Background
Methods
Study design
Outcome and exposure measures
Distribution of questionnaires
Data analysis
Results
Characteristics of respondents
Self-reported exposure to SHS
Prevalence of sensory and respiratory irritation symptoms
Sensory and respiratory irritation symptoms | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | No Response N (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Sensory irritation symptoms
| |||
Runny nose, sneezing or nose irritation | 431 (77) | 102 (18) | 26 (5) |
Eyes red or irritated | 370 (66) | 151 (27) | 38 (7) |
Sore or scratchy throat | 368 (66) | 163 (29) | 28 (5) |
Respiratory irritation symptoms
| |||
Cough during rest of day or night | 338 (61) | 192 (34) | 29 (5) |
Short of breath | 260 (47) | 270 (48) | 29 (5) |
Bring up phlegm | 246 (44) | 287 (51) | 26 (5) |
Wheezing or whistling in chest | 213 (38) | 319 (57) | 27 (5) |
Cough first thing in morning | 194 (35) | 332 (59) | 33 (6) |
Frequency of exposure to SHS at work | Intensity of exposure to SHS at work | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sensory irritation symptoms
| Never/Sometimes exposed | Often exposed | Nearly always exposed | Linear trend test p-value | Nil/Light | Moderate | Heavy | Linear trend test p-value |
Red or irritated eyes | 1.00 | 1.22 (0.43 to 3.48) | 4.01 (1.63 to 9.88) | < 0.0001 | 1.00 | 1.49 (0.57 to 3.90) | 5.95 (2.36 to 14.96) | < 0.0001 |
Runny nose, sneezing or nose irritation | 1.00 | 1.49 (0.53 to 4.20) | 3.10 (1.28 to 7.50) | 0.008 | 1.00 | 2.54 (0.98 to 6.60) | 4.02 (1.63 to 9.94) | 0.006 |
Sore or scratchy throat | 1.00 | 0.45 (0.16 to 1.23) | 1.49 (0.62 to 3.59) | < 0.0001 | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.50 to 3.07) | 3.25 (1.37 to 7.74) | < 0.0001 |
Respiratory irritation symptoms
| ||||||||
Wheezing or whistling in chest | 1.00 | 1.64 (0.57 to 4.71) | 1.99 (0.80 to 4.94) | 0.30 | 1.00 | 1.45 (0.52 to 4.01) | 2.47 (0.94 to 6.46) | 0.03 |
Felt short of breath | 1.00 | 0.49 (0.18 to 1.33) | 1.19 (0.52 to 2.71) | 0.02 | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.49 to 3.37) | 2.88 (1.16 to 7.13) | 0.001 |
Cough first thing in morning | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.40 to 3.25) | 1.48 (0.60 to 3.63) | 0.53 | 1.00 | 2.86 (0.88 to 9.36) | 4.14 (1.33 to 12.94) | 0.02 |
N | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡ | |
---|---|---|---|
Hours worked per week
| 0.99 (0.96 to 1.04) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.05) | |
Exposure to SHS at work:
| |||
Not heavily exposed nearly all time | 155 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Heavily exposed nearly all the time | 376 | 4.19 (2.33 to 7.55) | 3.26 (1.72 to 6.16) |
Household smoking:
| |||
Does not live with smoker | 412 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Lives with smoker | 119 | 1.68 (0.89 to 3.15) | 1.08 (0.48 to 2.46) |
Smoking status:
| |||
Smoker | 120 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Non-smoker | 411 | 2.31 (1.27 to 4.19) | 2.70 (1.21 to 5.99) |
Years worked in casinos
| 0.98 (0.95 to 1.01) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.03) | |
Gender:
| |||
Male | 280 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 251 | 1.77 (0.98 to 3.20) | 1.52 (0.77 to 2.97) |
Age:
| |||
16–34 | 148 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
35–54 | 313 | 0.51 (0.24 to 1.08) | 0.70 (0.26 to 1.90) |
55+ | 70 | 0.50 (0.17 to 1.18) | 1.41 (0.31 to 6.34) |
Highest qualifications†:
| |||
GCSE D-G or lower | 103 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Degree or higher education qualif | 127 | 3.87 (1.47 to 10.21) | 3.09 (1.10 to 8.73) |
A levels or ONC/BTEC | 144 | 2.13 (0.97 to 4.66) | 2.06 (0.85 to 4.97) |
GCSE A-C or equivalent | 157 | 1.69 (0.81 to 3.51) | 1.43 (0.63 to 3.22) |
No | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡ | |
---|---|---|---|
Hours worked per week
| 1.03 (1.00 to 1.07) | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.07) | |
Exposure to SHS at work:
| |||
Not heavily exposed nearly all time | 151 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Heavily exposed nearly all the time | 372 | 2.41 (1.50 to 3.86) | 2.24 (1.34 to 3.74) |
Household smoking:
| |||
Does not live with smoker | 404 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Lives with smoker | 119 | 1.50 (0.82 to 2.71) | 1.43 (0.70 to 2.93) |
Smoking status:
| |||
Smoker | 119 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Non-smoker | 404 | 0.68 (0.37 to 1.23) | 0.74 (0.36 to 1.53) |
Years worked in casinos
| 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02) | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.05) | |
Gender:
| |||
Male | 275 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 248 | 1.08 (0.68 to 1.72) | 1.01 (0.60 to 1.68) |
Age:
| |||
16–34 | 148 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
35–54 | 306 | 0.81 (0.47 to 1.40) | 0.92 (0.44 to 1.92) |
55+ | 69 | 0.61 (0.30 to 1.27) | 0.86 (0.30 to 2.50) |
Highest qualifications†:
| |||
GCSE D-G or lower | 102 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Degree or higher education qualif | 125 | 1.51 (0.77 to 2.97) | 1.39 (0.67 to 2.90) |
A levels or ONC/BTEC | 143 | 1.49 (0.78 to 2.87) | 1.30 (0.64 to 2.64) |
GCSE A-C or equivalent | 153 | 1.69 (0.88 to 3.27) | 1.48 (0.73 to 3.01) |
Sensory and respiratory irritation symptoms | London casino workers (all) n = 559 | London casino workers (non smokers) n = 434 | London casino workers (smokers) n = 125 | Palmersheim et al, 2006, Wisconsin bar and restaurant workers** n = 230 | Allwright et al, 2005, Ireland bar workers** n = 138 | Eisner et al, 1998, California bar workers* n = 53 | Wakefield et al, 2005 Victoria casino workers** n = 44 | Farrelly et al, 2005, New York bar workers** n = 24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sensory irritation symptoms
| ||||||||
Eyes red or irritated | 66 | 70 | 52 | 70 | 41 | 42 | 66 | 67 |
Runny nose, sneezing or nose irritation | 77 | 79 | 72 | 78 | 44 | 60 | 61 | 54 |
Sore or scratchy throat | 66 | 69 | 54 | 61 | 33 | 25 | 52 | 42 |
Respiratory irritation symptoms
| ||||||||
Wheezing or whistling in the chest | 38 | 38 | 38 | 31 | 21 | 32 | 20 | 21 |
Short of breath | 47 | 47 | 44 | 41 | 16 | 19 | 23 | 17 |
Usually cough first thing in the morning | 35 | 31 | 48 | 43 | 21 | 53 | 23 | 21 |
Cough at all during the rest of the day or night | 61 | 59 | 64 | 52 | 38 | 49 | 30 | 29 |
Bring up any phlegm | 44 | 43 | 49 | 53 | 43 | 53 | 25 | 21 |