) | Girl N = 2,984 % (m = 93) | Boy N = 3,246 % (m = 99) | |
gross motor skills | 7.6 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 8.3 |
fine motor coordination | 9.0 | 4.5 | 3.2 | 9.8 |
grapho-motor coordination | 5.4 | 3.4 | 2.1 | 6.2 |
pronunciation | 11.5 | 11.3 | 7.2 | 15.1 |
grammar | 3.2 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 4.0 |
rhythm of speech | 3.5 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 4.5 |
memory and concentration | 12.3 | 5.2 | 6.4 | 10.4 |
perseverance | 8.0 | 2.6 | 4.2 | 6.0 |
abstraction | 4.9 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 4.9 |
visual perception | 6.0 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 6.7 |
arithmetic | 4.5 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 4.2 |
psychosocial development | 8.4 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 7.0 |
impairments | duration | location | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
under 1 year N = 106 (m = 6) | 1 year and longer N = 6,124 (m = 27) | Rural N = 4,548 (m = 103) | Urban N = 1,682 (m=87) | |
gross motor skills | 8.5 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 8.2 |
fine motor coordination | 18.1 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 7.9 |
grapho-motor coordination | 14.9 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.8 |
pronunciation | 6.4 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 12.7 |
grammar | 2.1 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 4.7 |
rhythm of speech | 1.1 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 4.4 |
memory and concentration | 19.1 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 10.8 |
perseverance | 19.1 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 6.8 |
abstraction | 13.8 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 5.7 |
visual perception | 19.1 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 7.7 |
arithmetic | 11.7 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 5.7 |
psychosocial development | 6.4 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 7.2 |
Development of speech
Development of cognition
Psychosocial development
Associations between impairments and duration of attendance and location of preschool
impairments of development | visiting a preschool shorter than 1 year | urban location of preschool | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
reference (≥1 year) | Odds Ratio | 95% CI** | reference (rural) | Odds Ratio | 95% CI** | |
gross motor skills | 1 | 1.47 | 0.69 – 3.13 | 1 |
1.63
|
1.3 – 2.05
|
fine motor coordination | 1 |
3.95
|
2.22 – 7.03
| 1 |
1.23
|
1.01 – 1.60
|
grapho-motor coordination | 1 |
4.60
|
2.45 – 8.51
| 1 | 1.09 | 0.82 – 1.45 |
pronunciation | 1 | 0.6 | 0.26 – 1.40 | 1 |
1.2
|
1.0 – 1.43
|
grammar | 1 | 0.78 | 0.19 – 3.25 | 1 |
2.17
|
1.6 – 2.95
|
rhythm of speech | 1 | 0.40 | 0.06 – 2.91 | 1 |
1.65
|
1.23 – 2.23
|
memory and concentration | 1 |
2.32
|
1.33 – 4.03
| 1 |
1.27
|
1.04 – 1.55
|
perseverance | 1 |
4.66
|
2.65 – 8.18
| 1 |
1.4
|
1.09 – 1.79
|
abstraction | 1 |
3.37
|
1.77 – 3.42
| 1 |
1.56
|
1.2 – 2.1
|
visual perception | 1 |
3.88
|
2.14 – 6.70
| 1 |
1.65
|
1.28 – 2.12
|
arithmetic | 1 |
3.13
|
1.58 – 6.18
| 1 |
1.77
|
1.33 – 2.37
|
psychosocial development | 1 | 1.07 | 0.46 – 2.50 | 1 |
1.31
|
1.04 – 1.66
|