Background
Methods
Study area
Data collection
Data analysis
Results and discussion
Traditional knowledge of wild fodder plants among Dulong people
Family | Scientific name | Vernacular name | Parts consumed | Multifunctional fodder | Life form | Mithun Preference | Abundance | Voucher no. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athyriaceae |
Diplazium viridissimum Christ | whole plant | no | Herb | * | ** | G0026 | |
Blechnaceae |
Woodwardia biserrata C. Presl | risonglabo | leaves | no | Herb | ** | ** | G0061 |
Dryopteridaceae |
Dryopteris wallichiana (Sprengel) Hylander | resang | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | ** | GYF9 |
Gleicheniaceae |
Diplopterygium giganteum (Wallich ex Hooker & Bauer) Nakai | leaves | no | Herb | * | **** | G0002 | |
Plagiogyriaceae |
Plagiogyria virescens (C. Chr.) Ching | mingwa | whole plant | no | Herb | * | * | G0003 |
Polypodiaceae |
Arthromeris nigropaleacea S. G. Lu | miwaxin | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | * | G0058 |
Polypodiaceae |
Lepisorus scolopendrium (Ham.ex D.Don.) Menhra ex Bir | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | ** | GYF55 | |
Pteridaceae |
Coniogramme caudata (Wall.) Ching | dayexin, wanjiegelang | leaves | no | Herb | ** | ** | GYF6 |
Actinidiaceae |
Saurauia polyneura C. F. Liang & Y. S. Wang | damujiu | tender branches, leaves | yes, fruits for people | Tree | **** | **** | GYF41 |
Adoxaceae |
Sambucus williamsii Hance | leaves | yes, medicinal plants | Tree or shrub | ** | ** | PHO9 | |
Adoxaceae |
Viburnum cylindricum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | bulu | leaves | yes, huger food for people | Tree or shrub | ** | *** | GYF43 |
Adoxaceae |
Viburnum pyramidatum Rehder | leaves | no | Tree or shrub | * | * | PHO10 | |
Amaranthaceae |
Achyranthes aspera L. | gula | whole plant | yes, pig’s favorite | Herb | ** | * | G0008 |
Amaranthaceae |
Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. | leaves, fruits | yes, medicinal plants | Shrub | * | ** | PHO1 | |
Anacardiaceae |
Dobinea vulgaris Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | leaves | no | Tree | * | ** | PHO41 | |
Apiaceae |
Heracleum candicans Wallich ex de Candolle | bengduowang | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | ** | PHO53 |
Apocynaceae |
Periploca calophylla (Baill.) Roberty | a ren | tender branches, leaves | yes, medicinal plants | Shrub | ** | *** | GYF8 |
Araceae |
Arisaema decipiens Schott | donghe | leaves | yes, huger food for people | Herb | * | ** | PHO2 |
Araceae |
Arisaema sp. | langdeng | leaves | no | Herb | ** | * | PHO3 |
Araliaceae |
Aralia chinensis L. | bang a | leaves | yes, huger food for people | Tree | *** | * | G0029 |
Araliaceae |
Brassaiopsis chengkangensis Hu | nalangxin | leaves | no | Tree | * | *** | PHO4 |
Araliaceae |
Brassaiopsis glomerulata (Blume) Regel | nalongxin | leaves | no | Tree or shrub | * | *** | PHO5 |
Araliaceae |
Schefflera chinensis (Dunn) H. L. Li | lengdemg | leaves | no | Tree | ** | ** | PHO6 |
Araliaceae |
Trevesia palmata (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Vis. | lajia | leaves | yes, medicinal plants | Tree | ** | *** | G0049 |
Asteraceae |
Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd. | debulu | leaves | yes, also fodder for cattle | Herb | ** | ** | GYF38 |
Asteraceae |
Blumea densiflora DC. | leaves | no | Shrub | * | **** | GYF48 | |
Asteraceae |
Cirsium sp. | lajian | whole plant | no | Herb | * | ** | G0022 |
Asteraceae |
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore | whole plant | yes, huger food for people | Herb | ** | ** | PHO12 | |
Asteraceae |
Himalaiella deltoidea (DC.) Raab-Straube | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | ** | GYF53 | |
Asteraceae |
Myriactis nepalensis Less. | waguigang | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | ** | G0052 |
Asteraceae |
Notoseris yakoensis (Jeffrey) N. Kilian | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | *** | GYF49 | |
Asteraceae |
Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don) Anderb. | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | * | PHO13 | |
Asteraceae |
Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | *** | PHO14 | |
Asteraceae |
Sonchus wightianus Candolle | nu a bulai | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | * | PHO15 |
Balsaminaceae |
Impatiens holocentra Handel-Mazzetti | zhuiguli | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | ** | G0020 |
Betulaceae |
Alnus nepalensis D. Don | leaves, fruits | no | Tree | * | ***** | PHO7 | |
Betulaceae |
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | dengpurui | leaves | no | Tree | * | ** | PHO8 |
Brassicaceae |
Cardamine flexuosa With. | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | ** | PHO17 | |
Caprifoliaceae |
Leycesteria gracilis (Kurz) Airy Shaw | baguajia | leaves | no | Shrub | ** | * | G0048 |
Caprifoliaceae |
Valeriana barbulata Diels | dengsen | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | ** | PHO56 |
Caryophyllaceae |
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult. | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | ** | PHO11 | |
Caryophyllaceae |
Stellaria vestita Kurz | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | ** | GYF37 | |
Celastraceae |
Celastrus gemmatus Loes. | a ren | leaves | no | Shrub | ** | ** | GYF1 |
Commelinaceae |
Commelina paludosa Blume | bengge | leaves | no | Herb | *** | ** | GYF33 |
Coriariaceae |
Coriaria nepalensis Wall. | leaves | no | Shrub | * | ** | PHO16 | |
Cornaceae |
Cornus macrophylla Wall. | benmiqiang | leaves | no | Tree | ** | * | G0051 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | ** | PHO18 | |
Cyperaceae |
Carex baccans Nees | jiwoka | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | ** | GYF51 |
Cyperaceae |
Carex nubigena D. Don ex Tilloch & Taylor | jingwo | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | *** | PHO19 |
Cyperaceae |
Scleria dulungensis P. C. Li | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | ** | PHO20 | |
Ericaceae |
Vaccinium gaultheriifolium (Griff.) Hook. f. ex C.B. Clarke | kaixin | leaves | no | Shrub | ** | * | PHO21 |
Fabaceae |
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi | buruikale | leaves | yes, huger food for people | Herb | *** | ** | PHO28 |
Gentianaceae |
Tripterospermum chinense (Migo) Harry Sm. | leaves | no | Herb | *** | *** | GYF46 | |
Gesneriaceae |
Aeschynanthus superbus C. B. Clarke | leaves | no | Shrub | ** | * | PHO22 | |
Hydrangeaceae |
Hydrangea longipes Franch. | benming | leaves | no | Shrub | *** | **** | GYF24 |
Hypericaceae |
Hypericum addingtonii N. Robson | leaves | no | Shrub | * | ** | GYF4 | |
Hypoxidaceae |
Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Ktze. | xiaowei | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | ** | GYF40 |
Hypoxidaceae |
Curculigo sinensis S. C. Chen | shiwei | whole plant | no | Herb | **** | ** | G0001 |
Iteaceae |
Itea kiukiangensis Huang & S. C. Huang ex H. Chuang | leaves | no | Tree | ** | ** | PHO23 | |
Lamiaceae |
Ajuga nipponensis Makino | leaves | no | Herb | ** | * | PHO24 | |
Lamiaceae |
Craniotome furcata (Link) Kuntze | mengsang | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | **** | GYF20 |
Lamiaceae |
Elsholtzia blanda (Benth.) Benth. | tender branches, leaves | no | Herb | ** | * | PHO25 | |
Lamiaceae |
Leucosceptrum canum Sm. | xindong | leaves | no | Tree or shrub | ** | **** | PHO26 |
Lamiaceae |
Melissa axillaris (Benth.) Bakh.f. | renangsangxi | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | *** | GYF11 |
Lamiaceae |
Pogostemon brevicorollus Y. Z. Sun ex C. H. Hu | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | **** | GYF10 | |
Lamiaceae |
Prunella vulgaris L. | wagui | whole plant | yes, medicinal plants | Herb | *** | ** | PHO27 |
Magnoliaceae |
Magnolia sp. | sirbeng | leaves | no | Tree | * | * | GYF26 |
Melanthiaceae |
Paris sp. | chonglou | leaves | yes, mithun growing fast and medicinal plants | Herb | *** | ** | PHO29 |
Melastomataceae |
Oxyspora yunnanensis H. L. Li | leaves | no | Shrub | ** | ** | GYF45 | |
Musaceae |
Ensete wilsonii (Tutcher) Cheesman | gelong | leaves | yes, huger food for people | Herb | ** | * | PHO31 |
Oleaceae |
Jasminum lanceolarium Roxb. | tender branches, leaves | no | Woody liana | * | * | GYF42 | |
Orchidaceae |
Cymbidium faberi Rolfe | xinwa | whole plant | no | Herb | * | * | G0059 |
Orchidaceae |
Pholidota articulata Lindl. | whole plant | no | Herb | * | * | GYF5 | |
Plantaginaceae |
Plantago asiatica L. | wagui | whole plant | yes, medicinal plants | Herb | *** | ** | G0004 |
Poaceae |
Arundo donax L. | gelu | tender branches, leaves | yes, mithun growing fast with shiny fur | Tree | **** | ***** | G0056 |
Poaceae |
Chimonobambusa armata (Gamble) Hsueh & T. P. Yi | jiu | leaves, bamboo shoot | yes, huger food for people | Tree | **** | **** | PHO34 |
Poaceae |
Dendrocalamus fugongensis Hsueh & D. Z. Li | duwa | leaves, bamboo shoot | yes, huger food for people | Tree | *** | *** | PHO35 |
Poaceae |
Erianthus longisetosus T. Anderson | shiling | whole plant | yes, mithun growing fast with shiny fur | Herb | ***** | ***** | G0060 |
Poaceae |
Fargesia praecipua T. P. Yi | sameng | leaves, bamboo shoot | yes, huger food for people | Tree | **** | **** | GYF21 |
Poaceae |
Gaoligongshania megalothyrsa (Hand.-Mazz.) D.Z. Li, J.R. Xue & N.H. Xia | langsa | leaves, bamboo shoot | yes, huger food for people | Tree | * | **** | GYF22 |
Poaceae |
Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. | aji | whole plant | yes, mithun growing fast with shiny fur | Herb | **** | *** | PHO36 |
Poaceae |
Isachne albens Trin. | mieqie | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | *** | GYF35 |
Poaceae |
Microstegium nudum (Trin.) A. Camus | yilong | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | ** | G0013 |
Poaceae |
Miscanthus nepalensis (Trin.) L. Liu | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | *** | PHO8406 | |
Poaceae |
Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. | jilong | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | ** | GYF36 |
Poaceae |
Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. | whole plant | no | Herb | **** | ** | PHO37 | |
Poaceae |
Phyllostachys mannii Gamble | remeng | leaves, bamboo shoot | yes, huger food for people | Tree | *** | *** | PHO38 |
Poaceae |
Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. | hong | whole plant | no | Herb | **** | *** | GYF39 |
Poaceae |
Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase | ji ong | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | * | PHO39 |
Poaceae |
Setaria plicata (Lam.) T. Cooke | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | *** | PHO40 | |
Polygonaceae |
Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don) H. Hara | shili | whole plant | yes, fodder for all livestocks huger food for people | Herb | ** | * | GYF30 |
Polygonaceae |
Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | longgadebeng | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | ** | PHO42 |
Polygonaceae |
Polygonum chinense var. hispidum Hook. f. | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | *** | GYF34 | |
Polygonaceae |
Polygonum molle D. Don | yibangge, bengge | tender branches, leaves | yes, huger food for people | Shrub | **** | **** | G0032 |
Polygonaceae |
Polygonum runcinatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | zhebamu | whole plant | yes, huger food for people | Herb | *** | ** | PHO43 |
Polygonaceae |
Polygonum runcinatum var. sinense Hemsl. | debeng | whole plant | yes, medicinal plants | Herb | *** | *** | G0030 |
Primulaceae |
Embelia floribunda Wall. | tender branches, leaves | no | Shrub | ** | * | PHO32 | |
Primulaceae |
Embelia parviflora Wall. ex A. DC. | tender branches, leaves | no | Shrub | * | * | GYF27 | |
Primulaceae |
Myrsine semiserrata Wall. | xinjixin | tender branches, leaves | no | Shrub | ** | *** | PHO33 |
Ranunculaceae |
Clematis armandii Franch. | whole plant | yes, medicinal plants | Herb | *** | ** | PHO44 | |
Ranunculaceae |
Clematis sp. | whole plant | yes, medicinal plants | Herb | ** | ** | GYF14 | |
Rosaceae |
Fragaria moupinensis (Franch.) Cardot | bohuo | whole plant | yes, fruits for people | Herb | *** | ** | G0007 |
Rosaceae |
Fragaria pentaphylla Losinsk. | buleng | whole plant | yes, fruits for people | Herb | *** | ** | PHO45 |
Rosaceae |
Geum aleppicum Jacq. | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | *** | PHO46 | |
Rosaceae |
Neillia thrysiflora D. Don | leaves | no | Tree | ** | ** | GYF47 | |
Rosaceae |
Potentilla kleiniana Wight & Arn. | denggabune | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | * | PHO47 |
Rosaceae |
Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. | benheqi | tender branches, leaves, fruits | yes, fruits for people | Shrub | ** | ** | G0043 |
Rosaceae |
Rubus ellipticus Sm. | benghe, bengge | tender branches, leaves, fruits | yes, fruits for people | Shrub | ** | ** | GYF13 |
Rosaceae |
Rubus irenaeus Focke | tender branches, leaves, fruits | yes, fruits for people | Shrub | *** | *** | GYF25 | |
Rosaceae |
Rubus lineatus Reinw. | jiawa | tender branches, leaves, fruits | yes, fruits for people | Shrub | **** | ***** | G0046 |
Rosaceae |
Rubus mesogaeus Focke | tender branches, leaves, fruits | yes, fruits for people | Shrub | ** | **** | PHO48 | |
Rosaceae |
Rubus paniculatus Sm. | benghe | tender branches, leaves, fruits | yes, fruits for people | Shrub | *** | ** | G0005 |
Rosaceae |
Rubus pectinarioides H. Hara | tender branches, leaves, fruits | yes, fruits for people | Shrub | ** | * | GYF23 | |
Rosaceae |
Rubus pentagonus Wall. ex Focke | dachui | tender branches, leaves, fruits | yes, fruits for people | Shrub | ** | * | GYF54 |
Rosaceae |
Rubus taronensis C. Y. Wu ex T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu | lajia | tender branches, leaves, fruits | yes, fruits for people | Shrub | ** | ** | GYF19 |
Rubiaceae |
Damnacanthus indicus C. F. Gaertn. | leaves | no | Shrub | * | ** | GYF12 | |
Rubiaceae |
Hedyotis scandens Roxb. | whole plant | no | Herb | * | ** | GYF18 | |
Rubiaceae |
Luculia yunnanensis S. Y. Hu | gudie, xiu | leaves | no | Shrub | ** | ** | GYF44 |
Rubiaceae |
Ophiorrhiza lurida Hook.f. | whole plant | no | Herb | * | ** | GYF29 | |
Rubiaceae |
Uncaria scandens (Sm.) Hutch. | tender branches, leaves | no | Woody liana | * | * | GYF52 | |
Rubiaceae |
Wendlandia speciosa Cowan | leaves | no | Tree or shrub | * | ** | PHO49 | |
Rutaceae |
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. | tender branches, leaves | no | Shrubs or woody climbers | *** | ** | PHO50 | |
Sabiaceae |
Sabia dielsii Levl. | tender branches, leaves | no | Woody liana | * | ** | GYF50 | |
Saxifragaceae |
Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | ** | PHO51 | |
Scrophulariaceae |
Buddleja sp. | leaves | no | Tree | *** | ** | PHO30 | |
Smilacaceae |
Smilax lunglingensis F. T. Wang & Tang | aguaidelei | leaves | no | Shrub | *** | *** | GYF16 |
Smilacaceae |
Smilax myrtillus A. DC. | leaves | no | Shrub | * | * | GYF15 | |
Staphyleaceae |
Turpinia macrosperma Huang | leaves | no | Tree | * | ** | PHO52 | |
Urticaceae |
Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Chen | xinyi | leaves | no | Shrub | **** | **** | G0038 |
Urticaceae |
Elatostema hookerianum Wedd. | kena, shilikangqiang | whole plant | yes, muntjac’s favorite | Herb | *** | ** | G0009 |
Urticaceae |
Elatostema laevissimum W. T. Wang | whole plant | yes, muntjac’s favorite | Herb | *** | ** | PHO54 | |
Urticaceae |
Elatostema nasutum Hook.f. | kangqiang | whole plant | yes, muntjac’s favorite | Herb | ** | ** | GYF2 |
Urticaceae |
Elatostema platyphyllum Wedd. | zhemeng | whole plant | no | Subshrubs | ***** | ***** | GYF31 |
Urticaceae |
Gonostegia hirta (Bl.) Miq. | yileng, jielang | whole plant | no | Herb | **** | ** | G0053 |
Urticaceae |
Lecanthus pileoides Chien & C. J. Chen | wangnuoka, wandong | whole plant | no | Herb | **** | ** | G0012 |
Urticaceae |
Oreocnide frutescens (Thunb.) Miq. | leaves | no | Tree | *** | *** | PHO55 | |
Urticaceae |
Pilea pellionioides C. J. Chen | whole plant | no | Herb | *** | ** | GYF3 | |
Urticaceae |
Pilea sp. | ganji | whole plant | no | Herb | ** | *** | G0018 |
Urticaceae |
Urtica ardens Link | bengluo | whole plant | no | Herb | * | * | GYF17 |
Vitaceae |
Tetrastigma obtectum (Wall. ex M.A. Lawson) Planch. ex Franch. | buleng a ren | tender branches, leaves | yes, fruits for people | Herbaceous liana | *** | ** | GYF28 |
Zingiberaceae |
Cautleya gracilis (Sm.) Dandy | gubeng | leaves | no | Herb | * | * | GYF7 |
Zingiberaceae |
Hedychium sinoaureum Stapf | gubaomu, gubeng | leaves | no | Herb | ** | * | G0014 |
Feeding habits, prioritizing fodder trees/shrubs and promotion possibilities
Family | Scientific name | Vernacular name | Cited frequency | Life form |
---|---|---|---|---|
Poaceae |
Erianthus longisetosus T. Anderson | shiling | 47 | Herb |
Poaceae |
Phyllostachys mannii Gamble | remeng | 37 | Tree |
Poaceae |
Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. | aji | 31 | Herb |
Urticaceae |
Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Chen | xinyi | 28 | Shrub |
Poaceae |
Arundo donax L. | gelu | 27 | Tree |
Urticaceae |
Elatostema hookerianum Wedd. | kena | 24 | Herb |
Poaceae |
Chimonobambusa armata (Gamble) Hsueh & T. P. Yi | jiu | 20 | Tree |
Actinidiaceae |
Saurauia polyneura C. F. Liang & Y. S. Wang | damujiu | 20 | Tree |
Poaceae |
Fargesia praecipua T. P. Yi | sameng | 16 | Tree |
Rosaceae |
Rubus lineatus Reinw. | jiawa | 15 | Shrub |
Fabaceae |
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi | buruikale | 11 | Herb |
Poaceae |
Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. | jilong | 11 | Herb |
Polygonaceae |
Polygonum molle D. Don | bengge | 11 | Shrub |
Polygonaceae |
Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don) H. Hara | shili | 9 | Herb |
Hydrangeaceae |
Hydrangea longipes Franch. | benming | 8 | Shrub |
Poaceae |
Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. | hong | 8 | Herb |
Melanthiaceae |
Paris sp. | chonglou | 7 | Herb |
Poaceae |
Dendrocalamus fugongensis Hsueh & D. Z. Li | duwa | 7 | Tree |