Background
Methods
Study population
Major metabolic indicators
Laboratory analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of the total sample
Healthy | Normoalbuminuria | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 32 | 37 | 37 | 35 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | – | 7.6 ± 1.1* | 10.6 ± 1.1*†
| 12.0 ± 1.5*†,‡
|
Age | 50.8 ± 1.2 | 56.2 ± 1.1* | 57.2 ± 0.8* | 55.9 ± 1.2* |
SBP (mmHg) | 100.4 ± 7.3 | 125.3 ± 4.2* | 134.1 ± 3.1* | 138.1 ± 2.5* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 0.9 | 25.6 ± 0.5* | 26.9 ± 0.5* | 27.0 ± 0.8* |
Hyperlipidemia (% Y) | 0 | 62.16 | 72.97 | 74.28 |
Hypertension (%) | 0 | 54.05 | 78.39 | 82.86 |
Smoking (% Y) | 0 | 13.51 | 21.62 | 25.71 |
Alcoholism (% Y) | 0 | 13.51 | 16.21 | 0 |
High protein diet (% Y) | 0 | 21.62 | 24.32 | 14.28 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 90.97 ± 1.48 | 142.24 ± 7.09* | 157.11 ± 7.10* | 153.51 ± 10.04* |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 93.50 ± 3.07 | 85.09 ± 3.35 | 79.89 ± 4.87* | 47.65 ± 5.10*,†
|
ACR (mg/g) | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 12.8 ± 1.2* | 100.5 ± 12.4*,†
| 2229.6 ± 376*,†,‡
|
HbA1c (%) | 5.8 ± 0.1 | 7.8 ± 0.2* | 8.3 ± 0.3* | 8.5 ± 0.4* |
hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.09* | 0.22 ± 0.04* | 0.67 ± 0.18*,†,‡
|
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 118.5 ± 12.1 | 117.7 ± 14.2 | 146.5 ± 17.2* | 197.6 ± 28.4*,†,‡
|
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 119.1 ± 4.8 | 109.3 ± 5.9 | 113.6 ± 5.6 | 125.5 ± 8.4 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.9 ± 2.9 | 55.0 ± 2.3 | 53.2 ± 3.2* | 44.7 ± 1.9*,†,‡
|
Elevated serum level of betatrophin in T2DM patients with albuminuria
Univariate correlations of betatrophin in total sample
Parameters | All participants r (P value) | Healthy r (P value) | Normoalbuminuria r (P value) | Microalbuminuria r (P value) | Macroalbuminuria r (P value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.131 (0.145) | −0.108 (0.960) | −0.123 (0.476) | 0.278 (0.145) | −0.362 (0.033*) |
Sex (Male/Female) | −0.331 (<0.001*) | −0.485 (0.008*) | 0.086 (0.625) | −0.530 (0.003*) | −0.278 (0.105) |
DM duration (years) | 0.385 (<0.001*) | – | 0.183 (0.292) | −0.392 (0.035*) | 0.009 (0.960) |
SBP (mmHg) | 0.194 (0.032*) | 0.113 (0.583) | 0.040 (0.821) | 0.104 (0.592) | −0.166 (0.342) |
DBP (mmHg) | 0.141 (0.122) | −0.012 (0.955) | 0.167 (0.346) | 0.281 (0.140) | −0.324 (0.057) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.194 (0.031*) | 0.010 (0.961) | 0.105 (0.550) | 0.025 (0.897) | 0.192 (0.269) |
FBG (mg/dL) | 0.175 (0.048*) | −0.002 (0.993) | −0.040 (0.819) | 0.357 (0.045*) | −0.076 (0.663) |
ACR (mg/g) | 0.427 (<0.001*) | −0.180 (0.359) | 0.342 (0.042*) | 0.343 (0.049*) | 0.025 (0.890) |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | −0.454 (<0.001*) | −0.108 (0.578) | −0.375 (0.024*) | −0.435 (0.018*) | −0.239 (0.166) |
HbA1c (%) | 0.264 (0.003*) | 0.169 (0.380) | 0.289 (0.077) | 0.361 (0.045*) | −0.127 (0.469) |
hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.133 (0.138) | −0.108 (0.578) | 0.009 (0.959) | −0.208 (0.278) | −0.135 (0.438) |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 0.282 (0.001*) | 0.184 (0.338) | −0.222 (0.200) | 0.368 (0.042*) | 0.224 (0.196) |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.261 (0.001*) | 0.102 (0.599) | 0.176 (0.313) | −0.434 (0.019*) | −0.192 (0.270) |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.017 (0.853) | 0.027 (0.889) | 0.236 (0.172) | −0.278 (0.144) | −0.027 (0.880) |
HDL cholesterol (md/dL) | −0.391 (<0.001*) | −0.293 (0.130) | 0.132 (0.449) | −0.593 (<0.001*) | −0.446 (0.007*) |
Multivariate regression analysis in the total sample
Independent variables | β (95 % CI) |
P
|
---|---|---|
Age | −0.008 (−0.025 to 0.008) | 0.324 |
Sex | −0.207 (−0.436 to 0.022) | 0.076 |
Duration of diabetes | 0.003 (−0.014 to 0.019) | 0.748 |
SBP | 0.002 (−0.005 to 0.008) | 0.596 |
BMI | −0.002 (−0.032 to 0.027) | 0.888 |
FBG | 0.000 (−0.003 to 0.003) | 0.915 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | −0.005 (−0.010 to 0.001) | 0.039 |
ACR | 6.875 (0.000 to 0.000) | 0.443 |
HbA1c (%) | 0.038 (−0.040 to 0.116) | 0.338 |
hsCRP | −0.063 (−0.205 to 0.079) | 0.383 |
Triglyceride | 0.001 (0.000 to 0.003) | 0.036* |
LDL cholesterol | 0.005 (0.000 to 0.009) | 0.049* |
HDL cholesterol | 0.001 (−0.008 to 0.010) | 0.832 |
Total cholesterol | −0.005 (−0.010 to 0.000) | 0.026* |
Betatrophin versus DN risk factors
Betatrophin versus nephropathy
Models | Covariates | ACR (n = 141) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal (n = 106) | Nephropathy (n = 35) | ||||
OR (95 % CI) | P | OR (95 % CI) | P | ||
Model 1 | Betatrophin | 1.00 | – | 5.63 (2.17–14.57) | <0.001* |
DM duration | 1.00 | – | 1.08 (1.00–1.15) | 0.040* | |
hsCRP | 1.00 | – | 1.91 (0.91–3.98) | 0.086 | |
SBP | 1.00 | – | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 0.103 | |
HbA1c | 1.00 | – | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) | 0.434 | |
TG | 1.00 | – | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.092 | |
Model 2 | Betatrophin | 1.00 | – | 6.36 (2.78–14.55) | <0.001* |
DM duration | 1.00 | – | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 0.002* | |
hsCRP | 1.00 | – | 2.90 (1.17–7.20) | 0.022* | |
SBP | 1.00 | – | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.012* | |
HbA1c | 1.00 | – | 1.27 (1.03–1.56) | 0.026* | |
TG | 1.00 | – | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.005* | |
Model 3 | Betatrophin | 1.00 | – | 5.79 (2.51–13.32) | <0.001* |
DM duration | 1.00 | – | 1.10 (1.05–1.17) | <0.001* | |
hsCRP | 1.00 | – | 3.19 (1.28–7.97) | 0.013* | |
SBP | 1.00 | – | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) | 0.004* | |
HbA1c | 1.00 | – | 1.33 (1.08–1.64) | 0.007* | |
TG | 1.00 | – | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.006* | |
Model 4 | Betatrophin | 1.00 | – | 5.43 (2.44–12.09) | <0.001* |
DM duration | 1.00 | – | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 0.001* | |
hsCRP | 1.00 | – | 2.44 (1.10–5.43) | 0.029* | |
SBP | 1.00 | – | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.010* | |
HbA1c | 1.00 | – | 1.28 (1.04–1.56) | 0.018* | |
TG | 1.00 | – | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.014* | |
Model 5 | Betatrophin | 1.00 | – | 5.65 (2.39–13.33) | <0.001* |
DM duration | 1.00 | – | 1.10 (1.03–1.16) | 0.002* | |
hsCRP | 1.00 | – | 2.73 (1.11–6.72) | 0.029* | |
SBP | 1.00 | – | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.021* | |
HbA1c | 1.00 | – | 1.26 (1.01–1.56) | 0.036* | |
TG | 1.00 | – | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.017* |