Introduction
Methods
Experimental animals
Drugs
Experimental protocol
Passive avoidance test
Alopecia scoring
Wire hang test
Rotarod test
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and measurement of non-fasting blood glucose level
Measurement of cerebral blood flow
Measurement of serum DPP-4 activity, insulin, and glucose levels
Nissl staining
Western blot
Measurement of renal calcification
Measurement of renal fibrosis
Measurement of gastrocnemius muscle fiber size
Statistical analysis
Results
Effects of linagliptin on body weight, survival rate, and alopecia of klotho−/− mice
Control (n = 10) | Linagliptin (n = 14) | Statistical significance | |
---|---|---|---|
Body weight (g) | 9.9 ± 0.3 | 11.1 ± 0.3 | P < 0.01 |
Tibia length (mm) | 15.1 ± 0.2 | 15.3 ± 0.1 | NS |
Cerebrum/TL (mg/mm) | 19.3 ± 0.2 | 19.0 ± 0.2 | NS |
Cerebellum/TL (mg/mm) | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | NS |
Left ventricle/TL (mg/mm) | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | NS |
Right ventricle/TL (mg/mm) | 0.6 ± 0.03 | 0.7 ± 0.04 | NS |
Kidney/TL (mg/mm) | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | P < 0.05 |
Subcutaneous fat/TL (mg/mm) | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | NS |
Visceral fat/TL (mg/mm) | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | NS |
Gastrocnemius muscle/TL (mg/mm) | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | P < 0.01 |
Effects of linagliptin on cognitive function, cerebral blood flow, hippocampal neuronal cell, and brain Akt, eNOS, and CREB of klotho−/− mice
Effects of linagliptin on serum DPP-4 activity, non-fasting blood glucose and insulin, glucose tolerance of klotho−/− mice
Effects of linagliptin on motor activity, skeletal muscle, kidney, and muscle strength of klotho−/− mice
Effects of linagliptin on wild-type mice
Control (n = 10) | Linagliptin (n = 10) | Statistical significance | |
---|---|---|---|
Body weight (g) | 27.2 ± 1.4 | 27.0 ± 1.7 | NS |
Tibia length (TL, mm) | 17.0 ± 0.1 | 17.0 ± 0.1 | NS |
Cerebrum/TL (mg/mm) | 20.5 ± 0.2 | 20.4 ± 0.2 | NS |
Cerebellum/TL (mg/mm) | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | NS |
Left ventricle/TL (mg/mm) | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | NS |
Right ventricle/TL (mg/mm) | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | NS |
Kidney/TL (mg/mm) | 9.7 ± 0.1 | 9.2 ± 0.5 | NS |
Subcutaneous fat/TL (mg/mm) | 22.0 ± 1.3 | 18.6 ± 1.5 | NS |
Visceral fat/TL (mg/mm) | 53.8 ± 4.3 | 58.6 ± 4.5 | NS |
Gastrocnemius muscle/TL (mg/mm) | 8.8 ± 0.3 | 8.5 ± 0.1 | NS |