nach oben

Arthritis Research & Therapy

Erschienen in:

01.02.2000 | Review

Death, autoantigen modifications, and tolerance

verfasst von: Paul J Utz,, Timothy J Gensler, Paul Anderson

Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Ausgabe 2/2000

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Autoantibodies present in the serum of patients with a variety of inflammatory diseases have proven useful as diagnostic markers and as probes with which to elucidate biochemical and signaling pathways. The mechanisms governing the generation of autoantibodies remain elusive, constituting a critical missing link in our understanding of rheumatologic illnesses. Several lines of experimentation in recent years have strongly implicated events surrounding cell death in this process. This review will address the potential role played by death-specific modifications of autoantigens in bypassing tolerance to highly conserved autoantigens, including nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins.

Rosen A, Casciola-Rosen LA: Autoantigens as substrates for apoptotic proteases: implications for the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune disease. Cell Death Differ. 1999, 6: 6-12. 10.1038/sj/cdd/4400460.PubMed

Utz PJ, Anderson P: Posttranslational modifications, apoptosis, and bypass of tolerance to autoantigens. Arthritis Rheum. 1998, 41: 1152-1160.PubMed

Casciola-Rosen LA, Rosen A: Ultraviolet light-induced keratinocyte apoptosis: a potential mechanism for the induction of skin lesions and autoantibody production in LE. Lupus. 1997, 6: 175-180.PubMed

Levine J, Koh J: The role of apoptosis in autoimmunity:immunogen, antigen, and accelerant. Semin Nephrol. 1999, 19: 34-47.PubMed

Levine J, Koh J, Subang R, Rauch J: Apoptotic cells as immunogen and antigen in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Exp Mol Pathol. 1999, 66: 82-98. 10.1006/exmp.1999.2243.PubMed

Mason L, Isenberg D: Immunopathogenesis of SLE. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1998, 12: 385-403.PubMed

O'Reilly L, Strasser A: Apoptosis and autoimmune disease. Inflamm Res. 1999, 48: 5-21. 10.1007/s000110050370.PubMed

Tan EM: Autoimmunity and apoptosis. J Exp Med. 1994, 179: 1083-1086.PubMed

LeFeber WP, Norris DA, Ryan SR: Ultraviolet light induces binding of antibodies to selected nuclear antigens on cultured keratinocytes. J Clin Invest. 1984, 74: 1545-1551.PubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Golan TD, Elkon KB, Gharavi AE, Krueger JG: Enhanced membranebinding of autoantibodies to cultured keratinocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients after ultraviolet B/ultraviolet A irradiation. J Clin Invest. 1992, 90: 1067-1076.PubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Kerr J, Wyllie A, Currie A: Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer. 1972, 26: 239-257.PubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Casciola-Rosen LA, Anhalt G, Rosen A: Autoantigens targeted insystemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface blebs on cultured keratinocytes. J Exp Med. 1994, 179: 1317-1330.PubMed

13.

Casciola-Rosen LA, Rosen A, Petri M, Schlissel M: Surface blebs on apoptotic cells are sites of enhanced procoagulant activity: implications for coagulation events and antigenic spread in systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 1624-1629.PubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Rosen A, Casciola-Rosen LA, Ahearn J: Novel packages of viral and self-antigens are generated during apoptosis. J Exp Med. 1995, 181: 1557-1561.PubMed

15.

Korb L, Ahearn J: C1q binds directly and specifically to surface blebs of apoptotic human keratinocytes. J Immunol. 1997, 158: 4525-4528.PubMed

16.

Gilligan H, Bredy B, Brady H: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies interact with primary granule constituents on the surface of apoptotic neutrophils in the absence of neutrophil priming. J Exp Med. 1996, 184: 2231-2241.PubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Degen WGJ, Pruijn GJM, van Venrooij WJ: Caspase-dependentcleavage of nucleic acids. Cell Death Differ 2000 (in press). 2000, (in press).

18.

von Mühlen CA, Tan EM: Autoantibodies in the diagnosis of systemic rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1995, 24: 323-358.PubMed

19.

Rumore P, Steinman C: Endogenous circulating DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. Occurence as multimeric complexes bound to histone. J Clin Invest. 1990, 86: 69-74.PubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Kanai Y, Kyuwa S, Miura K, Kurosawa Y: Induction and natural occurence of serum nucleosomal DNA in autoimmune MRL/lpr/lpr mice: its relation to apoptosis in the thymus. Immunol Lett. 1995, 46: 207-214.PubMed

21.

Bell D, Morrison B: The spontaneous apoptotic cell death of normal human lymphocytes in vitro: the release of, and immunoproliferative response to, nucleosomes in vitro. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1991, 60: 13-26.PubMed

22.

Emlen W, Niebur J, Kadera R: Accelerated in vitro apoptosis of lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 1994, 152: 3685-3692.PubMed

23.

Itescu S: Rheumatic aspects of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1996, 8: 346-353.PubMed

24.

Holdenrieder S, Stieber P, Förg T: Apoptosis in serum of patients with solid tumours. Anticancer Res. 1999, 19: 2721-2724.PubMed

25.

Zhang J, Chan E, Peng X, Tan EM: A novel cytoplasmic protein with RNA-binding motifs is an autoantigen in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Exp Med. 1999, 189: 1101-1110.PubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Tureci O, Sahin U, Zwick C, Neumann F, Pfreundschuh M: Exploitation of the antibody repertoire of cancer patients for the identification of human tumor antigens. Hybridoma. 1999, 18: 23-28.PubMed

27.

Rattner J, Rees J, Whitehead C: High frequency of neoplasia in patients with autoantibodies to centromere protein CENP-F. Clin Invest Med. 1997, 20: 308-319.PubMed

28.

Scanlan M, Gordan J, Williamson B: Antigens recognized by autologous antibody in patients with renal-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1999, 83: 456-464. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991112)83:4<456::AID-IJC4>3.3.CO;2-X.PubMed

29.

Cabrespines A, Laderach D, Lebosse C, Bach J, Koutouzov S: Isolation and characterization of apoptotic nucleosomes, free and complexed with lupus autoantibody generated during hybridoma B-cell apoptosis. J Autoimmun. 1998, 11: 19-27. 10.1006/jaut.1997.0172.PubMed

30.

Huck S, Deveaud E, Namane A, Zouali M: Abnormal DNA methylation and deoxycytosine-deoxyguanine content in nucleosomes from lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis. FASEB J. 1999, 13: 1415-1422.PubMed

31.

Lafarga M, Lerga A, Andres M: Apoptosis induced by methylazoxymethanol in developing rat cerebellum: organization of the cell nucleus and its relationship to DNA and rRNA degradation. Cell Tissue Res. 1997, 289: 25-38.PubMed

32.

Crawford D, Lauzon R, Wang Y: 16S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA degradation is associated with apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997, 22: 1295-1300.PubMed

33.

Utz PJ, Hottelet M, van Venrooij WJ, Anderson P: The 72 kDa component of the signal recognition particle is cleaved during apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 1998, 273: 35299-35361.

34.

Brockstedt E, Rickers A, Kostka S: Identification of apoptosis-associated proteins in a human Burkitt lymphoma cell line. Cleavage of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 by caspase 3. J Biol Chem. 1998, 273: 28057-28064.PubMed

35.

Rutjes S, van der Heijden A, Utz PJ, van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJM: Nucleolytic degradation of the small cytoplasmic Y RNAs during apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 24799-24807.PubMed

36.

Degen WGJ, van Aarssen Y, Pruijn GJM, Utz PJ, van Venrooij WJ: The fate of the U1 small nuclear RNP complex during anti-Fas induced apoptosis: specific cleavage of the U1 snRNA molecule. Cell Death Differ. 2000, 7: 70-80. 10.1038/sj/cdd/4400617.PubMed

37.

Nicholson D, Thornberry N: Caspases: killer proteases. Trends Biol Sci. 1997, 22: 299-306.

38.

Casciola-Rosen LA, Miller DK, Anhalt GJ, Rosen A: Specific cleavage of the 70 kDa protein component of the U1 small nuclear riboprotein is a characteristic biochemical feature of apoptotic cell death. J Biol Chem. 1994, 269: 30757-30760.PubMed

39.

Casciola-Rosen LA, Anhalt GJ, Rosen A: DNA-dependent protein kinase is one of a subset of autoantigens specifically cleaved early during apoptosis. J Exp Med. 1995, 182: 1625-1634.PubMed

40.

Casiano CA, Martin SJ, Green DR, Tan EM: Selective cleavage of nuclear autoantigens during CD95 (Fas/Apo-1)-mediated T cell apoptosis. J Exp Med. 1996, 184: 765-770.PubMed

41.

Utz PJ, Hottelet M, Schur P, Anderson P: Proteins phosphorylated during stress-induced apoptosis are common targets for autoantibody production in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med. 1997, 185: 843-854.PubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Utz PJ, Hottelet M, van Venrooij WJ, Anderson P: Association of phosphorylated SR proteins and the U1-small nuclear ribonuclear protein autoantigen complex accompanies apoptotic cell death. J Exp Med. 1998, 187: 547-560.PubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Fu XD: The superfamily of arginine/serine-rich splicing factors. RNA. 1995, 1: 663-680.PubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Gui J, Lane W, Fu XD: A serine kinase regulates intracellular localization of splicing factors in the cell cycle. Nature. 1994, 369: 678-682.PubMed

45.

Gui J, Tronchere H, Chandler S, Fu XD: Purification and characterization of a serine kinase specific for the serine- and arginine-rich pre-mRNA splicing factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1994, 91: 10824-10828.PubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Wang H, Lin W, Dyck J: SRPK2: a differentially expressed SR protein-specific kinase involved in mediating the interaction and localization of pre-mRNA splicing factors in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol. 1998, 140: 737-750.PubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Colwill K, Feng L, Yeakley J: SRPK1 and Clk/Sty protein kinases show distinct substrate specificities for serine/arginine-rich splicing factors. J Biol Chem. 1996, 271: 24569-24575.PubMed

48.

Rossi F, Labourier E, Forne T: Specific phosphorylation of SR proteins by mammalian DNA topoisomerase I. Nature. 1996, 381: 80-82.PubMed

49.

Samejima K, Svingen P, Basi G: Caspase-mediated cleavage of DNA topoisomerase I at unconventional sites during apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 4335-4340.PubMed

50.

Stetler D, Jacob S: Phosphorylation of RNA polymerase I augments its interaction with autoantibodies of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Biol Chem. 1984, 259: 13629-13632.PubMed

51.

Casciola-Rosen LA, Andrade F, Ulanet D, Wong W, Rosen A: Cleavage by granzyme B is strongly predictive of autoantigen status. Implications for initiation of autoimmunity. J Exp Med . 1999, 190: 815-826.PubMedPubMedCentral

52.

van Stipdonk M, Willems A, Amor S: T cells discriminate between differentially phosphorylated forms of alpha B-crystallin, a major central nervous system myelin antigen. Int Immunol. 1998, 10: 943-950.PubMed

53.

Ito H, Okamoto K, Nakayama H, Isobe T, Kato K: Phosphorylation of alpha B-crystallin in response to various types of stress. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272: 29934-29941.PubMed

54.

Rutjes SA, Utz PJ, Broekhuis C: The La (SS-B) autoantigen, a key protein in RNA biogenesis, is dephosphorylated and cleaved early during apoptosis. Cell Death Diff. 1999, 6: 976-986.

55.

Bokoch G: Caspasemediated activation of PAK2 during apopto-sis: proteolytic kinase activation as a general mechanism of apoptotic signal transduction. Cell Death Differ. 1998, 5: 637-645. 10.1038/sj/cdd/4400405.PubMed

56.

Santoro M, Annand R, Robertson M: Regulation of protein phosphatase 2A activity by caspase-3 during apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 1998, 273: 13119-13128.PubMed

57.

Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS: Transient Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins and role of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in the early stages of apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 1998, 273: 13703-13712.PubMed

58.

Piacentini M, Colizzi V: Tissue transglutaminase: apoptosis versus autoimmunity. Immunol Today. 1999, 20: 130-134.PubMed

59.

Fabbi M, Marimpietri D, Martini S: Tissue transglutaminase is a caspase substrate during apoptosis. Cleavage causes loss of transamidating function and is a biochemical marker of caspase 3 activation. Cell Death Differ. 1999, 6: 992-1001. 10.1038/sj/cdd/4400573.PubMed

60.

Biagi F, Ellis H, Yiannakou J: Tissue transglutaminase antibodies in celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol . 1999, 94: 2187-2191.PubMed

61.

Molberg O, McAdam S, Korner R: Tissue transglutaminase selectively modifies gliadin peptides that are recognized by gut-derived T cells in celiac disease. Nature Med. 1998, 4: 713-717.PubMed

62.

Marushige Y, Marushige K: Disappearance of ubiquitinated histone H2A during chromatin condensation in TGFβ 1-induced apoptosis. Anticancer Res. 1995, 15: 267-272.PubMed

63.

Elouaai F, Lule J, Benoist H: Autoimmunity to histones, ubiquitin, and ubiquitinated histone H2A in NZB X NZW and MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Anti-histone antibodies are concentrated in glomerular eluates of lupus mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995, 9: 362-366.

64.

Nakajima T, Kimura M, Kuroda K: Induction of ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity for degradation of topoisomerase II alpha during adenovirus E1A-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997, 239: 823-829. 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7561.PubMed

65.

Fujimoto M, Sato S, Ihn H: Antiubiquitin antibody in localised and systemic scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis . 1996, 55: 399-402.PubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Schellekens G, de Jong B, van den Hoogen F, van de Putte LBA, van Venrooij WJ: Citrulline is an essential constituent of antigenic determinants recognized by rheumatoid arthritis-specific auto-antibodies. J Clin Invest. 1998, 101: 273-281.PubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Asaga H, Yamada M, Senshu T: Selective deimination of vimentin in calcium ionophore-induced apoptosis of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998, 243: 641-646. 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8148.PubMed

68.

Mizoguchi M, Manabe M, Kawamura Y: Deimination of 70-kD nuclear protein during epidermal apoptotic events in vitro. J Histochem Cytochem. 1998, 46: 1303-1309.PubMed

69.

Andrade F, Roy S, Nicholson D: Granzyme B directly and efficiently cleaves several downstream caspase substrates: implications for CTL-induced apoptosis. Immunity. 1998, 8: 451-460.PubMed

70.

Pasternack M, Bleier K, McInerney T: Granzyme A binding to target cell proteins. Granzyme A binds to and cleaves nucleolin in vitro. J Biol Chem. 1991, 266: 14703-14708.PubMed

71.

Casciola-Rosen LA, Wigley F, Rosen A: Scleroderma autoantigensare uniquely fragmented by metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions: implications for pathogenesis. J Exp Med. 1997, 185: 71-79.PubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Hultman P, Enestrom S, Pollard KM, Tan EM: Anti-fibrillarin antibodies in mercury treated mice. Clin Exp Immunol. 1989, 78: 470-477.PubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Hultman P, Bell L, Enestom S, Pollard KM: Murine susceptibility to mercury. I. Autoantibody profiles and systemic immune deposits in inbred, congenic, and intra-H-2 recombinant strains. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1992, 65: 98-109.PubMed

74.

Takeuchi K, Turley S, Tan EM, Pollard KM: Analysis of the autoanti-body response to fibrillarin in human disease and murine models of autoimmunity. J Immunol. 1995, 154: 961-971.PubMed

75.

Pollard KM, Lee D, Casiano C: The autoimmunity-inducing xenobiotic mercury interacts with the autoantigen fibrillarin and modifies its molecular and antigenic properties. J Immunol. 1997, 158: 3521-3528.PubMed

76.

Casiano C, Ochs R, Tan EM: Distinct cleavage products of nuclear proteins in apoptosis and necrosis revealed by autoantibody probes. Cell Death Diff. 1998, 5: 183-190.

77.

Ali N, Siddiqui A: The La antigen binds 5' noncoding region of the hepatitis C virus RNA in the context of the initiator AUG codon and stimulates internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 2249-2254.PubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Meerovitch K, Pelletier J, Sonenberg N: A cellular protein that binds to the 5'-noncoding region of poliovirus RNA: implications for internal translation initiation. Genes Dev. 1989, 3: 1026-1034.PubMed

79.

Chang Y, Kenan D, Keene J, Gatignol A, Jeang K: Direct interactions between autoantigen La and human immunodeficiency virus leader RNA. J Virol. 1995, 68: 7008-7020.

80.

Lerner M, Andrews N, Miller G, Steitz J: Two small RNAs encoded by Epstein–Barr virus and complexed with protein are precipitated by antibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981, 78: 805-809.PubMedPubMedCentral

81.

James J, Kaufman K, Farris A: An increased prevalence of Epstein–Barr virus infection in young patients suggests a possible etiology for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest. 1997, 100: 3019-3026.PubMedPubMedCentral

82.

Bruni R, Roizman B: Open reading frame P-a herpes simplex virus gene repressed during productive infection encodes a protein that binds a splicing factor and reduces synthesis of viral proteins made from spliced mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 10423-10427.PubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Sandri-Goldin R, Hibbard M: The herpes simplex virus type 1 regulatory protein ICP27 coimmunoprecipitates with anti-Sm antiserum, and the C terminus appears to be required for this interaction. J Virol . 1996, 70: 108-118.PubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Shiroki K, Isoyama T, Kuge S: Intracellular redistribution of truncated La protein produced by poliovirus 3Cpro-mediated cleavage. J Virol. 1999, 73: 2193-2200.PubMedPubMedCentral

85.

Honer B, Shoeman R, Traub P: Degradation of cytoskeletal proteins by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease. Cell Biol Int Rep. 1992, 16: 603-612.PubMed

86.

Falk M, Grigera P, Bergmann I: Foot-and-mouth disease virus protease 3C induces specific proteolytic cleavage of host cell histone H3. J Virol. 1990, 64: 748-756.PubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Mevorach D, Zhou J, Song X, Elkon K: Systemic exposure to irradiated apoptotic cells induces autoantibody production. J Exp Med. 1998, 188: 387-392.PubMedPubMedCentral

88.

Botto M, Dell'Agnola C, Bygrave A: Homozygous C1q deficiency causes glomerulonephritis associated with multiple apoptotic bodies. Nature Genet. 1998, 19: 56-59.PubMed

89.

Albert M, Pearce S, Francisco L: Immature dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via alphavbeta5 and CD36 and cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 1998, 188: 1359-1368.PubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Albert M, Sauter B, Bhardwaj N: Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs. Nature. 1998, 392: 86-89.PubMed

91.

Srivastava P, Menoret A, Basu S, Binder R, McQuade K: Heat shock proteins come of age: primitive functions acquire new roles in an adaptive world. Immunity. 1998, 8: 657-665.PubMed

92.

Behan W, Behan P: The role of viral infection in polymyositis, dermatomyositis and chronic fatigue syndrome. Baillieres Clin Neurol. 1993, 2: 637-657.PubMed

93.

Hohlfeld R, Engel A, Goebels N, Behrens L: Cellular immune mechanisms in inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1997, 9: 520-526.PubMed

94.

Craft J, Fatenejad S: Self antigens and epitope spreading in systemic autoimmunity. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 1374-1382.PubMed

95.

Kayalar C, Ord T, Testa M, Zhong L-T, Bredesen D: Cleavage of actin by interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme to reverse DNase I inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 2234-2238.PubMedPubMedCentral

96.

Casciola-Rosen LA, Nicholson D, Chong T: Apopain/CPP32 cleaves proteins that are essential for cellular repair: a fundamental principle of apoptotic death. J Exp Med . 1996, 183: 1957-1964.PubMed

97.

Marin S, O'Brien G, Nishioka W: Proteolysis of fodrin (nonerythroid spectrin) during apoptosis. J Biol Chem . 1995, 270: 6425-6428.

98.

Steiner G, Skriner K, Smolen J: Autoantibodies to the A/B proteins of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex: novel tools for the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. Int Arch Allergy Immunol . 1996, 111: 314-319.PubMed

99.

Waterhouse N, Kumar S, Song Q: Heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins C1 and C2, components of the spliceosome, are specific targets of interleukin 1β -converting enzyme-like proteases in apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 1996, 271: 29335-29341.PubMed

100.

Prasad S, Soldatenkov V, Srinivasarao G, Dritschilo A: Identification of keratins 18, 19 and heat-shock protein 90 beta as candidate substrates of proteolysis during ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis of estrogen-receptor negative breast tumor cells. Int J Oncol. 1998, 13: 757-764.PubMed

101.

Caulin C, Salvesen G, Oshima R: Caspase cleavage of keratin 18 and reorganization of intermediate filaments during epithelial cell apoptosis. J Cell Biol. 1997, 138: 1379-1394.PubMedPubMedCentral

102.

Orth K, Chinnaiyan A, Garg M, Froelich C, Dixit V: The CED-3/ICE-like protease Mch2 is activated during apoptosis and cleaves the death substrate lamin A. J Biol Chem. 1996, 271: 16443-16446.PubMed

103.

Takahashi A, Alnemri E, Lazebnik Y: Cleavage of lamin A by Mch2 alpha but not CPP32: multiple interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme-related proteases with distinct substrate recognition properties are active in apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 8395-8400.PubMedPubMedCentral

104.

Morishima N: Changes in nuclear morphology during apoptosis correlate with vimentin cleavage by different caspases located either upstream or downstream of Bcl-2 action. Genes Cells. 1999, 4: 401-414.PubMed

105.

Minota S, Jarjour W, Suzuki N: Autoantibodies to nucleolin in systemic lupus erythematosus and other diseases. J Immunol. 1991, 146: 2249-2252.PubMed

106.

Hirata H, Takahashi A, Kobayashi S: Caspases are activated in a branched protease cascade and control distinct downstream processes in Fas-induced apoptosis. J Exp Med. 1998, 187: 587-600.PubMedPubMedCentral

107.

Gu Y, Sarnecki C, Aldape R, Livingston D, Su M: Cleavage of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by interleukin-1β converting enzyme and its homologs TX and Nedd-2. J Biol Chem. 1995, 270: 18715-18718.PubMed

108.

Lazebnik Y, Kaufmann S, Desnoyers S, Poirier G, Earnshaw W: Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by a proteinase with properties like ICE. Nature. 1994, 371: 346-347.PubMed

109.

Takeda Y, Caudell P, Grady G: Human RNA helicase A is a lupus autoantigen that is cleaved during apoptosis. J Immunol. 1999, 163: 6269-6274.PubMed

110.

Rickers A, Peters N, Badock V: Cleavage of transcription factor SP1 by caspases during anti-IgM-induced B-cell apoptosis. Eur J Biochem. 1999, 261: 269-274.PubMed

111.

Alcover A, Molano J, Renart J: Antibodies to vimentin intermediate filaments in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1984, 27: 922-928.PubMed

112.

Akoglu T, Kozakoglu H, Akoglu E: Antibody to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton in patients with Behçet's disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1986, 41: 427-432.PubMed

113.

Kurki P, Helve T, Virtanen I: Antibodies to cytoplasmic intermediate filaments in rheumatic diseases. J Rheumatol. 1983, 10: 558-562.PubMed

114.

Leibovitch L, George J, Levi Y, Bakimer R, Shoenfeld Y: Anti-actin antibodies in sera from patients with autoimmune liver diseases and patients with carcinomas by ELISA. Immunol Lett. 1995, 48: 129-132.PubMed

115.

Houge G, Robaye B, Eikhom T: Fine mapping of 28S rRNA sites specifically cleaved in cells undergoing apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol. 1995, 15: 2051-2062.PubMedPubMedCentral

116.

Meliconi R, Bestagno M, Sturani C: Autoantibodies to DNA topoisomerase II in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and connective tissue disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 1989, 76: 184-189.PubMedPubMedCentral

117.

Haralambous S, Blackwell C, Mappouras D: Increased natural autoantibody activity to cytoskeleton proteins in sera from patients with necrobiosis lipoidica, with and without insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Autoimmunity. 1995, 20: 267-275.PubMed

118.

Adyel F, Hentati B, Boulila A: Characterization of autoantibody activities in sera anti-DNA antibody and circulating immune complexes from 12 systemic lupus patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 1996, 10: 451-457. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2825(1996)10:6<451::AID-JCLA24>3.3.CO;2-R.PubMed

Titel: Death, autoantigen modifications, and tolerance
verfasst von: Paul J Utz,
Timothy J Gensler
Paul Anderson
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2000
Verlag: BioMed Central
Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy / Ausgabe 2/2000
Elektronische ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/ar75

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Echinokokkose medikamentös behandeln oder operieren?

06.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Therapie von Echinokokkosen sollte immer in spezialisierten Zentren erfolgen. Eine symptomlose Echinokokkose kann – egal ob von Hunde- oder Fuchsbandwurm ausgelöst – konservativ erfolgen. Wenn eine Op. nötig ist, kann es sinnvoll sein, vorher Zysten zu leeren und zu desinfizieren.

Umsetzung der POMGAT-Leitlinie läuft

03.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Seit November 2023 gibt es evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren (POMGAT) auf S3-Niveau. Vieles wird schon entsprechend der Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Wo es im Alltag noch hapert, zeigt eine Umfrage in einem Klinikverbund.

Proximale Humerusfraktur: Auch 100-Jährige operieren?

01.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Mit dem demographischen Wandel versorgt auch die Chirurgie immer mehr betagte Menschen. Von Entwicklungen wie Fast-Track können auch ältere Menschen profitieren und bei proximaler Humerusfraktur können selbst manche 100-Jährige noch sicher operiert werden.

Die „Zehn Gebote“ des Endokarditis-Managements

30.04.2024 Endokarditis Leitlinie kompakt

Worauf kommt es beim Management von Personen mit infektiöser Endokarditis an? Eine Kardiologin und ein Kardiologe fassen die zehn wichtigsten Punkte der neuen ESC-Leitlinie zusammen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2000

A revival of the B cell paradigm for rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis?

Acute-phase serum amyloid A production by rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue

Active synovial matrix metalloproteinase-2 is associated with radiographic erosions in patients with early synovitis

B cells in rheumatoid arthritis

Risk for rheumatic disease in relation to ethnicity and admixture