Background
Methods
Design and setting
Danish National Health Service Register
Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort
Statistical analysis
Results
Non-FAs | FAs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 48,623 |
N = 6,226 | |||
N
| Mean (std) |
N
| Mean (std) | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 24,123 | 1.95 (1.95) | 2,083 | 12.1 (7.90) |
Female | 24,500 | 2.73 (2.05) | 4,143 | 12.0 (6.67) |
Age | ||||
50–54 | 20,979 | 2.21 (1.99) | 2,181 | 12.1 (7.14) |
55–59 | 15,022 | 2.39 (2.06) | 2,006 | 12.2 (8.05) |
60–65 | 12,622 | 2.51 (2.09) | 2,039 | 11.8 (6.00) |
BMI | ||||
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 366 | 2.60 (2.06) | 55 | 15.6 (15.0) |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 21,438 | 2.26 (1.99) | 2,153 | 12.0 (7.49) |
Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 20,301 | 2.31 (2.04) | 2,582 | 11.8 (6.42) |
Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 6,518 | 2.70 (2.16) | 1,436 | 12.3 (7.19) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
Below the recommended weekly limit | 28,518 | 2.38 (2.06) | 4,052 | 12.4 (7.94) |
Above the recommended weekly limit | 20,105 | 2.29 (2.02) | 2,174 | 11.4 (5.17) |
Smoking status | ||||
Never | 17,299 | 2.34 (2.03) | 2,039 | 11.8 (6.77) |
Previous | 13,992 | 2.37 (2.05) | 1,834 | 11.9 (5.93) |
Current | 17,332 | 2.32 (2.04) | 2,353 | 12.3 (8.15) |
Physical activity | ||||
No leisure time physical activity | 21,982 | 2.37 (2.08) | 3,242 | 12.2 (7.59) |
Physically active in leisure time | 26,641 | 2.32 (2.01) | 2,984 | 11.8 (6.54) |
Marital status | ||||
Unmarried | 2,880 | 2.18 (2.03) | 393 | 12.4 (7.60) |
Divorced | 7,913 | 2.50 (2.08) | 1,331 | 12.4 (8.03) |
Widow/widower | 2,562 | 2.69 (2.10) | 455 | 12.3 (8.20) |
Married | 35,268 | 2.30 (2.02) | 4,047 | 11.8 (6.58) |
Occupational status | ||||
Unemployed | 9,739 | 2.82 (2.15) | 2,330 | 12.6 (8.07) |
Employed | 38,884 | 2.22 (1.99) | 3,896 | 11.7 (6.45) |
Educational status | ||||
No vocational training | 6,638 | 2.72 (2.12) | 1,466 | 12.4 (7.11) |
Higher education, <3 years | 10,878 | 2.56 (2.07) | 1,569 | 11.7 (5.39) |
Higher education, 3–4 years | 19,845 | 2.32 (2.02) | 2,278 | 12.0 (8.26) |
Higher education, >4 years | 11,262 | 1.96 (1.93) | 913 | 11.8 (6.54) |
Urbanization | ||||
Suburban | 21,695 | 2.33 (2.03) | 2,753 | 11.9 (7.12) |
Urban | 26,928 | 2.36 (2.05) | 3,473 | 12.1 (7.10) |
Medical conditions | ||||
Heart attack | 877 | 3.22 (2.13) | 244 | 13.3 (10.3) |
High cholesterol | 3,284 | 3.02 (2.11) | 801 | 12.1 (5.87) |
Angina pectoris | 1,226 | 3.26 (2.13) | 423 | 12.6 (8.02) |
Stroke | 536 | 3.32 (2.13) | 174 | 12.5 (5.84) |
Hypertension | 6,758 | 3.37 (2.10) | 2,152 | 12.3 (7.58) |
Diabetes | 800 | 3.30 (2.20) | 333 | 13.7 (10.6) |
Gallstones | 2,065 | 2.95 (2.13) | 559 | 12.4 (6.92) |
Intestinal polyps | 1,619 | 2.70 (2.10) | 300 | 12.4 (6.53) |
Mental illness | 2,252 | 3.23 (2.12) | 745 | 13.8 (10.9) |
History of cancer in the family | 23,187 | 2.39 (2.06) | 3,087 | 12.0 (6.48) |
Oral contraceptives (OC) use | ||||
Never | 34,292 | 2.17 (2.01) | 3,873 | 12.1 (7.27) |
Previous or current | 14,331 | 2.76 (2.05) | 2,353 | 11.9 (6.84) |
Hormone therapy (HT) | ||||
Never | 38,279 | 2.15 (2.00) | 3,984 | 11.9 (6.99) |
Previous or current user | 10,344 | 3.05 (2.05) | 2,242 | 12.3 (7.31) |
Number of pregnancies | ||||
0 | 26,293 | 2.00 (1.96) | 2,392 | 12.1 (7.69) |
1 or more | 22,330 | 2.75 (2.06) | 3,834 | 12.0 (6.72) |
Frequent attendance | ||
---|---|---|
Crude modela
| Adjusted modelb
| |
OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | |
Gender | ||
Male (n = 26,206) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female (n = 28,643) | 1.95 (1.85–2.06) | 1.26 (1.09–1.47) |
Age | ||
50–54 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
55–59 | 1.28 (1.20–1.37) | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) |
60–65 | 1.54 (1.45–1.65) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) |
BMI | ||
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 0.79 (0.60–1.06) | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) |
Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 1.12 (0.84–1.49) | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) |
Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 1.87 (1.40–2.51) | 1.54 (1.14–2.08) |
Alcohol consumption | ||
Below the recommended weekly limit | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Above the recommended weekly limit | 0.79 (0.74–0.83) | 0.83 (0.78–0.87) |
Smoking status | ||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Previous | 1.27 (1.18–1.36) | 1.21 (1.12–1.30) |
Current | 1.29 (1.21–1.38) | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) |
Physical activity | ||
No leisure time physical activity | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Physically active in leisure time | 0.71 (0.68–0.75) | 0.84 (0.80–0.89) |
Marital status | ||
Unmarried | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Divorced | 1.18 (1.05–1.34) | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) |
Widow/widower | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | 0.87 (0.75–1.03) |
Married | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) |
Occupational status | ||
Unemployed | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Employed | 0.48 (0.45–0.51) | 0.61 (0.57–0.65) |
Educational status | ||
No vocational training | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Higher education, <3 years | 0.65 (0.60–0.70) | 0.77 (0.71–0.84) |
Higher education, 3–4 years | 0.59 (0.55–0.63) | 0.72 (0.66–0.78) |
Higher education, >4 years | 0.48 (0.44–0.52) | 0.63 (0.57–0.69) |
Urbanization | ||
Suburban | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) |
Medical conditions | ||
Heart attack | 2.62 (2.26–3.04) | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) |
High cholesterol | 2.11 (1.94–2.29) | 1.38 (1.25–1.51) |
Angina pectoris | 2.98 (2.65–3.34) | 1.62 (1.42–1.86) |
Stroke | 2.67 (2.24–3.18) | 1.47 (1.22–1.78) |
Hypertension | 3.15 (2.97–3.34) | 2.58 (2.42–2.75) |
Diabetes | 3.68 (3.22–4.20) | 2.24 (1.94–2.59) |
Gallstones | 1.81 (1.64–2.00) | 1.41 (1.27–1.56) |
Intestinal polyps | 1.50 (1.32–1.70) | 1.26 (1.10–1.45) |
Mental illness | 2.60 (2.38–2.85) | 2.29 (2.09–2.52) |
History of cancer in the family | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) |
Oral contraceptives (OC) use | ||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Previous or current | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.03 (0.95–1.10) |
Hormone therapy (HT) | ||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Previous or current user | 1.57 (1.47–1.68) | 1.52 (1.42–1.63) |
Number of pregnancies | ||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1 or more | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) |
Frequent attendance | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (N = 28,643) | Male (N = 26,206) | ||||
Crudea model | Adjustedb model | Crudea model | Adjustedb model |
P-valuec
| |
OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | ||
Age | |||||
50–54 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
55–59 | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 1.49 (1.33–1.66) | 1.31 (1.16–1.47) | < .0001 |
60–65 | 1.34 (1.24–1.46) | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 1.99 (1.78–2.22) | 1.37 (1.21–1.55) | < .0001 |
BMI | |||||
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 0.87 (0.64–1.19) | 0.98 (0.71–1.35) | 0.39 (0.19–0.80) | 0.66 (0.31–1.40) | 0.1169 |
Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 1.30 (0.95–1.78) | 1.30 (0.94–1.80) | 0.53 (0.26–1.07) | 0.56 (0.26–1.19) | 0.0819 |
Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 1.94 (1.41–2.66) | 1.60 (1.15–2.23) | 1.02 (0.50–2.07) | 0.97 (0.45–2.05) | 0.2235 |
Alcohol consumption | |||||
Below the recommended weekly limit | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Above the recommended weekly limit | 0.71 (0.67–0.77) | 0.79 (0.73–0.85) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) | 0.0519 |
Smoking status | |||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Previous | 1.19 (1.09–1.29) | 1.16 (1.06–1.26) | 1.44 (1.27–1.63) | 1.33 (1.16–1.51) | 0.0262 |
Current | 1.27 (1.18–1.37) | 1.19 (1.09–1.29) | 1.39 (1.23–1.63) | 1.29 (1.14–1.48) | 0.1491 |
Physical activity | |||||
No leisure time physical activity | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Physically active in leisure time | 0.74 (0.70–0.79) | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) | 0.67 (0.61–0.74) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 0.2173 |
Marital status | |||||
Unmarried | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Divorced | 1.29 (1.11–1.51) | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) | 0.9283 |
Widow/widower | 1.14 (0.96–1.36) | 0.94 (0.78–1.15) | 0.86 (0.63–1.17) | 0.87 (0.62–1.21) | 0.7943 |
Married | 0.99 (0.85–1.14) | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) | 0.65 (0.54–0.77) | 0.76 (0.63–0.91) | 0.2726 |
Occupational status | |||||
Unemployed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Employed | 0.52 (0.48–0.56) | 0.65 (0.61–0.71) | 0.40 (0.35–0.44) | 0.53 (0.48–0.60) | < .0001 |
Educational status | |||||
No vocational training | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Higher education. <3 years | 0.65 (0.59–0.71) | 0.76 (0.69–0.84) | 0.64 (0.54–0.75) | 0.80 (0.67–0.95) | 0.9217 |
Higher education. 3–4 years | 0.59 (0.54–0.64) | 0.71 (0.65–0.78) | 0.58 (0.51–0.67) | 0.71 (0.61–0.82) | 0.5737 |
Higher education. >4 years | 0.47 (0.41–0.53) | 0.63 (0.55–0.73) | 0.48 (0.41–0.55) | 0.62 (0.53–0.72) | 0.4581 |
Urbanization | |||||
Suburban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Urban | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) | 0.94 (0.86–1.04) | 0.9194 |
Medical conditions | |||||
Heart attack | 2.64 (2.01–3.47) | 1.15 (0.85–1.57) | 2.54 (2.13–3.03) | 1.07 (0.87–1.32) | 0.5512 |
High cholesterol | 1.95 (1.74–2.18) | 1.37 (1.211–1.55) | 2.35 (2.07–2.65) | 1.39 (1.20–1.59) | 0.1549 |
Angina pectoris | 2.94 (2.48–3.48) | 1.65 (1.36–1.99) | 2.96 (2.52–3.47) | 1.53 (1.27–1.86) | 0.4896 |
Stroke | 2.67 (2.07–3.44) | 1.66 (1.26–2.18) | 2.57 (2.01–3.28) | 1.20 (0.92–1.56) | 0.6247 |
Hypertension | 2.70 (2.50–2.90) | 2.27 (2.09–2.46) | 4.13 (3.75–4.55) | 3.25 (2.92–3.60) | <.0001 |
Diabetes | 3.05 (2.49–3.74) | 1.85 (1.49–2.31) | 4.20 (3.52–5.00) | 2.48 (2.05–3.00) | 0.0032 |
Gallstones | 1.87 (1.68–2.08) | 1.45 (1.29–1.63) | 1.64 (1.28–2.10) | 1.30 (1.00–1.69) | 0.8436 |
Intestinal polyps | 1.51 (1.27–1.78) | 1.20 (1.00–1.44) | 1.47 (1.21–1.79) | 1.36 (1.10–1.67) | 0.2483 |
Mental illness | 2.51 (2.26–2.78) | 2.23 (2.00–2.49) | 2.88 (2.42–3.43) | 2.48 (2.06–2.99) | 0.4134 |
History of cancer in the family | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.7695 |
Oral contraceptives (OC) use | |||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - | - |
Previous or current | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | |||
Hormone therapy (HT) | |||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - | - |
Previous or current user | 1.59 (1.49–1.70) | 1.54 (1.44–1.65) | |||
No. of pregnancies | |||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - | - |
1 | 1.21 (1.04–1.42) | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) | |||
2 | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) | |||
3 | 1.16 (1.01–1.33) | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | |||
4 | 1.30 (1.12–1.50) | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | |||
5 | 1.52 (1.28–1.80) | 1.25 (1.03–1.51) | |||
6 | 1.54 (1.23–1.92) | 1.18 (0.92–1.50) | |||
7 | 1.55 (1.11–2.17) | 1.11 (0.77–1.57) | |||
8 | 2.12 (1.44–3.12) | 1.51 (0.99–2.29) |