Background
Methods
Sample and study design
Measures of lifestyle behaviours among primary care physicians
Determinants of lifestyle behaviours
Translation of the questionnaire
Data analysis
Results
Lifestyle behaviours
Smoking status | Drinking behavior (AUDIT-C score) | Drinking behavior (third question of AUDIT-C) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current smoker | Former smoker | Never smoker | Non drinker | Drinker | At risk drinker | Non drinker | Drinker | At risk drinker | ||||||
n |
%
| % | % | % |
p-value
| % | % | % |
p-value
| % | % | % |
p-value
| |
Smoking status 1 (4 missing) |
NA
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
| |||||||||||
Current smoker | 220 |
12.4
| - | - | - |
2.8
|
49.8
|
47.5
|
2.8
|
57.8
|
39.4
| |||
Former smoker | 398 |
22.4
| - | - | - |
2.3
|
49.1
|
48.6
|
2.3
|
53.7
|
44.1
| |||
Never smoker | 1162 |
65.3
| - | - | - |
5.6
|
68.6
|
25.8
|
5.6
|
71.2
|
23.2
| |||
Drinking behavior 1 (AUDIT-C score) (6 missing) |
< 0.001
|
NA
|
NA
| |||||||||||
Non drinker | 80 |
4.5
| 7.5 | 11.3 | 81.3 | - | - | - |
100
| |||||
Drinker | 1166 |
65.6
| 10.8 | 18.3 | 70.9 | - | - | - |
88.3
|
11.7
| ||||
At risk drinker | 532 |
29.9
| 16.2 | 33.0 | 50.8 | - | - | - | - |
13.2
|
86.8
| |||
Drinking behavior 1 (3rd question of AUDIT-C) (4 missing) |
< 0.001
|
NA
|
NA
| |||||||||||
Non drinker | 80 |
4.5
| 7.5 | 11.3 | 81.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Drinker | 1102 |
61.9
| 9.9 | 17.7 | 72.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
At risk drinker | 598 |
33.6
| 17.4 | 32.3 | 50.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Characteristics associated with smoking and drinking behaviours
Smoking status | Drinking behavior (AUDIT-C score) | Drinking behavior (third question of AUDIT-C) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current smoker | Former smoker | Never smoker | Non drinker | Drinker | At risk drinker | Non drinker | Drinker | At risk drinker | ||||||
n |
%
| % | % | % |
p-value
| % | % | % |
p-value
| % | % | % |
p-value
| |
Sex1
|
0.04
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
| |||||||||||
Male | 1491 |
83.6
| 12.6 | 23.3 | 64.0 |
3.1
|
65.8
|
31.1
|
3.1
|
59.1
|
37.8
| |||
Female | 293 |
16.4
| 11.0 | 17.5 | 71.6 |
11.6
|
64.4
|
24.0
|
11.6
|
76.0
|
12.2
| |||
Age (years)1
|
0.002
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
| |||||||||||
< 35 | 15 |
0.8
| 0.0 | 13.3 | 86.7 |
6.7
|
80.0
|
13.3
|
6.7
|
86.7
|
6.7
| |||
36–45 | 476 |
26.7
| 10.5 | 17.3 | 72.2 |
5.3
|
71.6
|
23.1
|
5.3
|
66.8
|
27.9
| |||
45–55 | 829 |
46.5
| 14.0 | 22.2 | 63.7 |
4.4
|
64.6
|
31.0
|
4.4
|
59.1
|
36.6
| |||
56–65 | 400 |
22.4
| 11.5 | 28.1 | 60.4 |
2.3
|
59.6
|
38.1
|
2.3
|
60.0
|
37.8
| |||
>65 | 64 |
3.6
| 12.5 | 28.1 | 59.4 |
14.3
|
66.7
|
19.0
|
14.3
|
68.3
|
17.5
| |||
Region1
|
0.002
|
0.14
|
0.02
| |||||||||||
German-speaking | 1277 |
71.6
| 11.0 | 20.9 | 68.1 |
4.2
|
67.2
|
28.6
|
4.2
|
64.1
|
31.7
| |||
French-speaking | 437 |
24.5
| 16.1 | 26.1 | 57.8 |
4.8
|
60.9
|
34.3
|
4.8
|
55.5
|
39.7
| |||
Italian-speaking | 70 |
3.9
| 14.5 | 24.6 | 60.9 |
7.1
|
65.7
|
27.1
|
7.1
|
62.9
|
30.0
| |||
Living alone 1
|
< 0.001
|
0.008
|
0.08
| |||||||||||
Yes | 1665 |
93.9
| 26.1 | 15.1 | 58.8 |
8.4
|
53.8
|
37.8
|
8.4
|
56.3
|
35.3
| |||
No | 119 |
6.7
| 11.4 | 22.9 | 65.7 |
4.2
|
66.4
|
29.4
|
4.2
|
62.3
|
33.5
| |||
Principal outcome of the household 1 (13 missing) |
0.007
|
0.002
|
< 0.001
| |||||||||||
Yes | 1510 |
85.3
| 12.8 | 23.3 | 63.9 |
4.0
|
64.5
|
31.4
|
4.0
|
59.4
|
36.6
| |||
No | 261 |
14.7
| 10.0 | 16.2 | 73.8 |
6.9
|
71.5
|
21.5
|
6.9
|
75.9
|
17.2
| |||
Medical specialty 1
|
0.08
|
0.25
|
0.31
| |||||||||||
General medicine | 805 |
45.1
| 11.8 | 21.2 | 67.0 |
3.7
|
66.2
|
30.0
|
3.7
|
62.1
|
34.1
| |||
General internal medicine | 596 |
33.4
| 12.0 | 24.6 | 63.4 |
4.0
|
65.1
|
30.9
|
4.0
|
62.0
|
34.0
| |||
Paediatrics | 164 |
9.2
| 9.8 | 18.4 | 71.8 |
6.7
|
68.3
|
25.0
|
6.7
|
64.0
|
29.3
| |||
None | 219 |
12.3
| 17.4 | 23.3 | 59.4 |
6.8
|
62.6
|
30.6
|
6.8
|
59.4
|
33.8
| |||
Type of practice 1 (7 missing) |
0.62
|
0.45
|
0.92
| |||||||||||
Solo | 1123 |
63.2
| 12.3 | 23.0 | 64.7 |
4.2
|
65.9
|
29.9
|
4.2
|
61.8
|
34.0
| |||
Group | 598 |
33.7
| 12.4 | 21.6 | 65.9 |
5.0
|
64.3
|
30.7
|
5.0
|
62.3
|
32.7
| |||
Other | 56 |
3.2
| 12.5 | 14.3 | 73.2 |
5.4
|
75.0
|
19.6
|
5.4
|
60.7
|
33.9
| |||
Place of practice 1
|
0.18
|
0.79
|
0.86
| |||||||||||
Urban | 664 |
37.3
| 14.5 | 23.3 | 62.2 |
4.7
|
63.9
|
31.4
|
4.7
|
60.4
|
34.9
| |||
Semi-urban | 591 |
33.2
| 11.5 | 21.9 | 66.6 |
4.6
|
65.8
|
29.6
|
4.6
|
62.0
|
33.4
| |||
Rural | 524 |
29.5
| 10.5 | 21.8 | 67.7 |
4.2
|
67.5
|
28.3
|
4.2
|
63.7
|
32.1
|
Discussion
Smoking behaviour
Current smoker (%) | Former smoker (%) | Never smoker (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Swiss primary care physicians (2002)7 (n = 1784) | 12 1
| 22 | 66 |
American cardiologist (2004)7 (n = 471) [7] | 2 1
| 14 | 84 |
American physicians (1989–90)7 (n = 5426) [13] | 11 2
| 40 | 49 |
Finnish general practitioners (2001)7 (n = 697) [28] | 13 3
| - | - |
Estonian physicians (2002)7 (n = 2668) [25] | 13 4
| 20 | 67 |
Finnish physicians (2001)7 (n = 2075) [29] | 15 3
| 37 | 48 |
German physicians (1999)7 (n = 1144) [8] | 18 4
| 22 | 60 |
Japanese physicians (2000)7 (n = 3771) [22] | 20 3
| 28 | 52 |
Italian chest physicians (1995)7 (n = 605) [30] | 25 5
| 34 | 41 |
Italian physicians (1999)7 (n = 501) [24] | 28 3
| 27 | 46 |
French general practitioners (1998)7 (n = 2073) [26] | 32 6
| 46 | 22 |
Bosnian general practitioners (2002)7 (n = 110) [23] | 40 5
| 14 | 46 |
Drinking behaviour
Drinker (%) | At risk drinker (%) | Non drinker (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Swiss primary care physicians (2002)7 (n = 1784) | 66 1
| 30 1
| 4 |
American physicians (1984)7 (n = 337) [16] | 86 | 10 2
| 4 |
American physicians (1989–90)7 (n = 5426) [13] | 68 3
| 9 3
| 23 |
American physicians (2002)7 (n = 104) [15] | 66 4
| 8 4
| 26 |
American cardiologist (2004)7 (n = 471) [7] | 69 | 3 5
| 28 |
Finnish physicians (1986)7 (n = 2671) [14] | 76 | 16 6
| 8 |