Background
Methods
Study design
Study area
Population and sampling
Research instruments
Data analysis
Ethical approval
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
Socio-demographic Characteristics | Locality | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Peri urban | Rural | ||
Sex | ||||
Male | 202 (72.1) | 226 (80.7) | 195 (69.6) | 623 (74.2) |
Female | 78 (27.9) | 54 (19.3) | 85 (30.4) | 217 (25.8) |
Age | ||||
25–34 | 29 (10.4) | 14 (5.0) | 10 (3.6) | 53 (6.3) |
35–44 | 78 (27.9) | 59 (21.1) | 57 (20.4) | 194 (23.1) |
45–54 | 87 (31.1) | 77 (27.5) | 82 (29.3) | 246 (29.3) |
55–64 | 46 (16.4) | 69 (24.6) | 64 (22.9) | 179 (21.3) |
65+ | 40 (14.3) | 61 (21.8) | 67 (23.9) | 168 (20.0) |
Mean
|
49.16
|
53.25
|
54.02
|
52.15
|
STD
|
12.03
|
12.16
|
12.44
|
12.38
|
Median
|
48.00
|
53.00
|
52.00
|
50.00
|
Minimum
|
26.00
|
30.00
|
30.00
|
26
|
Maximum
|
85.00
|
90.00
|
92.00
|
92
|
Level of Education Attained | ||||
None | 44 (15.7) | 36 (12.9) | 75 (26.8) | 155 (18.5) |
Primary | 81 (34.3) | 121 (49.6) | 110 (53.7) | 312 (45.5) |
Secondary | 98 (41.5) | 90 (36.9) | 69 (33.7) | 257 (37.5) |
Post-Secondary | 41 (17.4) | 31 (12.7) | 19 (9.3) | 91 (13.3) |
Vocational | 15 (6.4) | 2 (0.8) | 7 (3.4) | 24 (3.5) |
Non Formal/Arabic | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) |
Income Generating Activities | ||||
None | 41 (14.6) | 38 (13.6) | 32 (11.4) | 111 (13.2) |
Farming/Fishing/Livestock | 32 (13.4) | 47 (19.4) | 71 (28.6) | 150 (20.6) |
Small Scale Trading | 54 (22.6) | 34 (14.0) | 47 (19.0) | 135 (18.5) |
Paid Employment | 37 (15.5) | 46 (19.0) | 34 (13.7) | 117 (16.0) |
Artisan | 56 (23.4) | 63 (26.0) | 48 (19.4) | 167 (22.9) |
Business | 56 (23.4) | 41 (16.9) | 42 (16.9) | 139 (19.1) |
Other | 4 (1.7) | 11 (4.5) | 6 (2.4) | 21 (2.9) |
Marital Status | ||||
Single | 5 (1.8) | 7 (2.5) | 3 (1.1) | 15 (1.8) |
Married | 215 (76.8) | 212 (75.7) | 188 (67.1) | 615 (73.2) |
Widowed | 51 (18.2) | 49 (17.5) | 76 (27.1) | 176 (21.0) |
Divorced | 6 (2.1) | 10 (3.6) | 8 (2.9) | 24 (2.9) |
Separated | 3 (1.1) | 2 (0.7) | 5(1.8) | 10 (1.2) |
Religious Affiliation | ||||
Christian | 270 (96.4) | 276 (98.6) | 266 (95.0) | 812 (96.7) |
Muslim | 4 (1.4) | 2 (0.7) | 2 (0.7) | 8 (1.0) |
African Traditional Religion | 5 (1.8) | 2 (0.7) | 12 (4.3) | 19 (2.3) |
No Religion | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) |
Length of Stay | ||||
<1 year | 3 (1.1) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 6 (0.7) |
1–4 years | 23 (8.2) | 13 (4.6) | 7 (2.5) | 43 (5.1) |
5–10 years | 62 (22.1) | 27 (9.6) | 29 (10.4) | 118 (14.0) |
11–20 years | 60 (21.4) | 56 (20.0) | 54 (19.3) | 170 (20.2) |
>20 years | 132 (47.1) | 182 (65.0) | 189 (67.5) | 503 (59.9) |
Mean |
25.9
|
32.2
|
34.5
|
30.9
|
STD |
20.2
|
19.5
|
20.4
|
20.3
|
Median |
20.0
|
30.0
|
31.5
|
30.0
|
Min |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Max |
75
|
85
|
92
|
92
|
Source of Health Information | ||||
Radio | 142 (50.7 | 151 (53.9) | 113 (40.4) | 406 (48.3) |
Television | 12 (4.3) | 4 (1.4) | 6 (2.1) | 22 (2.6) |
Pamphlets | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) |
Billboard | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.4) |
Community/town crier | 39 (13.9) | 63 (22.5) | 90 (32.1) | 192 (22.9) |
Friends & Relatives | 33 (11.8) | 26 (9.3) | 15 (5.4) | 74 (8.8) |
Churches & health centers | 44 (15.7) | 32 (11.4) | 54 (19.3) | 130 (15.5) |
Don’t Know | 8 (2.9) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 11 (1.3) |
Perception and utilization of health care services
Characteristics | Rating of Services of Health Facility | Utilization of public health service | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factors | Category | Number | % Good Rating |
χ
2 Statistic; p value | Use of health services |
χ
2 Statistic; p value |
State | Strong | 420 | 63.1 |
χ
2 = 145.84; P < 0.001 | 50.5 | 37.508 |
Weak | 420 | 21.9 | 29.8 | <0.001 | ||
Proximity | Near | 420 | 44.8 |
χ
2 = 2.01; P = 0.366 | 40.7 | 1.523 |
Far | 420 | 40.2 | 32.1 | 0.138 | ||
Locality | Urban | 280 | 43.6 |
χ
2 = 5.24; P = 0.263 | 33.6 | 8.751 |
Peri urban | 280 | 44.6 | 45.7 | 0.013 | ||
Rural | 280 | 39.3 | 41.1 | |||
Sex | Male | 623 | 41.3 |
χ
2 = 5.69; P = 0.058 | 40.4 | 0.110 |
Female | 217 | 46.1 | 39.2 | 0.402 | ||
Education | Formal | 685 | 43.4 |
χ
2 = 1.53; P = 0.466 | 40.4 | 0.157 |
Non formal | 155 | 38.7 | 38.7 | 0.381 | ||
Engage in Income Activity | Yes | 729 | 41.4 |
χ
2 = 3.29; P = 0.193 | 39.9 | 0.093 |
No | 111 | 49.5 | 41.4 | 0.418 | ||
Length of Stay in the area (in years) | <1 | 6 | 50.0 |
χ
2 = 6.24; P = 0.621 | 16.7 | |
1–4 | 43 | 51.2 | 39.5 | |||
5–10 | 118 | 45.8 | 41.5 | 1.735 | ||
11–20 | 170 | 36.5 | 38.5 | 0.784 | ||
>20 | 503 | 42.9 | 40.7 | |||
Age (in years) | Young (<50) | 368 | 43.2 |
χ
2 = 0.22; P = 0.897 | 38.8 | 0.766 |
Old (50+) | 472 | 41.9 | 41.8 | 0.211 | ||
Source of Health Information | Radio | 406 | 45.4 |
χ
2 = 17.41; P = 0.235 | 40.6 | |
Television | 22 | 54.5 | 50.0 | |||
Pamphlet | 2 | 50.0 | 50.0 | |||
Billboard | 3 | 0.0 | 33.3 | 11.130 | ||
Town crier | 192 | 43.2 | 45.8 | 0.133 | ||
Friend/Relatives | 74 | 35.1 | 32.4 | |||
Church/HF | 130 | 34.6 | 35.4 | |||
Don’t know | 11 | 54.5 | 9.1 | |||
Number of Services in Health Centre | Low (0–3) | 426 | 34.0 |
χ
2 = 33.97; P < 0.001 | 37.3 | 2.822 |
High (4–14) | 390 | 54.1 | 43.0 | 0.054 | ||
Perception of health service | None existent | 463 | 0.0 |
χ
2=789.18; P < 0.001 | 31.9 | 29.419 |
Poor | 53 | 9.5 | 47.2 | <0.001 | ||
Good | 324 | 90.5 | 50.8 |
…if I had gone to a private hospital, I would have paid more money, but would have saved my time. I would be paid attention because the workers know that I’m bringing in money. They would be here on time to do their jobs but here, it is not like that. It is only poverty that will bring me here again…
…It is heart breaking that when a sick person gets to the health centre, he or she will not get the drugs he needs. [Participant: FGD, Adult Male in Imo, Peri Urban]…the attitude of the health workers does not help matters. They treat us with no respect. In many cases, they respond to you based on their estimation of your social standing or wealth. The poor are ignored for the rich and even where they attend to you, they are very rude. [Participant: FGD, Adult Female in Enugu, Rural]
When they are really sick, they look out for hospitals with qualified medical doctors… and other specialist medical personnel, whom they will not find at the primary health centres…. [Respondent: IDI; Health Worker in Owerri, Imo State]
…because we don’t have a good hospital here, when people are sick they go to the bush and start looking for leaves and roots to boil and drink or they will go to the chemist to buy drugs that may be fake or just pray for the sickness to go away in God’s time…
Socio-demographic and perceptual characteristics | Rating of services in health facility | Utilization of health facility | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
B coefficient |
P value | B coefficient |
P value | |
Age (50 years +) | -0.570 | 0.142 | 0.180 | 0.240 |
Education (Formal) | 0.347 | 0.502 | 0.005 | 0.978 |
Residence (peri urban) | 0.905 | 0.013 | 0.442 | 0.005 |
Sex (male) | 0.167 | 0.702 | 0.081 | 0.629 |
Income (Engage in income generation) | -0.006 | 0.992 | -0.072 | 0.740 |
Perception of health service (Good) | 0.357 | 0.324 | 0.698 | 0.000 |
Number of services in health centre (High) | 24.021 | 0.991 | 0.096 | 0.513 |
Constant | -3.390 | 0.000 | -0.666 | 0.014 |