Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Sports Medicine 4/2000

01.10.2000 | Review Article

Therapeutic Impact of Exercise on Psychiatric Diseases

Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription

verfasst von: Dr Tim Meyer, Andreas Broocks

Erschienen in: Sports Medicine | Ausgabe 4/2000

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Aerobic exercise seems to be effective in improving general mood and symptoms of depression and anxiety in healthy individuals and psychiatric patients. This effect is not limited to aerobic forms of exercise. There are almost no contraindications for psychiatric patients to participate in exercise programmes, provided they are free from cardiovascular and acute infectious diseases. However, very little is known about the effects of exercise in psychiatric disease other than those in depression and anxiety disorders. A few reports indicate the need for controlled investigations in psychotic and personality disorders.
Unfortunately, no general concept for a therapeutic application of physical activity has been developed so far. Reliance on submaximal measures is highly recommended for fitness assessment. Monitoring of exercise intensity during training sessions is most easily done by measuring the heart rate using portable devices (whereas controlling the exact workload may be preferable for scientific purposes). Appropriate pre- and post-training testing is emphasised to enable adequate determinations of fitness gains and to eventually allow positive feedback to be given to patients in clinical settings.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Morgan WP, Pollock ML. Psychologic characterization of the elite distance runner. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1977; 301: 382–403PubMedCrossRef Morgan WP, Pollock ML. Psychologic characterization of the elite distance runner. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1977; 301: 382–403PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Francis KT, Carter R. Psychological characteristic of joggers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1982; 22: 386–91PubMed Francis KT, Carter R. Psychological characteristic of joggers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1982; 22: 386–91PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Lobstein DD, Ismail AH, Rasmussen CL. Beta-endorphin and components of emotionality discriminate between physically active and sedentary men. Biol Psychiatry 1989; 26: 3–14PubMedCrossRef Lobstein DD, Ismail AH, Rasmussen CL. Beta-endorphin and components of emotionality discriminate between physically active and sedentary men. Biol Psychiatry 1989; 26: 3–14PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson VE, Morley NC, Bird EI. Mood profiles of marathon runners, joggers and non-exercisers. Percept Mot Skills 1980; 50: 117–8PubMedCrossRef Wilson VE, Morley NC, Bird EI. Mood profiles of marathon runners, joggers and non-exercisers. Percept Mot Skills 1980; 50: 117–8PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayden RM, Allen GJ. Relationship between aerobic exercise, anxiety, and depression: convergent validation by knowledgeable informants. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1984; 24: 69–74PubMed Hayden RM, Allen GJ. Relationship between aerobic exercise, anxiety, and depression: convergent validation by knowledgeable informants. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1984; 24: 69–74PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Nouri S, Beer J. Relations of moderate physical exercise to scores on hostility, aggression, and trait-anxiety. Percept Mot Skills 1989; 68: 1191–4PubMedCrossRef Nouri S, Beer J. Relations of moderate physical exercise to scores on hostility, aggression, and trait-anxiety. Percept Mot Skills 1989; 68: 1191–4PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown JD, Lawton M. Stress and well-being in adolescence: the moderating role of physical exercise. J Hum Stress 1986; 12: 125–31 Brown JD, Lawton M. Stress and well-being in adolescence: the moderating role of physical exercise. J Hum Stress 1986; 12: 125–31
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Farmer ME, Locke BZ, Moscicki EK, et al. Physical activity and depressive symptoms: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128: 1340–51PubMed Farmer ME, Locke BZ, Moscicki EK, et al. Physical activity and depressive symptoms: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128: 1340–51PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Perri S, Templer DI. The effects of an aerobic exercise program on psychological variables in older adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1984-85; 20: 167–72PubMedCrossRef Perri S, Templer DI. The effects of an aerobic exercise program on psychological variables in older adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1984-85; 20: 167–72PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Abele A, Brehm W. Befindlichkeitsveränderungen im Sport. Sportwissenschaft 1986; 16: 288–302 Abele A, Brehm W. Befindlichkeitsveränderungen im Sport. Sportwissenschaft 1986; 16: 288–302
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, et al. Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of aerobic exercise training in healthy older men and women. J Gerontol 1989; 44: M147–57PubMedCrossRef Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, et al. Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of aerobic exercise training in healthy older men and women. J Gerontol 1989; 44: M147–57PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Moses J, Steptoe A, Mathews A, et al. The effects of exercise training on mental well-being in the normal population: a controlled trial. J Psychosom Res 1989; 33: 47–61PubMedCrossRef Moses J, Steptoe A, Mathews A, et al. The effects of exercise training on mental well-being in the normal population: a controlled trial. J Psychosom Res 1989; 33: 47–61PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat King AC, Taylor CB, Haskell WL, et al. Influence of regular aerobic exercise on psychological health: a randomized, controlled trial of healthy middle-aged adults. Health Psychol 1989; 8: 305–24PubMedCrossRef King AC, Taylor CB, Haskell WL, et al. Influence of regular aerobic exercise on psychological health: a randomized, controlled trial of healthy middle-aged adults. Health Psychol 1989; 8: 305–24PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat White JR, Case DA, McWhirter D, et al. Enhanced sexual behavior in exercising men. Arch Sex Behav 1990; 19: 193–20PubMedCrossRef White JR, Case DA, McWhirter D, et al. Enhanced sexual behavior in exercising men. Arch Sex Behav 1990; 19: 193–20PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Norris R, Carroll D, Cochrane R. The effects of physical activity and exercise training on psychological stress and well-being in an adolescent population. J Psychosom Res 1992; 36: 55–65PubMedCrossRef Norris R, Carroll D, Cochrane R. The effects of physical activity and exercise training on psychological stress and well-being in an adolescent population. J Psychosom Res 1992; 36: 55–65PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Simons CW, Birkimer JC. An exploration of factors predicting the effects of aerobic conditioning on mood state. J Psychosom Res 1988; 32: 63–75PubMedCrossRef Simons CW, Birkimer JC. An exploration of factors predicting the effects of aerobic conditioning on mood state. J Psychosom Res 1988; 32: 63–75PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Steptoe A, Edwards S, Moses J, et al. The effects of exercise training on mood and perceived coping ability in anxious adults from the general population. J Psychosom Res 1989; 33: 537–47PubMedCrossRef Steptoe A, Edwards S, Moses J, et al. The effects of exercise training on mood and perceived coping ability in anxious adults from the general population. J Psychosom Res 1989; 33: 537–47PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Desharnais R, Jobin J, Caté C, et al. Aerobic exercise and the placebo effect: a controlled study. Psychosom Med 1993; 55: 149–54PubMed Desharnais R, Jobin J, Caté C, et al. Aerobic exercise and the placebo effect: a controlled study. Psychosom Med 1993; 55: 149–54PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Greist JH, Klein MH, Eischens RR, et al. Running as treatment for depression. Compr Psychiatry 1979; 20: 41–54PubMedCrossRef Greist JH, Klein MH, Eischens RR, et al. Running as treatment for depression. Compr Psychiatry 1979; 20: 41–54PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat McCann IL, Holmes DS. Influence of aerobic exercise on depression. J Pers Soc Psychol 1984; 46: 1142–7PubMedCrossRef McCann IL, Holmes DS. Influence of aerobic exercise on depression. J Pers Soc Psychol 1984; 46: 1142–7PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinsen EW, Hoffart A, Solberg O. Comparing aerobic with anerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of clinical depression: a randomized trial. Compr Psychiatry 1989; 30: 324–31PubMedCrossRef Martinsen EW, Hoffart A, Solberg O. Comparing aerobic with anerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of clinical depression: a randomized trial. Compr Psychiatry 1989; 30: 324–31PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinsen EW, Medhus A, Sandvik L. Effects of aerobic exercise on depression: a controlled study. BrMed J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 291: 109CrossRef Martinsen EW, Medhus A, Sandvik L. Effects of aerobic exercise on depression: a controlled study. BrMed J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 291: 109CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Doyne EJ, Ossip-Klein DJ, Bowman ED, et al. Running versus weightlifting in the treatment of depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987; 55: 748–54PubMedCrossRef Doyne EJ, Ossip-Klein DJ, Bowman ED, et al. Running versus weightlifting in the treatment of depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987; 55: 748–54PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Pappas GP, Golin S, Meyer DL. Reducing symptoms of depression with exercise [letter]. Psychosomatics 1990; 31: 112–3PubMedCrossRef Pappas GP, Golin S, Meyer DL. Reducing symptoms of depression with exercise [letter]. Psychosomatics 1990; 31: 112–3PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams JM, Getty D. Effect of levels of exercise on psychological mood states, physical fitness, and plasma beta-endorphin. Percept Mot Skills 1986; 63: 1099–105PubMedCrossRef Williams JM, Getty D. Effect of levels of exercise on psychological mood states, physical fitness, and plasma beta-endorphin. Percept Mot Skills 1986; 63: 1099–105PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Orwin A. Treatment of a situational phobia: a case for running. Br J Psychiatry 1974; 125: 95–8PubMedCrossRef Orwin A. Treatment of a situational phobia: a case for running. Br J Psychiatry 1974; 125: 95–8PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Muller B, Armstrong Jr HE. A further note on the ‘running treatment’ for anxiety. Psychotherapy 1975; 12: 385–7CrossRef Muller B, Armstrong Jr HE. A further note on the ‘running treatment’ for anxiety. Psychotherapy 1975; 12: 385–7CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat McDaniel WW. Panic disorder and exercise [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 269PubMed McDaniel WW. Panic disorder and exercise [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 269PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Sexton H, Maere A, Dahl NH. Exercise intensity and reduction in neurotic symptoms: a controlled follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 80: 231–5PubMedCrossRef Sexton H, Maere A, Dahl NH. Exercise intensity and reduction in neurotic symptoms: a controlled follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 80: 231–5PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Broocks A, Bandelow B, Pekrun G, et al. Comparison of aerobic exercise, clomipramine, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 603–9PubMed Broocks A, Bandelow B, Pekrun G, et al. Comparison of aerobic exercise, clomipramine, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 603–9PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Morgan WP. Physical activity and mental health. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1997 Morgan WP. Physical activity and mental health. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1997
32.
Zurück zum Zitat McDonald DG, Hodgdon JA. Psychological effects of aerobic fitness training: research and theory. New York (NY): Springer, 1991CrossRef McDonald DG, Hodgdon JA. Psychological effects of aerobic fitness training: research and theory. New York (NY): Springer, 1991CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones M, Mellersh V. A comparison of the exercise response in anxiety states and normal controls. Psychosom Med 1946; 8: 180–7PubMed Jones M, Mellersh V. A comparison of the exercise response in anxiety states and normal controls. Psychosom Med 1946; 8: 180–7PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinsen EW. Physical fitness, anxiety and depression. Br J Hosp Med 1990; 43: 194–9PubMed Martinsen EW. Physical fitness, anxiety and depression. Br J Hosp Med 1990; 43: 194–9PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinsen EW, Strand J, Paulsson G, et al. Physical fitness level in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: 58–61PubMedCrossRef Martinsen EW, Strand J, Paulsson G, et al. Physical fitness level in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: 58–61PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Broocks A, Meyer TF, Bandelow B, et al. Exercise avoidance and impaired endurance capacity in patients with panic disorder. Neuropsychobiology 1997; 36: 182–7PubMedCrossRef Broocks A, Meyer TF, Bandelow B, et al. Exercise avoidance and impaired endurance capacity in patients with panic disorder. Neuropsychobiology 1997; 36: 182–7PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer T, Broocks A, Bandelow B, et al. Endurance training in panic patients: spiroergometric and clinical effects. Int J Sports Med 1998; 19: 496–502PubMedCrossRef Meyer T, Broocks A, Bandelow B, et al. Endurance training in panic patients: spiroergometric and clinical effects. Int J Sports Med 1998; 19: 496–502PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor CB, King R, Ehlers A, et al. Treadmill exercise test and ambulatory measures in panic attacks. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 48–52JCrossRef Taylor CB, King R, Ehlers A, et al. Treadmill exercise test and ambulatory measures in panic attacks. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 48–52JCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Greist JH, Klein MH, Eischens RR, et al. Running through your mind. J Psychosom Res 1978; 22: 259–94PubMedCrossRef Greist JH, Klein MH, Eischens RR, et al. Running through your mind. J Psychosom Res 1978; 22: 259–94PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Doyne EJ, Chambless DL, Beutler LE. Aerobic exercise as a treatment for depression in women. Behav Ther 1983; 14: 434–40CrossRef Doyne EJ, Chambless DL, Beutler LE. Aerobic exercise as a treatment for depression in women. Behav Ther 1983; 14: 434–40CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat MacMahon JR, Gross RT. Physical and psychological effects of aerobic exercise in delinquent adolescent males. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142: 1361–6PubMed MacMahon JR, Gross RT. Physical and psychological effects of aerobic exercise in delinquent adolescent males. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142: 1361–6PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinsen EW, Raglin JS, Hoffart A, et al. Tolerance to intensive exercise and high levels of lactate in panic disorder. J Anxiety Disord 1998; 12: 333–42PubMedCrossRef Martinsen EW, Raglin JS, Hoffart A, et al. Tolerance to intensive exercise and high levels of lactate in panic disorder. J Anxiety Disord 1998; 12: 333–42PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinyor D, Brown T, Rostant L, et al. The role of a physical fitness program in the treatment of alcoholism. J Stud Alcohol 1982; 43: 380–6PubMed Sinyor D, Brown T, Rostant L, et al. The role of a physical fitness program in the treatment of alcoholism. J Stud Alcohol 1982; 43: 380–6PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Weber A. Running as treatment option: an experimental trial in stationary alcoholics [in German]. Suchtgefahren 1984; 30: 160–7 Weber A. Running as treatment option: an experimental trial in stationary alcoholics [in German]. Suchtgefahren 1984; 30: 160–7
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams L. How exercise can help people with mental health problems. Nurs Times 1995; 91 (36): 37–9PubMed Adams L. How exercise can help people with mental health problems. Nurs Times 1995; 91 (36): 37–9PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinsen EW. Physical activity and depression: clinical experience. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1994; 377: 23–7PubMedCrossRef Martinsen EW. Physical activity and depression: clinical experience. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1994; 377: 23–7PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Hannaford CP, Harrell EH. Psychophysiological effects of a running program on depression and anxiety in a psychiatric population. Psychol Rec 1988; 38: 37–48 Hannaford CP, Harrell EH. Psychophysiological effects of a running program on depression and anxiety in a psychiatric population. Psychol Rec 1988; 38: 37–48
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Fulcher KY, White PD. Randomised controlled trial of graded exercise in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ 1997; 314: 1647–52PubMedCrossRef Fulcher KY, White PD. Randomised controlled trial of graded exercise in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ 1997; 314: 1647–52PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Buchfuhrer MJ, Hansen JE, Robinson TE, et al. Optimizing the exercise protocol for cardiopulmonary assessment. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 1558–64PubMed Buchfuhrer MJ, Hansen JE, Robinson TE, et al. Optimizing the exercise protocol for cardiopulmonary assessment. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 1558–64PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Carney RM, Templeton B, Hong BA, et al. Exercise training reduces depression and increases the performance of pleasant activities in hemodialyses patients. Nephron 1987; 47: 194–8PubMedCrossRef Carney RM, Templeton B, Hong BA, et al. Exercise training reduces depression and increases the performance of pleasant activities in hemodialyses patients. Nephron 1987; 47: 194–8PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Gayle RC, Spitter DL, Karper WB, et al. Psychological changes in exercising COPD patients. Int J Rehabil Res 1988; 11: 335–42PubMedCrossRef Gayle RC, Spitter DL, Karper WB, et al. Psychological changes in exercising COPD patients. Int J Rehabil Res 1988; 11: 335–42PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Lennox SS, Bedell JR, Stone AA. The effect of exercise on normal mood. J Psychosom Res 1990; 34: 629–36PubMedCrossRef Lennox SS, Bedell JR, Stone AA. The effect of exercise on normal mood. J Psychosom Res 1990; 34: 629–36PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Morgan WP, Horstman DH. Anxiety reduction following acute physical activity [abstract]. Med Sci Sports 1976; 8: 62 Morgan WP, Horstman DH. Anxiety reduction following acute physical activity [abstract]. Med Sci Sports 1976; 8: 62
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer T, Gabriel HHW, Kindermann W. Is determination of exercise intensities as percentages of V̇O2max or HRmax adequate? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 1342–5PubMedCrossRef Meyer T, Gabriel HHW, Kindermann W. Is determination of exercise intensities as percentages of V̇O2max or HRmax adequate? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 1342–5PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Weltman A, Weltman J, Rutt R, et al. Percentages of maximal heart rate, heart rate reserve, and V̇O2peak for determining endurance training intensity in sedentary women. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: 212–6PubMedCrossRef Weltman A, Weltman J, Rutt R, et al. Percentages of maximal heart rate, heart rate reserve, and V̇O2peak for determining endurance training intensity in sedentary women. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: 212–6PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Weltman A, Snead D, Seip R, et al. Percentages of maximal heart rate, heart rate reserve, and V̇O2max for determining endurance training intensity in male runners. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11: 218–22PubMedCrossRef Weltman A, Snead D, Seip R, et al. Percentages of maximal heart rate, heart rate reserve, and V̇O2max for determining endurance training intensity in male runners. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11: 218–22PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Katch V, Weltman A, Sady S, et al. Validity of the relative percent concept for equating training intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 1978; 39: 219–27CrossRef Katch V, Weltman A, Sady S, et al. Validity of the relative percent concept for equating training intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 1978; 39: 219–27CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat LaPerriere A, Fletcher MA, Antoni MH, et al. Aerobic exercise training in an AIDS risk group. Int J Sports Med 1991; 12: S53–7PubMedCrossRef LaPerriere A, Fletcher MA, Antoni MH, et al. Aerobic exercise training in an AIDS risk group. Int J Sports Med 1991; 12: S53–7PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Kindermann W, Schramm M, Keul J. Aerobic performance diagnostics with different experimental settings. Int J Sports Med 1980; 1: 110–4CrossRef Kindermann W, Schramm M, Keul J. Aerobic performance diagnostics with different experimental settings. Int J Sports Med 1980; 1: 110–4CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Cramer SR, Nieman DC, Lee JW. The effects of moderate exercise training on psychological well-being and mood state in women. J Psychosom Res 1991; 35: 437–49PubMedCrossRef Cramer SR, Nieman DC, Lee JW. The effects of moderate exercise training on psychological well-being and mood state in women. J Psychosom Res 1991; 35: 437–49PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobs I, Schele R, Sjodin B. Blood lactate vs. exhaustive exercise to evaluate aerobic fitness. Eur J Appl Physiol 1985; 54: 151–5 Jacobs I, Schele R, Sjodin B. Blood lactate vs. exhaustive exercise to evaluate aerobic fitness. Eur J Appl Physiol 1985; 54: 151–5
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobs I. Blood lactate: implications for training and sports performance. Sports Med 1986; 3: 10–25PubMedCrossRef Jacobs I. Blood lactate: implications for training and sports performance. Sports Med 1986; 3: 10–25PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Kindermann W, Simon G, Keul J. The significance of the aerobic-anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 1979; 42: 25–34CrossRef Kindermann W, Simon G, Keul J. The significance of the aerobic-anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 1979; 42: 25–34CrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Urhausen A, Kindermann W. Biochemical monitoring of training. Clin J Sport Med 1992; 2: 52–61CrossRef Urhausen A, Kindermann W. Biochemical monitoring of training. Clin J Sport Med 1992; 2: 52–61CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Aunola S, Rusko H. Comparison of two methods for aerobic threshold determination. Eur J Appl Physiol 1988; 57: 420–4CrossRef Aunola S, Rusko H. Comparison of two methods for aerobic threshold determination. Eur J Appl Physiol 1988; 57: 420–4CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60: 2020–7PubMed Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60: 2020–7PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Caiozzo VJ, Davis JA, Ellis JF, et al. A comparison of gas exchange indices used to detect the anaerobic threshold. J Appl Physiol 1982; 53: 1184–9PubMed Caiozzo VJ, Davis JA, Ellis JF, et al. A comparison of gas exchange indices used to detect the anaerobic threshold. J Appl Physiol 1982; 53: 1184–9PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Fukuba Y, Munaka M, Usui S, et al. Comparison of objective methods for determining ventilatory threshold. Jpn J Physiol 1988; 38: 133–44PubMedCrossRef Fukuba Y, Munaka M, Usui S, et al. Comparison of objective methods for determining ventilatory threshold. Jpn J Physiol 1988; 38: 133–44PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Orr GW, Green HJ, Hughson RL, et al. A computer linear regression model to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 1349–52PubMed Orr GW, Green HJ, Hughson RL, et al. A computer linear regression model to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 1349–52PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyl SN, et al. Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1973; 35: 236–43PubMed Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyl SN, et al. Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1973; 35: 236–43PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshida T, Nagata A, Muro M, et al. The validity of anaerobic threshold determination by a Douglas bag method compared with arterial blood lactate concentration. Eur J Appl Physiol 1981; 46: 423–30CrossRef Yoshida T, Nagata A, Muro M, et al. The validity of anaerobic threshold determination by a Douglas bag method compared with arterial blood lactate concentration. Eur J Appl Physiol 1981; 46: 423–30CrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Rusko H, Luhtanen P, Rahkila P, et al. Muscle metabolism, blood lactate and oxygen uptake in steady state exercise at aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. Eur J Appl Physiol 1986; 55: 181–6CrossRef Rusko H, Luhtanen P, Rahkila P, et al. Muscle metabolism, blood lactate and oxygen uptake in steady state exercise at aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. Eur J Appl Physiol 1986; 55: 181–6CrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Simon J, Young JL, Gutin B, et al. Lactate accumulation relative to the anaerobic and respiratory compensation thresholds. J Appl Physiol 1983; 54: 13–7PubMed Simon J, Young JL, Gutin B, et al. Lactate accumulation relative to the anaerobic and respiratory compensation thresholds. J Appl Physiol 1983; 54: 13–7PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Stegmann H, Kindermann W, Schnabel A. Lactate kinetics and individual anaerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med 1981; 2: 160–5PubMedCrossRef Stegmann H, Kindermann W, Schnabel A. Lactate kinetics and individual anaerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med 1981; 2: 160–5PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Röcker K, Schotte O, Niess AM, et al. Predicting competition performance in long-distance running by means of a treadmill test. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 1552–7CrossRef Röcker K, Schotte O, Niess AM, et al. Predicting competition performance in long-distance running by means of a treadmill test. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 1552–7CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Conconi F, Ferrari M, Ziglio PG, et al. Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 869–73PubMed Conconi F, Ferrari M, Ziglio PG, et al. Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 869–73PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Aunola S, Rusko H. Reproducibility of aerobic and anaerobic thresholds in 20-50 year old men. Eur J Appl Physiol 1984; 53: 260–6CrossRef Aunola S, Rusko H. Reproducibility of aerobic and anaerobic thresholds in 20-50 year old men. Eur J Appl Physiol 1984; 53: 260–6CrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Bunc V, Heller J, Novack J, et al. Determination of the individual anaerobic threshold. Acta Univ Carol (Gymnica) 1985; 27: 73–81 Bunc V, Heller J, Novack J, et al. Determination of the individual anaerobic threshold. Acta Univ Carol (Gymnica) 1985; 27: 73–81
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Borg G, Noble B. Perceived exertion. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 1974; 2: 131–53CrossRef Borg G, Noble B. Perceived exertion. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 1974; 2: 131–53CrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Whaley MH, Brubaker PH, Kaminsky LA, et al. Validity of rating of perceived exertion during graded exercise testing in apparently healthy adults and cardiac patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1997; 17: 261–7PubMedCrossRef Whaley MH, Brubaker PH, Kaminsky LA, et al. Validity of rating of perceived exertion during graded exercise testing in apparently healthy adults and cardiac patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1997; 17: 261–7PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Whaley MH, Woodall T, Kaminsky LA, et al. Reliability of perceived exertion during graded exercise testing in apparently healthy adults. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1997; 17: 37–42PubMedCrossRef Whaley MH, Woodall T, Kaminsky LA, et al. Reliability of perceived exertion during graded exercise testing in apparently healthy adults. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1997; 17: 37–42PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahon AD, Duncan GE, Howe CA, et al. Blood lactate and perceived exertion relative to ventilatory threshold: boys versus men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 1332–7PubMedCrossRef Mahon AD, Duncan GE, Howe CA, et al. Blood lactate and perceived exertion relative to ventilatory threshold: boys versus men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 1332–7PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, et al. Principles of exercise testing and interpretation. Philadelphia (PA): Lea & Febiger, 1987 Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, et al. Principles of exercise testing and interpretation. Philadelphia (PA): Lea & Febiger, 1987
84.
Zurück zum Zitat King CN, Senn MD. Exercise testing and prescription: practical recommendations for the sedentary. Sports Med 1996; 21: 326–36PubMedCrossRef King CN, Senn MD. Exercise testing and prescription: practical recommendations for the sedentary. Sports Med 1996; 21: 326–36PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunbar CC, Bursztyn DA. The slope method for prescribing exercise with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Percept Mot Skills 1996; 83: 91–7PubMedCrossRef Dunbar CC, Bursztyn DA. The slope method for prescribing exercise with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Percept Mot Skills 1996; 83: 91–7PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Connor PJ, Raglin JS, Morgan WP. Psychometric correlates of perception during arm ergometry in males and females. Int J Sports Med 1996; 17: 462–6PubMedCrossRef O’Connor PJ, Raglin JS, Morgan WP. Psychometric correlates of perception during arm ergometry in males and females. Int J Sports Med 1996; 17: 462–6PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat MacKinnon SN. Relating heart rate and rate of perceived exertion in two simulated occupational tasks. Ergonomics 1999; 42: 761–6PubMedCrossRef MacKinnon SN. Relating heart rate and rate of perceived exertion in two simulated occupational tasks. Ergonomics 1999; 42: 761–6PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollmann W, Rost R, Liesen H, et al. Assessment of different forms of physical activity with respect to preventive and rehabilitative cardiology. Int J Sports Med 1981; 2: 67–80PubMedCrossRef Hollmann W, Rost R, Liesen H, et al. Assessment of different forms of physical activity with respect to preventive and rehabilitative cardiology. Int J Sports Med 1981; 2: 67–80PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanaka H, Swensen T. Impact of resistance training on endurance performance: a new form of cross-training? Sports Med 1998; 25: 191–200PubMedCrossRef Tanaka H, Swensen T. Impact of resistance training on endurance performance: a new form of cross-training? Sports Med 1998; 25: 191–200PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Therapeutic Impact of Exercise on Psychiatric Diseases
Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription
verfasst von
Dr Tim Meyer
Andreas Broocks
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2000
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Sports Medicine / Ausgabe 4/2000
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200030040-00003

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2000

Sports Medicine 4/2000 Zur Ausgabe

Injury Clinic

Commotio Cordis

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen. 
» Jetzt entdecken

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Arthroskopie kann Knieprothese nicht hinauszögern

25.04.2024 Gonarthrose Nachrichten

Ein arthroskopischer Eingriff bei Kniearthrose macht im Hinblick darauf, ob und wann ein Gelenkersatz fällig wird, offenbar keinen Unterschied.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

23.04.2024 Leitsymptom Rückenschmerzen Nachrichten

Personen mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen, die von einfühlsamen Ärzten und Ärztinnen betreut werden, berichten über weniger Beschwerden und eine bessere Lebensqualität.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.