Introduction
Methods
Description of the study, sample, and data set
Study
Sample
Data set
Instruments
Mental health (MH) indicators
KIDSCREEN-10
Feelings of depression
Life satisfaction
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
Socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators
The socioeconomic status of the adolescent’s family
Self-assessed financial position
Family Affluence Scale (FAS)
-
FAS 1 (total of 0 to 4) indicates a low socioeconomic status,
-
FAS 2 (total of 5 and 6) indicates a middle socioeconomic status,
-
FAS 3 (total of 7) indicates a high socioeconomic status.
Occupational status
Family type or family structure
The adolescent’s personal social position (PSP)
Statistical method and analyses
Results and discussion
Results
Sample description, including socioeconomic position
Variable | n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Gender
| Boy | 914 (50.4) |
Girl | 901 (49.6) | |
KIDSCREEN-10
| Low | 733 (41.0) |
Average | 722 (40.4) | |
High | 332 (18.6) | |
Feelings of depression
| Yes | 623 (35.1) |
No | 1151 (64.9) | |
Life satisfaction (LF)
| High LF | 1153 (84.9) |
Low LF | 268 (15.1) | |
SDQ
| Normal | 1422 (80.1) |
Borderline | 209 (11.8) | |
Increased | 143 (8.1) | |
Perceived material welfare
| Above average (fine, very good) | 1064 (59.1) |
Average | 572 (31.8) | |
Below average or bad | 163 (9.1) | |
FAS
| High | 535 (29.9) |
Middle | 909 (50.8) | |
Low | 344 (19.3) | |
Parent’s employment
| Both employed | 1328 (74.0) |
One unemployed | 410 (22.8) | |
Both unemployed | 58 (3.2) | |
Family type
| Classic | 1439 (80.4) |
Single-parent | 238 (13.3) | |
Reconstituted | 113 (6.3) | |
Number of friends (both sexes)
| 3+ friends | 1574 (87.4) |
1-2 friends | 210 (11.7) | |
0 friends | 16 (0.9) | |
School type
| Gymnasiums (general) | 772 (43.4) |
Technical & related | 641 (36.1) | |
Industrial & craft | 364 (20.5) |
Variable | Girls n (%) | Boys n (%) | χ2(p value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived material welfare
| Above average (fine, very good) | 501 (55.9) | 563 (62.4) | 8.62 (0.013) |
Average | 302 (33.7) | 270 (29.9) | ||
Below average or bad | 93 (10.4) | 70 (7.7) | ||
FAS
| High | 255 (28.5) | 280 (31.3) | 5.61 (0.060) |
Middle | 447 (50.1) | 462 (51.6) | ||
Low | 191 (21.4) | 153 (17.1) | ||
Parent’s employment
| Both employed | 658 (73.3) | 670 (74.6) | 0.54 (0.763) |
One unemployed | 209 (23.3) | 201 (22.4) | ||
Both unemployed | 31 (3.4) | 27 (3.0) | ||
Family type
| Classic | 733 (82.3) | 706 (78.5) | 7.41 (0.025) |
Single-parent | 99 (11.1) | 139 (15.5) | ||
Reconstituted | 59 (6.6) | 54 (6.0) | ||
Number of friends (both sexes)
| 3+ friends | 770 (86.0) | 804 (88.8) | 3.42 (0.181) |
1-2 friends | 117 (13.1) | 93 (10.3) | ||
0 friends | 8 (0.9) | 8 (0.9) | ||
School type
| Gymnasiums (general) | 467 (52.5) | 305 (34.4) | 128.8 (p < 0.001) |
Technical & related | 336 (37.8) | 305 (34.4) | ||
Industrial & craft | 86 (9.7) | 278 (31.3) |
Mental health according to gender
Variable | Category | Girls | Boys | χ2or t, (p value) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||||
KIDSCREEN-10
| Low | 421 (47.4) | 312 (34.7) | χ2 = 44.7 (p < 0.001) | 1.70 (1.40–2.06) |
Average | 349 (39.3) | 373 (41.5) | |||
High | 118 (13.3) | 214 (23.8) | 1.00 | ||
Total | xˉ=36.23 | xˉ=38.33 | t = 6.76 (p < 0.001) | - | |
SD = 5.58 | SD = 6.62 | ||||
Feelings of depression
| Yes | 407 (46.5) | 216 (24.1) | χ2 = 97.7 (p < 0.001) | 2.74 (2.23–3.37) |
No | 469 (53.5) | 682 (75.9) | 1.00 | ||
Life satisfaction (LF)
| High LF | 726 (81.9) | 787 (87.9) | χ2 = 12.5 (p < 0.001) | 1.00 |
Low LF | 160 (18.1) | 108 (12.1) | 1.61 (1.22–2.11) | ||
Total | xˉ=7.21 | xˉ=7.58 | t = 4.26 (p < 0.001) | - | |
SD = 1.89 | SD = 1.70 | ||||
SDQ
| Normal | 688 (77.5) | 734 (82.8) | χ2 = 8.2 (p = 0.017) | 1.00 |
Borderline | 117 (13.2) | 92 (10.4) | 1.40 (1.10–1.80) | ||
Increased | 83 (9.3) | 60 (6.8) | |||
Total | xˉ=11.66 | xˉ=10.41 | t = 5.02 (p < 0.001) | - | |
SD = 5.22) | SD = 5.27) |
Variable | Comparison | MODEL 1: Low life satisfaction* | MODEL 2: Feelings of depression: yes** | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) | P > |z| | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P > |z| | ||
Gender
| Girl vs. boy | 1.55 (1.12–2.15) |
0.008
| 2.57 (2.04–3.24) |
< 0.001
|
Family type
| Single-parent vs. classic | 1.46 (0.97–2.21) | 0.072 | 1.02 (0.73–1.42) | 0.896 |
Reconstituted vs. classic | 1.02 (0.56–1.86) | 0.943 | 1.25 (0.82–1.92) | 0.301 | |
Perceived material welfare
| Fine vs. very good | 1.31 (0.79–2.17) | 0.290 | 1.10 (0.80–1.51) | 0.569 |
Average vs. very good | 1.78 (1.07–2.97) |
0.027
| 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | 0.708 | |
Bad/worse vs. very good | 4.12 (2.28–7.47) |
<0.001
| 1.30 (0.81–2.07) | 0.275 | |
Number of friends (both sexes)
| None vs. 3+ | 1.66 (0.39–7.16) | 0.496 | 1.94 (0.59–6.44) | 0.277 |
1-2 vs. 3+ | 1.14 (0.73–1.79) | 0.556 | 0.88 (0.63–1.24) | 0.475 | |
School type
| Technical vs. gymnasiums | 1.260 (0.89–1.79) | 0.190 | 1.22 (0.96–1.56) | 0.106 |
Industrials vs. gymnasiums | 2.26 (1.47–3.49) |
<0.001
| 1.14 (0.81–1.59) | 0.456 | |
Parents’ occupation
| Only one employed vs. both employed | 1.01 (0.71–1.46) | 0.937 | 0.90 (0.68–1.18) | 0.440 |
Both unemployed vs. both employed | 0.52 (0.21–1.32) | 0.170 | 1.39 (0.75–2.59) | 0.299 | |
FAS
| Low vs. high | 1.39 (0.88–2.20) | 0.160 | 1.15 (0.82–1.61) | 0.427 |
Middle vs. high | 1.10 (0.75–1.62) | 0.614 | 1.09 (0.85–1.41) | 0.496 |
Variable | Comparison | KIDSCREEN-10 | SDQ | Df | F | Wilks’ λ (p) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | P > |t| | Coef. | P > |t| | |||||
Gender
| Girl vs. boy | -0.28 |
0.001
| -0.27 |
0.001
| 1 | 7.33 | 0.976 (<0.001) |
Family type
| Single-parent vs. classic | -0.09 | 0.205 | -0.13 | 0.079 | 2 | 1.46 | 0.997 (0.211) |
Reconstituted vs. classic | -0.16 | 0.095 | -0.14 | 0.167 | ||||
Perceived material welfare
| Fine vs. very good | -0.14 |
0.036
| -0.15 |
0.030
| 3 | 7.77 | 0.973 (<0.001) |
Average vs. very good | -0.34 |
<0.001
| -0.28 |
<0.001
| ||||
Bad/worse vs. very good | -0.49 |
<0.001
| -0.54 |
<0.001
| ||||
Number of friends (both sexes)
| None vs. 3+ | -0.59 |
0.021
| -0.59 |
0.023
| 2 | 6.23 | 0.985 (<0.001) |
1-2 vs. 3+ | -0.31 |
<0.001
| -0.22 |
0.003
| ||||
School type
| Technical vs. gymnasiums | 0.12 |
0.018
| -0.09 | 0.096 | 2 | 11.30 | 0.974 (<0.001) |
Industrials vs. gymnasiums | 0.18 |
0.006
| -0.25 |
<0.001
| ||||
Parent’s employment
| Only one employed vs. both employed | -0.01 | 0.803 | 0.07 | 0.273 | 2 | 0.71 | 0.998 (0.585) |
Both unemployed vs. both employed | 0.09 | 0.516 | 0.19 | 0.889 | ||||
FAS
| Low vs. high | -0.08 | 0.309 | -0.08 | 0.296 | 2 | 0.47 | 0.999 (0.760) |
Middle vs. high | 0.00 | 0.949 | 0.00 | 0.998 |