Background
Methods
Data source and sampling
Data Collection Instrument
Data analysis
Results
Characteristics of the Sample
PCS - Physical component | MCS - Mental component | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables
|
N
|
%
|
Mean
|
Min
|
Max
|
Median
|
Mean
|
Min
|
Max
|
Median
|
Sex
| ||||||||||
Male | 5,255 | 42.3 | 50.7 | 2.4 | 69.6 | 54.8 | 52.9 | -1.1 | 76.0 | 55.3 |
Female | 7,168 | 57.7 | 48.3 | 5.0 | 74.7 | 51.3 | 49.7 | 2.5 | 76.9 | 52.3 |
Age groups (years)
| ||||||||||
18-39 | 3,973 | 32.0 | 54.3 | 12.7 | 74.7 | 57.1 | 52.1 | 2.5 | 75.4 | 54.5 |
40-64 | 6,132 | 49.4 | 48.9 | 5.0 | 71.0 | 51.9 | 50.8 | -1.1 | 76.9 | 53.4 |
≥ 65 | 2,318 | 18.7 | 41.8 | 2.4 | 63.9 | 42.1 | 50.1 | 5.0 | 76.5 | 52.6 |
Years of schooling*
| ||||||||||
0 | 1,904 | 16.5 | 43.2 | 2.4 | 68.4 | 43.5 | 48.1 | 7.2 | 76.0 | 50.1 |
1-4 | 3,592 | 31.1 | 47.5 | 6.3 | 71.0 | 50.2 | 50.7 | 5.0 | 74.9 | 53.2 |
5-8 | 2,529 | 21.9 | 50.9 | 5.0 | 74.7 | 54.5 | 51.2 | -1.1 | 76.5 | 53.8 |
9-11 | 2,408 | 20.9 | 53.1 | 11.0 | 69.8 | 56.3 | 52.8 | 2.5 | 74.4 | 55.3 |
≥ 12 | 1,109 | 9.6 | 53.0 | 18.9 | 70.7 | 56.0 | 53.1 | 3.6 | 73.6 | 55.3 |
Race/color (self-atributed)*
| ||||||||||
White | 5,868 | 48.7 | 49.4 | 2.4 | 74.7 | 53.0 | 51.2 | 2.9 | 76.0 | 53.8 |
Brown | 4,801 | 39.8 | 49.3 | 5.0 | 72.5 | 52.7 | 51.0 | -1.1 | 76.9 | 53.8 |
Black | 1,389 | 11.5 | 49.2 | 8.6 | 67.3 | 52.7 | 50.9 | 8.0 | 74.3 | 53.2 |
Number of chronic conditions
| ||||||||||
0 | 4,554 | 36.7 | 54.9 | 9.7 | 71.0 | 57.5 | 54.0 | 5.9 | 76.9 | 55.9 |
1 | 3,035 | 24.4 | 50.3 | 8.6 | 74.7 | 53.4 | 52.1 | 2.5 | 74.4 | 54.0 |
2 | 1,996 | 16.1 | 46.4 | 2.4 | 70.7 | 48.3 | 50.4 | 3.6 | 76.5 | 53.0 |
≥ 3 | 2,837 | 22.8 | 41.3 | 6.3 | 69.8 | 41.3 | 45.7 | -1.1 | 75.5 | 47.4 |
Total | 12,423 | 100.0 | 49.3 | 2.4 | 74.7 | 52.9 | 51.1 | -1.1 | 76.9 | 53.7 |
Characteristics of the Scales
Scale | SF-36 Item | Mean (CI 95%) |
---|---|---|
Physical functioning (PF) | 3A. Vigorous activities, such as running, lifting heavy objects, or participating in strenuous sports | 2.28 (2.27 - 2.29) |
3B. Moderate activities, such as moving a table, pushing a vacuum cleaner, dancing ou swimming | 2.48 (2.46 - 2.49) | |
3C. Lifting or carrying groceries | 2.49 (2.47 - 2.50) | |
3D. Climbing several flights of stairs | 2.44 (2.42 - 2.45) | |
3E. Climbing one flight of stairs | 2.54 (2.53 - 2.56) | |
3F. Bending, kneeling, or stooping | 2.50 (2.48 - 2.51) | |
3G. Walking more than a kilometer | 2.49 (2.48 - 2.51) | |
3H. Walking several hubdreds of meters | 2.53 (2.51 - 2.54) | |
3I. Walking one hundred meters | 2.61 (2.60 - 2.62) | |
3J. Bathing or dressing oneself | 2.74 (2.73 - 2.75) | |
Role physical (RF) | 4A. Cut down the amount of time one spent on work or other activities | 4.11 (4.09 - 4.13) |
4B. Accomplished less than you would like | 4.06 (4.04 - 4.09) | |
4C. Limited in kind of work or other activites | 4.11 (4.09 - 4.14) | |
4D. Had difficulty performing work or other activities (i.g., took extra effort) | 4.11 (4.09 - 4.13) | |
Bodily pain (BP) | 7. Intensity of bodily pain | 4.60 (4.58 - 4.63) |
8. Extent pain interfered with normal work | 5.07 (5.05 - 5.10) | |
General health (GH) | 1A. Is your health: excellent, very good, good, fair, poor. | 3.05 (3.03 - 3.07) |
11A. Seem to get sick a little easier than other people | 4.14 (4.12 - 4.16) | |
11B. As healthy as anybody I know | 3.93 (3.91 - 3.96) | |
11C. Expect my health to get worse | 4.05 (4.03 - 4.08) | |
11D. Health is excellent | 3.86 (3.84 - 3.89) | |
Vitality (VT) | 9A. Feel full of life | 4.10 (4.08 - 4.12) |
9E. Have a lot of energy | 3.97 (3.95 - 3.99) | |
9G. Feel worn out | 3.93 (3.91 - 3.95) | |
9I. Feel tired | 3.50 (3.48 - 3.52) | |
Social functioning (SF) | 6. Extent health problems interfered with normal social activities | 4.42 (4.40 - 3.42) |
10. Frequency health problems interfered with social activities | 4.29 (4.27 - 4.31) | |
Role emotional (RE) | 5A. Cut down the amount of time one spent on work or other activities | 4.25 (4.23 - 4.27) |
5B. Accomplished less than you would like | 4.22 (4.20 - 4.24) | |
5C. Did work or other activities less carefully than usual | 4.34 (4.32 - 4.36) | |
Mental health (MH) | 9B. Been very nervous | 3.53 (3.51 - 3.55) |
9C. Felt so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up | 4.22 (4.20 - 4.24) | |
9D. Felt calm and peaceful | 3.77 (3.75 - 3.79) | |
9F. Felt downhearted and depressed | 4.11 (4.09 - 4.13) | |
9H. Been happy | 4.27 (4.25 - 4.29) | |
Health transition
| 2.How health is now compared to 1 year ago | 2.90 (2.88 - 2.91) |
PF | RP | BP | GH | VT | SF | RE | MH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reliability* | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.94 | 0.78 |
Standard deviation | 13.36 | 11.92 | 11.68 | 11.42 | 11.05 | 10.48 | 12.99 | 12.03 |
Skewness | -1.10 | -1.12 | -1.01 | -0.87 | -0.76 | -1.45 | -1.42 | -0.88 |
Kurtosis | -0.11 | -0.02 | -0.09 | -0.04 | 0.10 | 1.20 | 0.93 | 0.30 |
Ceiling (%) | 44.90 | 53.30 | 43.30 | 5.50 | 13.40 | 58.50 | 60.60 | 14.90 |
Floor (%) | 3.90 | 3.80 | 1.40 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 3.10 | 0.20 |
Item internal consistency#
| 0.61-0.87 | 0.90-0.92 | 0.72 | 0.50-0.69 | 0.48-0.55 | 0. 58 | 0.84-0.91 | 0.47-0.62 |
Item discriminant validity&
| 0.06-0.50 | 0.14-0.66 | 0.18-0.58 | 0.15-0.46 | 0.12-0.62 | 0.23-0.58 | 0.16-0.66 | 0.06-0.62 |
Scale | Hypothesized associations | Correlations with components | Relative validity | Variance explained | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical
|
Mental
|
Physical
|
Mental
|
Physical
|
Mental
|
Total
|
Reliable
| |
Physical functioning
| 0.85 | 0.17 | 0.77 | 0.12 | 0.83 | 0.02 | 0.60 | 0.63 |
Role physical
| 0.75 | 0.44 | 0.84 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.76 | 0.79 |
Bodily pain
| 0.73 | 0.38 | 0.62 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.21 | 0.55 | 0.66 |
General health
| 0.66 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.59 | 0.34 | 0.44 | 0.59 | 0.74 |
Vitality
| 0.44 | 0.73 | 0.28 | 0.85 | 0.11 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 1.00 |
Social functioning
| 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.49 | 0.56 | 0.30 | 0.64 | 0.87 |
Role emotional
| 0.44 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.29 | 0.80 | 0.11 | 0.65 | 0.69 |
Mental health
| 0.23 | 0.85 | 0.16 | 0.89 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.82 | 1.00 |
PF | RP | BP | GH | VT | SF | RE | MH | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N°
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
| |
Depression
| |||||||||
Yes | 9,975 | 47.4 (0.1) | 48.8 (0.1) | 53.4 (0.1) | 50.7 (0.1) | 58.0 (0.1) | 51.0 (0.1) | 48.5 (0.1) | 51.4 (0.1) |
No | 1,451 | 41.9 (0.3) | 43.4 (0.3) | 45.0 (0.3) | 42.5 (0.3) | 48.8 (0.3) | 42.3 (0.3) | 40.1 (0.3) | 38.8 (0.3) |
F* | 251.9 | 300.5 | 741.9 | 779.7 | 989.0 | 1005.2 | 603.9 | 1603.5 | |
RV | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.38 | 1.00 | |
Number of chronic conditions
| |||||||||
0 | 4,193 | 50.4 (0.2) | 51.3 (0.2) | 57.7 (0.2) | 54.2 (0.2) | 60.6 (0.2) | 53.1 (0.2) | 50.6 (0.2) | 53.6 (0.2) |
1 | 2,783 | 47.9 (0.2) | 48.8 (0.2) | 53.3 (0.2) | 50.6 (0.2) | 58.1 (0.2) | 50.7 (0.2) | 48.4 (0.2) | 51.0 (0.2) |
2 | 1,842 | 44.7 (0.3) | 47.2 (0.3) | 49.8 (0.2) | 47.5 (0.2) | 55.3 (0.2) | 48.8 (0.2) | 46.6 (0.3) | 48.2 (0.3) |
3 | 2,608 | 40.8 (0.2) | 42.9 (0.2) | 44.5 (0.2) | 42.8 (0.2) | 50.6 (0.2) | 44.6 (0.2) | 41.9 (0.2) | 43.6 (0.2) |
F* | 324.4 | 270.0 | 762.0 | 590.6 | 446.0 | 357.8 | 233.4 | 361.7 | |
RV | 0.43 | 0.35 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.59 | 0.47 | 0.31 | 0.47 |
PF | RP | BP | GH | VT | SF | RE | MH | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
| ||
Sex
| |||||||||
Male | 5,255 | 48.4 (0.2) | 49.3 (0.2) | 54.2 (0.2) | 50.9 (0.2) | 58.8 (0.1) | 51.1 (0.1) | 48.8 (0.2) | 52.0 (0.2) |
Female | 7,168 | 45.5 (0.2) | 47.1 (0.1) | 50.9 (0.1) | 48.8 (0.1) | 55.3 (0.1) | 48.9 (0.1) | 46.3 (0.2) | 48.1 (0.1) |
F adjusted for age | 144.5 | 99.4 | 260.0 | 102.9 | 324.0 | 146.6 | 113.3 | 325.5 | |
p value | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
RV | 0.44 | 0.31 | 0.80 | 0.32 | 0.99 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 1.0 | |
Age groups (years)
| |||||||||
18-39 | 3,609 | 52.4 (0.2) | 52.2 (0.2) | 56.2 (0.2) | 54.0 (0.2) | 59.3 (0.2) | 52.7 (0.2) | 50.9 (0.2) | 51.1 (0.2) |
40-64 | 5,647 | 46.8 (0.2) | 48.1 (0.1) | 51.7 (0.1) | 49.2 (0.1) | 56.8 (0.1) | 49.8 (0.1) | 47.4 (0.2) | 49.7 (0.2) |
≥ 65 | 2,170 | 38.0 (0.3) | 42.2 (0.2) | 48.6 (0.2) | 44.6 (0.2) | 54.4 (0.2) | 46.1 (0.2) | 42.8 (0.3) | 49.3 (0.2) |
F adjusted for sex | 911.0 | 525.2 | 344.8 | 518.8 | 141.9 | 296.2 | 285.1 | 21.9 | |
p value | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
RV | 1.00 | 0.58 | 0.38 | 0.57 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.02 | |
Years of schooling
| |||||||||
0 | 1,823 | 43.9 (0.3) | 44.2 (0.3) | 49.9 (0.3) | 45.7 (0.3) | 54.2 (0.3) | 47.5 (0.2) | 44.0 (0.3) | 46.7 (0.3) |
1-4 | 3,363 | 45.8 (0.2) | 47.7 (0.2) | 51.6 (0.2) | 48.6 (0.2) | 56.6 (0.2) | 49.5 (0.2) | 47.1 (0.2) | 49.1 (0.2) |
5-8 | 2,266 | 47.1 (0.3) | 48.5 (0.2) | 52.1 (0.2) | 49.9 (0.2) | 56.9 (0.2) | 50.2 (0.2) | 47.7 (0.3) | 49.9 (0.2) |
9-11 | 2,136 | 48.7 (0.3) | 49.9 (0.2) | 54.0 (0.2) | 52.0 (0.2) | 58.3 (0.2) | 51.5 (0.2) | 49.2 (0.3) | 51.8 (0.3) |
≥ 12 | 1,053 | 49.6 (0.4) | 51.1 (0.3) | 54.5 (0.3) | 53.7 (0.3) | 58.6 (0.3) | 51.1 (0.3) | 50.0 (0.4) | 52.6 (0.4) |
F adjusted for age | 62.1 | 77.1 | 39.5 | 117.1 | 39.1 | 37.2 | 49.0 | 56.7 | |
p value | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
RV | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.48 | |
Race/color | |||||||||
White | 5,501 | 46.9 (0.2) | 48.8 (0.1) | 52.5 (0.1) | 50.5 (0.1) | 57.0 (0.1) | 50.1 (0.1) | 47.9 (0.2) | 50.0 (0.2) |
Brown | 4,360 | 46.5 (0.2) | 47.5 (0.2) | 52.1 (0.2) | 49.0 (0.2) | 57.0 (0.2) | 49.8 (0.1) | 47.1 (0.2) | 49.6 (0.2) |
Black | 1,248 | 46.2 (0.3) | 47.5 (0.3) | 52.3 (0.3) | 48.7 (0.3) | 56.3 (0.3) | 49.4 (0.3) | 47.1 (0.3) | 49.6 (0.30 |
F adjusted for age | 1.8 | 19.5 | 1.5 | 29.8 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 5.6 | 1.2 | |
p value | 0.16 | <0.01 | 0.21 | <0.01 | 0.17 | 0.03 | <0.01 | 0.30 | |
RV | 0.06 | 0.65 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.04 |