Introduction
Data and methods
Data
Methods
Measuring inter-country disparity
Decomposition problem and its solution
Results
Life expectancy trends and cross-country disparity
Males | Females | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1984 | 1994 | 2004 | 2010a
| 1970 | 1984 | 1994 | 2004 | 2010a
| |
Overall life expectancy
|
67.31
|
69.85
|
70.59
|
73.27
|
75.10
|
74.42
|
77.29
|
78.33
|
80.18
|
81.41
|
EME | 68.18 | 72.08 | 73.91 | 76.56 | 77.90 | 74.75 | 78.75 | 80.43 | 82.18 | 83.13 |
CEE | 67.00 | 67.32 | 67.98 | 71.27 | 72.46 | 73.06 | 74.68 | 76.19 | 79.03 | 79.94 |
FSU | 64.26 | 62.67 | 58.97 | 59.98 | 63.46 | 73.88 | 73.41 | 71.75 | 72.86 | 74.95 |
Max-Min range between country groups
|
3.91
|
9.41
|
14.94
|
16.58
|
14.44
|
1.69
|
5.34
|
8.68
|
9.32
|
8.18
|
Overall standard deviation
|
2.04
|
4.00
|
6.09
|
6.45
|
5.55
|
1.00
|
2.47
|
3.77
|
4.06
|
3.57
|
EME | 1.28 | 1.37 | 1.48 | 1.39 | 1.31 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 1.46 | 1.99 | 1.84 |
CEE | 1.01 | 1.37 | 1.67 | 2.11 | 2.24 | 0.39 | 0.66 | 1.14 | 1.57 | 1.51 |
FSU | 1.71 | 1.44 | 2.36 | 1.88 | 1.09 | 0.67 | 0.74 | 1.07 | 1.11 | 0.79 |
Between- and within-group variance
Males | Females | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1984 | 1994 | 2004 | 2010a
| 1970 | 1984 | 1994 | 2004 | 2010a
| |
Total cross-country variance, years squared
|
4.18
|
16.03
|
37.12
|
41.61
|
30.83
|
0.99
|
6.09
|
14.18
|
16.51
|
12.77
|
Between-group variance, years squared
|
2.35
|
14.12
|
34.24
|
39.22
|
28.97
|
0.3
|
5.23
|
12.32
|
13.19
|
9.95
|
EME, % | 22.7 | 25.4 | 23.4 | 20.7 | 20.5 | 26.0 | 28.9 | 25.8 | 22.4 | 22.2 |
CEE, % | 0.4 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 53.5 | 11.0 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
FSU, % | 76.9 | 70.7 | 75.0 | 78.5 | 77.7 | 20.5 | 60.1 | 71.2 | 76.8 | 76.2 |
Between-group standard deviation, years
|
1.53
|
3.76
|
5.85
|
6.26
|
5.38
|
0.55
|
2.29
|
3.51
|
3.63
|
3.16
|
Within-group variance, years squared
|
1.83
|
1.91
|
2.88
|
2.40
|
1.86
|
0.69
|
0.86
|
1.87
|
3.31
|
2.82
|
EME, % | 64.0 | 70.5 | 55.3 | 60.4 | 69.7 | 84.3 | 82.3 | 82.0 | 87.4 | 90.0 |
CEE, % | 4.9 | 8.4 | 7.8 | 14.0 | 19.7 | 1.9 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.9 |
FSU, % | 31.1 | 21.1 | 36.9 | 25.6 | 10.6 | 13.8 | 13.4 | 12.4 | 7.0 | 4.0 |
Within-group standard deviation, years
|
1.34
|
1.38
|
1.66
|
1.53
|
1.34
|
0.81
|
0.92
|
1.36
|
1.79
|
1.63
|
Components of the variance change
Males | Females | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970–1984 | 1984–1994 | 1994–2004 | 2004–2010a
| 1970–1984 | 1984–1994 | 1994–2004 | 2004–2010a
| |
Total change in overall StD:
|
1.96
|
2.09
|
0.36
|
−0.90
|
1.47
|
1.30
|
0.30
|
−0.49
|
P-effect | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.18 | −0.10 | 0.00 | −0.03 | −0.08 | −0.05 |
M-effect | 1.95 | 2.12 | 0.54 | −0.80 | 1.47 | 1.33 | 0.38 | −0.44 |
Total change in between-group StD:
|
2.23
|
2.09
|
0.41
|
−0.88
|
1.74
|
1.22
|
0.12
|
−0.48
|
P-effect | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.18 | −0.10 | 0.00 | −0.03 | −0.09 | −0.05 |
M-effect | 2.22 | 2.13 | 0.59 | −0.78 | 1.74 | 1.26 | 0.21 | −0.42 |
Total change in within-group StD:
|
0.03
|
0.31
|
−0.15
|
−0.19
|
0.09
|
0.44
|
0.45
|
−0.14
|
P-effect | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
M-effect | 0.02 | 0.33 | −0.12 | −0.18 | 0.09 | 0.44 | 0.45 | −0.14 |
Males | Females | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970–1984 | 1984–1994 | 1994–2004 | 2004–2010a
| 1970–1984 | 1984–1994 | 1994–2004 | 2004–2010a
| |
Across all countries | ||||||||
All ages:
|
1.96
|
2.09
|
0.36
|
−0.90
|
1.47
|
1.30
|
0.30
|
−0.49
|
0–14 | 0.28 | 0.02 | −0.26 | −0.12 | 0.11 | −0.01 | −0.17 | −0.09 |
15–64 | 1.09 | 1.57 | 0.18 | −0.88 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.07 | −0.35 |
65+ | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.10 | 0.78 | 0.67 | 0.40 | −0.05 |
Between-group | ||||||||
All ages:
|
2.23
|
2.09
|
0.41
|
−0.88
|
1.74
|
1.22
|
0.12
|
−0.48
|
0–14 | 0.35 | 0.03 | −0.26 | −0.11 | 0.24 | 0.01 | −0.19 | −0.09 |
15–64 | 1.26 | 1.55 | 0.25 | −0.88 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.08 | −0.36 |
65+ | 0.61 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.85 | 0.57 | 0.24 | −0.02 |
Within-group | ||||||||
All ages:
|
0.03
|
0.31
|
−0.15
|
−0.19
|
0.09
|
0.44
|
0.45
|
−0.14
|
0–14 | −0.07 | −0.05 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.14 | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.02 |
15–64 | −0.05 | 0.31 | −0.22 | −0.12 | 0.07 | 0.11 | −0.02 | −0.06 |
65+ | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.09 | −0.03 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.46 | −0.07 |
Males | Females | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970–1984 | 1984–1994 | 1994–2004 | 2004–2010a
| 1970–1984 | 1984–1994 | 1994–2004 | 2004–2010a
| |
Across all countries | ||||||||
Total:
|
1.96
|
2.09
|
0.36
|
−0.90
|
1.47
|
1.30
|
0.30
|
−0.49
|
EME | 1.39 | 0.68 | 0.92 | 0.43 | 1.47 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.26 |
CEE | 0.00 | −0.02 | −0.08 | −0.03 | −0.15 | −0.09 | −0.08 | −0.02 |
FSU | 0.57 | 1.43 | −0.48 | −1.30 | 0.15 | 0.61 | −0.41 | −0.73 |
Between-group | ||||||||
Total:
|
2.23
|
2.09
|
0.41
|
−0.88
|
1.74
|
1.22
|
0.12
|
−0.48
|
EME | 1.57 | 0.69 | 0.97 | 0.46 | 1.78 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.35 |
CEE | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.09 | −0.03 | −0.22 | −0.11 | −0.10 | −0.03 |
FSU | 0.67 | 1.44 | −0.46 | −1.31 | 0.17 | 0.63 | −0.46 | −0.80 |
Within-group | ||||||||
Total:
|
0.03
|
0.31
|
−0.15
|
−0.19
|
0.09
|
0.44
|
0.45
|
−0.14
|
EME | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.06 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.42 | −0.11 |
CEE | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
FSU | −0.06 | 0.22 | −0.12 | −0.14 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | −0.03 |