nach oben

Breast Cancer Research

Erschienen in:

01.04.2002 | Review

The role of cytokines in regulating estrogen synthesis: implications for the etiology of breast cancer

verfasst von: Atul Purohit, Simon P Newman, Michael J Reed

Erschienen in: Breast Cancer Research | Ausgabe 2/2002

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Cytokines, such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, have an important role in regulating estrogen synthesis in peripheral tissues, including normal and malignant breast tissues. The activities of the aromatase, estradiol 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and estrone sulfatase are all increased by IL-6 and TNF-α. Prostaglandin E₂ may also be an important regulator of aromatase activity in breast tumors. Macrophages and lymphocytes, which invade many breast tumors, are thought to be an important source of factors that can stimulate estrogen synthesis in malignant breast tissues. The co-ordinated stimulation of the activities of the enzymes that are involved in estrogen synthesis offers an explanation for the high concentrations of estrogens that are present in breast tumors.

Ackerman GE, Smith ME, Mendelson CR, MacDonald PC, Simpson ER: Aromatization of androstenedione by human adipose tissue stromal cells in monolayer culture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981, 53: 412-417.CrossRefPubMed

Miller WR, Forrest APM: Oestradiol synthesis from C19 steroids by humanbreast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1974, 33: 16-18.

Bonney RC, Reed MJ, Davidson K, Beranek PA, James VHT: The relationship between 17β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase activity and oestrogen concentrations in human breast tumours and in normal breast tissue. Clin Endocrinol. 1983, 19: 727-739.CrossRef

Blankenstein MA, Maitimu-Smeele I, Donker GH, Daroszewski J, Milewicz A: On the significance of in situ production of oestrogens in human breast cancer tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1992, 41: 891-896. 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90443-M.CrossRefPubMed

Simpson ER, Ackerman GE, Smith ME, Mendelson CR: Estrogen formation in stromal cells of adipose tissue of women: induction by glucocorticoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981, 78: 5690-5694.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sasano H, Harada N: Intratumoral aromatase in human breast, endometrial and ovarian malignancies. Endocr Rev. 1998, 19: 593-607. 10.1210/er.19.5.593.PubMed

Esteban JM, Warsi Z, Haniu M, Hall P, Shively JE, Chen S: Detection of intratumoral aromatase in breast carcinomas. Am J Pathol. 1992, 140: 337-343.PubMedPubMedCentral

Singh A, Purohit A, Duncan LJ, Mokbel K, Ghilchik MW, Reed MJ: Control of aromatase in breast tumours: the role of the immune system. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1997, 61: 185-192. 10.1016/S0960-0760(96)00201-4.CrossRefPubMed

Reed MJ, Owen AM, Lai LC, Coldham NG, Ghilchik MW, Shaikh NA, James VHT: In situ oestrone synthesis in normal breast and breast tumour tissue: effect of treatment with 4-hydroxyandrostenedione. Int J Cancer. 1989, 44: 233-237.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Miller WR: Biology of aromatase inhibitors: Pharmacology/endocrinology within the breast. Endocr-Relat Cancer. 1999, 6: 187-195.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Miller WR, O'Neill JS: The importance of local synthesis of estrogen within the breast. Steroids. 1987, 50: 537-547. 10.1016/0039-128X(87)90037-7.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Reed MJ, Coldham NG, Patel SR, Ghilchik MW, James VHT: Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in breast cyst fluid: their role in regulating aromatase activity in breast cancer cells. J Endocrinol. 1992, 132: R5-R8.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Singh A, Purohit A, Wang DY, Duncan LJ, Ghilchik MW, Reed MJ: IL-6sR: release from MCF-7 breast cancer cells and role in regulating peripheral oestrogen synthesis. J Endocrinol. 1995, 147: R9-R12.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Zhao Y, Nichols JE, Bulnn SE, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER: Aromatase P450 gene expression in human adipose tissue. J Biol Chem. 1995, 270: 16449-16457. 10.1074/jbc.270.27.16449.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Simpson ER, Mahendroo MS, Means GD, Kilgore MW, Hinshel-wood MM, Graham-Lorence S, Amarneh B, Ito Y, Fisher CR, Michael MD, Mendelson CR, Bulun SE: Aromatase cytochrome P450, the enzyme responsible for estrogen biosynthesis. Endocr Rev. 1994, 15: 342-355. 10.1210/er.15.3.342.PubMed

16.

Mahendroo MS, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER: Tissue-specific and hormonally controlled alternative promoters regulate aromatase P450 gene expression in human ovary and fetal tissue. J Biol Chem. 1993, 268: 19463-19470.PubMed

17.

Zhao Y, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER: Characterisation of the sequences of the human CYP19 (aromatase) gene that mediate regulation of glucocorticoids in adipose stromal cells and fetal hepatocytes. Mol Endocrinol. 1995, 9: 340-349. 10.1210/me.9.3.340.PubMed

18.

Agarwal V, Bulun SE, Leitch M, Rohrich R, Simpson ER: Use of alternative promoters to express the aromatase P450 (CYP19) gene in breast adipose tissues of cancer-free and breast cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996, 81: 3843-3849. 10.1210/jc.81.11.3843.PubMed

19.

Harada N, Utsumi T, Takagi Y: Tissue-specific expression of the human aromatase cytochrome P450 gene by alternative use of exons 1 and promoters, and switching of tissue-specific exons 1 in carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993, 90: 11312-11316.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Zhao Y, Agarwal VR, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER: Estrogen biosynthesis proximal to a breast tumour is stimulated by PGE₂ via cyclic AMP leading to activation of promoter II of the CYP19 (aromatase) gene. Endocrinology. 1996, 137: 5739-5742. 10.1210/en.137.12.5739.PubMed

21.

Singh A, Purohit A, Ghilchik MW, Reed MJ: The regulation of aromatase activity in breast fibroblasts: the role of interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E₂. Endocr-Relat Cancer. 1999, 6: 139-147.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Utsumi T, Yoshimura N, Takeuchi S, Maruta M, Maeda K, Harada N: Elevated steroid sulfatase expression in breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000, 73: 141-145. 10.1016/S0960-0760(00)00060-1.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Utsumi T, Yoshimura N, Takeuchi S, Ando J, Maruta M, Maeda K, Harada N: Steroid sulfatase expression is an independent predictor of recurrence in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 377-381.PubMed

24.

Purohit A, Dauvois S, Parker MG, Potter BVL, Williams GJ, Reed MJ: The hydrolysis of oestrone sulphate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate by human steroid sulphatase expressed in transfected COS-1 cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1994, 50: 101-104. 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90177-5.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Newman SP, Purohit A, Ghilchik MW, Potter BVL, Reed MJ: Regulation of steroid sulphatase expression and activity in breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000, 75: 259-264. 10.1016/S0960-0760(00)00177-1.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Luu-The V: Analysis and characteristics of multiple types of human 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001, 76: 143-151. 10.1016/S0960-0760(00)00155-2.CrossRefPubMed

27.

McNeill JM, Reed MJ, Beranek PA, Bonney RC, Ghilchik MW, Robinson DJ, James VHT: A comparison of the in vivo uptake and metabolism of ³H-oestrone and ³H-oestradiol by normal breast and breast tumour tissue in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer. 1986, 38: 205-212.CrossRef

28.

Adams EF, Rafferty B, White MC: Interleukin-6 is secreted by breast fibroblasts and stimulates 17β-oxidoreductase activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: possible paracrine regulation of 17β-oestradiol levels. Int J Cancer. 1991, 49: 118-121.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Duncan LJ, Coldham NG, Reed MJ: The interaction of cytokines in regulating oestradiol 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in MCF-7 cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1994, 49: 63-68. 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90301-8.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Singh A, Blench I, Morris HR, Savoy L-A, Reed MJ: Synergistic interaction of growth factors and albumin in regulating estrogen synthesis in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992, 85: 165-173. 10.1016/0303-7207(92)90255-5.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Simard J, Gingras S: Crucial role of cytokines in sex steroid formation in normal and tumoral tissues. Mol Cell Endcrinol. 2001, 171: 25-40. 10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00387-7.CrossRef

32.

Daynes RA, Araneo BA, Dowell TA, Huang K, Dudley D: Regulation of murine lymphokine production in vivo. J Exp Med. 1990, 171: 979-996.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Rook GAW, Hernandez-Pando R, Lightman S: Hormones, peripherally activated prohormones and regulation of Th1/Th2 balance. Immunol Today. 1994, 15: 301-303. 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90075-2.CrossRefPubMed

34.

O'Byrne KJ, Dalgleish AG: Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. Brit J Cancer. 2001, 85: 473-483. 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1943.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Wei J, Xu H, Davies JL, Hemmings GP: Increase of plasma IL-6 concentrations with age in healthy subjects. Life Sci. 1992, 51: 1953-1956. 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90112-3.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM, Yudkin JS, Klein S, Coppack SW: Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6 but not tumour necrosis factor-α, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997, 82: 4196-4200. 10.1210/jc.82.12.4196.PubMed

37.

Chen CC, David AS, Nunnerly H, Michell M, Dawson JL, Berry H, Dobbs J, Fahy T: Adverse life events and breast cancer. Br Med J. 1995, 311: 1527-1530.CrossRef

38.

Stewart T, Tsai S-CJ, Grayson H, Henderson R, Opelz G: Incidence of de-novo breast cancer in women chronically immunosuppressed after organ transplantation. Lancet. 1995, 346: 796-798. 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91618-0.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Reed MJ, Purohit A: Breast cancer and the role of cytokines in regulating estrogen synthesis: an emerging hypothesis. Endocr Rev. 1997, 18: 701-715. 10.1210/er.18.5.701.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Reed MJ, Purohit A: Aromatase regulation and breast cancer. Clin Endocrinol. 2001, 54: 563-571. 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01276.x.CrossRef

Titel: The role of cytokines in regulating estrogen synthesis: implications for the etiology of breast cancer
verfasst von: Atul Purohit
Simon P Newman
Michael J Reed
Publikationsdatum: 01.04.2002
Verlag: BioMed Central
Erschienen in: Breast Cancer Research / Ausgabe 2/2002
Elektronische ISSN: 1465-542X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr425

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

25.04.2024 | Nierenkarzinom | Nachrichten

Springer Medizin

The role of cytokines in regulating estrogen synthesis: implications for the etiology of breast cancer

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Update Onkologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2002

The utility of ductal lavage in breast cancer detection and risk assessment

The p53 pathway in breast cancer

The contribution of the environment (especially diet) to breast cancer risk

Are Trp53 rescue of Brca1 embryonic lethality and Trp53/Brca1breast cancer association related?

Mammary cancer and epithelial stem cells: a problem or a solution?

How does the estrogen receptor work?

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Update Onkologie