Background
The Lyon approach (France)
Introduction
History
Definition of treatment
Treatment indications, goals and age specifics
Classification system
Principles of the Lyon method
Stage I: Lyon approach to assessment
Stage II: Awareness of trunk deformity
Stage III: What to do: sample exercise
Stage IV: What not to do and why
Stage V: Sport or only physiotherapy?
The use of breathing mechanics, muscle activation, and mobilization
Treatment tools: active and passive
Description of the most relevant exercise mechanics (see Figures in section Classification system)
Activities of daily living and sport
Scientific evidence
The ARTbrace
The Schroth method (Germany)
Introduction
History
Classification system
Treatment indications and goals
Age specifics
3D principles of correction
The use of breathing mechanics, muscle activation, and mobilization
Description of Schroth method exercises
Activities of daily living
Scientific evidence
Scientific exercise approach to scoliosis (Italy)
Introduction
History
The SEAS method
Classification system
Treatment indications and treatment goals
Age specifics
3D principles of correction
The use of breathing mechanics, muscle activation, and mobilization
Active and passive assistive devices during exercise
Description of the most relevant exercise mechanics
Activities of daily living and sport
Scientific evidence
SEAS braces
SIBILLA BRACE (Fig. 43)
SFORZESCO BRACE (Fig. 44)
Barcelona scoliosis physical therapy school (Spain)
Introduction
History
About the method
Classification system
Treatment indications
Goals
3D Principles of correction
The use of breathing mechanics, muscle activation, and mobilization
Description of the BSPTS exercises
Activities of daily living
Scientific evidence
BSPTS bracing
The Dobomed method (Poland)
Introduction
History
Definition of treatment
Treatment indications, goals, and age specifics
Classification system
3D Principles of correction
The use of breathing mechanics, muscle activation, and mobilization
Treatment tools: active and passive
Description of the most relevant exercise mechanics
Scientific evidence
Side shift (United Kingdom)
Introduction
History
Classification system
Treatment indications and goals
Age specifics
3D principles of correction
The use of breathing mechanics, muscle activation, and mobilization
Treatment tools: active and passive
Description of the most relevant exercise mechanics
Activities of daily living and sport
Scientific evidence
Functional individual therapy of scoliosis (Poland)
Introduction
History
Definition of treatment
Classification system
Treatment indication and guidelines
Treatment goals and age specifics
3D Principles of correction: The 3 Stages
Stage I
Stage II
Description of the most relevant exercise mechanics
The use of breathing mechanics, muscle activation, and mobilization
Treatment tools: active and passive
Activities of daily living and sport
Scientific evidence
Conclusion
School name | Treatment indication | Age treated | Principles of correction | Classification system | Breathing technique | Mobilization and flexibility | Brace used | Evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lyon (France) | SOSORT 2011 guidelines | * Juvenile Adolescent ** Adult | Focuses on physical therapy exercises in preparation for brace wearing and in brace | Ponseti Lenke | Rotational angular breathing (RAB) | Encouraging thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis | 3D ARTbrace (Asymmetrical Rigid Torsion brace) | De Mauroy JC et al. Scoliosis. 2015;10:26 |
Schroth (Germany) | SOSORT 2011 guidelines | * Early onset * Juvenile Adolescent ** Adult | Reshape the thorax through isometric muscle activation around the prominences (the convexities) and a specific breathing technique (called rotational angular breathing (RAB) or simply orthopedic breathing) in the collapsed areas (the concavities) | Katharina Schroth’s Body Blocks | Rotational angular breathing (RAB) | Rib cage, spine mobilization and lower extremities flexibility | 3D Chêneau brace | RCT - Schreiber S et al. Scoliosis. 2015;10:24 Weiss H et al. Hard Tissue. 2013; 2(3): 27 RCT - Kuru T et al. Clinil Rehabil. 2015 Weiss HR et al. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;91:342–7 |
Scientific Exercise Approach to Scoliosis (SES) (Italy) | SOSORT 2011 guidelines | Same treatment objectives for all ages | Educates and trains patients to actively self-correct their posture and to incorporate that self-correction into functional exercises | Ponseti | Rotational angular breathing (RAB) | Pre-bracing mobilization | 3D Sibilla brace (Cobb <30°) Sforzesco brace (Cobb 30°–50°) | RCT - Monticone M et al. Eur Spine J. 2014;23(6):1204–14 Negrini S et al. Disability and Rehabilitation 2008;30(10):772–785 |
Barcelona Scoliosis Physical Therapy School (BSPTS) (Spain) | SOSORT 2011 guidelines | * Juvenile Adolescent ** Adult | Based on the original principles of correction established by Katharina Schroth. Like the Schroth method, the school’s aim to improve the scoliotic posture via muscle activation and the RAB technique mentioned above. | Katharina Schroth’s Body Blocks and Manuel Rigo’s radiological classification | Rotational angular breathing (RAB) | Rib cage, spine and lower extremities flexibility | 3D Rigo Chêneau brace | Schroth evidence above plus: Rigo M et al. Scoliosis 2010,5:1 Otman SN et al. Saudi Med J. 2005; 26(9): 1429–35 |
Dobomed (Poland) | SOSORT 2011 guidelines | Same treatment objectives for all ages | Involves mobilization of the primary curve toward curve correction with a special emphasis on ‘kyphotization’ of the thoracic spine and/or ‘lordotization’ of the lumbar spine in closed kinetic chains | Dobomed | Specific Rotational angular breathing in a ‘phased-lock’ respiration technique | Increase thoracic spine kyphosis and lumbar lordosis | 3D Cheneau brace | Durmala J et al. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2003;5(l):80–5 Durmala J et al. Scoliosis. 2009;4(Suppl 2):029 |
Side-Shift (United Kingdom) | SOSORT 2011 guidelines | Adolescent ** Adult | Built on the theory that a flexible curve can be stabilized with lateral movements and that repetitive side movements of the trunk will correct the lateral deviation of the trunk along with the coronal plane | King | Rotational angular breathing (RAB) | Principles of Maitland and myofascial release techniques | Unspecified | |
Functional Individual Therapy of Scoliosis (FITS) (Poland) | SOSORT 2011 guidelines | Juvenile Adolescent ** Adult | Based on a number of physiotherapeutic techniques that were selected and adapted specifically for the treatment of scoliosis. Examples are Proprioception Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and myofascial release techniques | No traditional classification system | 3D corrective breathing into the concavities | Mobilization and myofascial techniques to eliminate myofascial restrictions | 3D Cheneau brace | Białek M. Scoliosis. 2011;28;6(1):25 Białek M. Medicine. 2015;94(20):e863 |