nach oben

PharmacoEconomics

Erschienen in:

01.05.2001 | Review Article

Hip Fracture Prevention

Cost-Effective Strategies

verfasst von: Dr Peter Vestergaard, Lars Rejnmark, Leif Mosekilde

Erschienen in: PharmacoEconomics | Ausgabe 5/2001

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The available literature on cost benefit, cost effectiveness and cost utility of different drug and non-drug regimens in preventing hip fractures was reviewed.

The cost of a hip fracture and of the different treatment regimens varied considerably from one country to another. In primary prevention, potential savings only exceeded costs in women over the age of 70 years treated with hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). In the case of HRT, treating those with low bone mineral density levels (secondary prevention) seems to be more cost effective than general treatment (primary prevention).

There are few studies that have compared several different preventive regimens. Cost effectiveness is directly related to the cost of the regimen used because there is no significant difference in their effectiveness. That is, a high cost regimen such as bisphosphonates would be less cost effective than a low cost regimen such as HRT, judged from existing literature.

High risk groups can be identified (nursing home residents) and treated with low cost interventions (calcium plus vitamin D or hip protectors). Considerable differences in the estimates used for the efficacy of different regimens in studies exist.

Further studies comparing several hip fracture preventive regimens are required in order to establish the most cost-effective strategy.

Ray NF, Chan JK, Thamer M, et al. Medical expenditures for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures in the United States in 1995: report from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12: 24–35PubMedCrossRef

Phillips S, Fox N, Jacobs J, et al. The direct medical costs of osteoporosis for American women aged 45 and older, 1986. Bone 1988; 9: 271–9PubMedCrossRef

Chriscilles E, Shireman T, Wallace R. Costs and health effects of osteoporotic fractures. Bone 1994; 15: 377–86CrossRef

Cummings SR, Rubin SM, Black D. The future of hip fractures in the United States: numbers, costs, and potential effects of postmenopausal estrogen. Clin Orthop 1990; (252): 163–6

Reginster JY, Gillet P, Ben Sedrine W, et al. Direct costs of hip fractures in patients over 60 years of age in Belgium. Pharmacoeconomics 1999; 15 (5): 507–14PubMedCrossRef

Dolan P, Torgerson DJ. The cost of treating osteoporotic fractures in the United Kingdom female population. Osteoporos Int 1998; 8: 611–7PubMedCrossRef

Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, Parker MJ. The cost of treating hip fractures in the twenty-first century. J Public Health Med 1995; 17: 269–76PubMed

Cox MA, Bowie R, Horne G. Hip fractures: an increasing health care cost. J Orthop Trauma 1993; 7: 52–7PubMedCrossRef

Barrett-Connor E. The economic and human costs of osteoporotic fracture. Am J Med 1995; 98: 3S–8SPubMedCrossRef

10.

Jensen JS, Tondevold E, Sorensen PH. Costs of treatment of hip fractures: a calculation of the consumption of the resources of hospitals and rehabilitation institutions. Acta Orthop Scand 1980; 51: 289–96PubMedCrossRef

11.

Norris RJ. Medical costs of osteoporosis. Bone 1992; 13 Suppl. 2: S11–6PubMedCrossRef

12.

Owen RA, Melton LJ, Gallagher JC, et al. The national cost of acute care of hip fractures associated with osteoporosis. Clin Orthop 1980; 172–6

13.

Cooper C, Campion G, Melton III LJ. Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection. Osteoporosis Int 1992; 2: 285–9CrossRef

14.

Baudoin C, Fardellone P, Thelot B, et al. Hip fractures in France: the magnitude and perspective of the problem. Osteoporos Int 1996; 6 Suppl. 3: 1–10PubMedCrossRef

15.

Rodriguez JG, Sattin RW, Waxweiler RJ. Incidence of hip fractures, United States, 1970–83. Am J Prev Med 1989; 5: 175–81PubMed

16.

Bacon WE, Maggi S, Looker A, et al. International comparison of hip fracture rates in 1988–89. Osteoporosis Int 1996; 6: 69–75CrossRef

17.

Melton III LJ, Ilstrup DM, Riggs BL, et al. Fifty-year trend in hip fracture incidence. Clin Orthop 1982; 162: 144–9PubMed

18.

Kelly TJ. Bone mineral density reference database for American men and women. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5 Suppl. 2: S249

19.

Alexeeva L, Burkhardt P, Christiansen C, et al. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: report of a WHO Study Group. 1st ed. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), 1994. (WHO Technical Report, No. 843)

20.

Naessen T, Lindmark B, Larsen HC. Better postural balance in elderly women receiving estrogens. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 412–6PubMedCrossRef

21.

Hayes WC, Myers ER. Biomechanics of fractures. In: Riggs BL, Melton III LJ, editors. Osteoporosis: etiology, diagnosis and management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven, 1995: 93–114

22.

Blake GM, Wahner HW, Fogelman I. The evaluation of osteoporosis: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound in clinical practice. 2nd ed. London: Martin Dunitz, 1999

23.

Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 1996; 312: 1254–9PubMedCrossRef

24.

Gärdsell P, Johnell O, Nilsson BE, et al. The predictive value of fracture, disease, and falling tendency for fragility fractures in women. Calcif Tissue Int 1989; 45: 327–30PubMedCrossRef

25.

Ensrud KE, Nevitt MC, Yunis C, et al. Postural hypotension and postural dizziness in elderly women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1058–64PubMedCrossRef

26.

Cummings SR, Black D. Should perimenopausal women be screened for osteoporosis?. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 817–23PubMed

27.

Tosteson ANA, Rosenthal DI, Melton III LJ, et al. Cost effectiveness of screening perimenopausal white women for osteoporosis: bone densitometry and hormone replacement therapy. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 594–603PubMed

28.

Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1016–37PubMed

29.

Mosekilde L, Beck-Nielsen H, Sørensen OH, et al. Hormonal replacement therapy reduces forearm fracture incidence in recent postmenopausal women — results of the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study. Maturitas 2000; 36: 181–93PubMedCrossRef

30.

Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents bone loss and fractures. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 319–24PubMed

31.

Lufkin EG, Wahner HW, O’Fallon WM, et al. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with transdermal estrogen. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1–9PubMed

32.

Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Delmas PD, et al. Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for three years on hip fractures in elderly women. BMJ 1994; 308: 1081–2PubMedCrossRef

33.

Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, et al. Vitamin D, and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1637–42PubMedCrossRef

34.

Tilyard MW, Spears GF, Thomson J, et al. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 357–62PubMedCrossRef

35.

Orimo H, Shiraki M, Hayashi Y, et al. Effects of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on lumbar bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 54: 370–6PubMedCrossRef

36.

van Staa TP, Abenhaim L, Cooper C. Use of cyclical etidronate and prevention of non-vertebral fractures. Br J Rheum 1998; 37: 87–94CrossRef

37.

Watts NB, Harris ST, Genant HK, et al. Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 73–9PubMedCrossRef

38.

Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA 1998; 280: 2077–82PubMedCrossRef

39.

Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, et al. Randomised trial of the effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet 1996; 348: 1535–41PubMedCrossRef

40.

McClung M, Eastell R, Bensen W, et al. Risedronate reduces hip fracture risk in elderly women with osteoporosis [abstract]. Osteoporosis Int 2000; 11 Suppl. 2: S207

41.

Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy With Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA 1999; 282: 1344–52PubMedCrossRef

42.

Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH, et al. Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos Int 2000; 11: 83–91PubMedCrossRef

43.

Lauritzen JB, Petersen MM, Lund B. Effect of external hip protectors on hip fractures. Lancet 1993; 341: 11–3PubMedCrossRef

44.

Kanis JA, Johnell O, Gullberg B, et al. Evidence for efficacy of drugs affecting bone metabolism in preventing hip fracture. BMJ 1992; 305: 1124–8PubMedCrossRef

45.

Silverman SL, Moniz C, Andriano K, et al. Salmon-calcitonin nasal spray prevents vertebral fractures in established osteoporosis: final world wide results of the ‘PROOF’ study [abstract]. Calcif Tissue Int 1999; 64 Suppl. 1: S43

46.

Whittington R, Faulds D. Hormone replacement therapy: II. A pharmacoeconomic appraisal of its role in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and ischaemic heart disease. Pharmacoeconomics 1994; 5 (6)

47.

Michaëlsson K, Baron JA, Farahmand BY, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of hip fracture: population based case-control study. BMJ 1998; 316: 1858–63PubMedCrossRef

48.

Kiel DP, Felson DT, Anderson JJ, et al. Hip fracture and the use of estrogens in postmenopausal women: the Framingham study. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1169–74PubMedCrossRef

49.

Komulainen MH, Kröger H, Tuppurainen MT, et al. HRT and Vit D in prevention of non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women: a 5 year randomized trial. Maturitas 1998; 31: 45–54PubMedCrossRef

50.

Windeler J, Lange S. Events per person year: a dubious concept. BMJ 1995; 310: 454–6PubMedCrossRef

51.

Vestergaard P, Hermann AP, Gram J, et al. Improving compliance with hormonal replacement therapy in primary osteoporosis prevention. Maturitas 1997; 28: 137–45PubMedCrossRef

52.

Weinstein MC. Estrogen use in postmenopausal women: costs, risks, and benefits. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 308–16PubMedCrossRef

53.

Cheung AP, Wren BG. A cost-effectiveness analysis of hormone replacement therapy in the menopause. Med J Aust 1992; 156: 312–6PubMed

54.

Ryan PJ, Harrison R, Blake GM, et al. Compliance with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after screening for post menopausal osteoporosis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99: 325–8PubMedCrossRef

55.

Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52 705 women with breast cancer and 108 411 women without breast cancer. Lancet 1997; 350: 1047–59

56.

Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, et al. The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1589–93PubMedCrossRef

57.

Beresford SAA, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, et al. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of oestrogen combined with cyclic progestagen therapy in postmenopausal women. Lancet 1997; 349: 458–61PubMedCrossRef

58.

Weinstein MC, Tosteson ANA. Cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 592: 162–72PubMedCrossRef

59.

Nachtigall LE, Nachtigall RH, Nachtigall RD, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy. I: a 10-year prospective study in the relationship to osteoporosis. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 5353: 277–81

60.

Jick H, Derby LE, Myers MW, et al. Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal oestrogens. Lancet 1996; 348: 981–3PubMedCrossRef

61.

Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 453–61PubMedCrossRef

62.

Fitzpatrick LA, Litin SC, Bell MR. The women’s health initiative: a heart-to-HRT conversation [editorial]. Mayo Clin Proc 2000; 75: 559–61PubMedCrossRef

63.

Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomised trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998; 280: 605–13PubMedCrossRef

64.

Grady D, Wenger NK, Herrington D, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease: the heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 689–96PubMed

65.

Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, et al. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 522–9PubMedCrossRef

66.

Gorsky RD, Koplan JP, Peterson HB, et al. Relative risks and benefits of long-term estrogen replacement therapy: a decision analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 161–6PubMed

67.

Tang M, Jacobs D, Stern Y, et al. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 1996; 348: 429–32PubMedCrossRef

68.

Mulnard RA, Cotman CW, Kawas C, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. JAMA 2000; 283: 1007–15PubMedCrossRef

69.

Seshadri S, Wolf PA, Beiser A, et al. Lifetime risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: the impact of mortality on risk estimates in the Framingham Study. Neurology 1997; 49: 1498–504PubMedCrossRef

70.

Daly E, Roche M, Barlow D, et al. HRT: an analysis of benefits, risks and costs. Br Med Bull 1992; 48: 368–400PubMed

71.

Browner WS, Pressman AR, Nevitt MC, et al. Mortality following fractures in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1521–5PubMedCrossRef

72.

Nettleman MD, Alsip J, Schrader M, et al. Predictors of mortality after acute hip fracture. J Gen Intern Med 1996; 11: 765–7PubMedCrossRef

73.

Recker RR, Hinders S, Davies KM, et al. Correcting calcium nutritional deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 1961–6PubMedCrossRef

74.

Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 670–6PubMedCrossRef

75.

Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 400–6PubMed

76.

Kotowicz MA, Melton III LJ, Cooper C, et al. Risk of hip fracture in women with vertebral fracture. J Bone Mineral Res 1994; 9: 599–605CrossRef

77.

Schnitzer T, Bone HG, Crepaldi G, et al. Therapeutic equivalence of alendronate 70 mg once-weekly and alendronate 10 mg daily in the treatment of osteoporosis. Alendronate Once-Weekly Study Group. Aging (Milano) 2000; 12: 1–12

78.

Bauer DC, Black D, Ensrud K, et al. Upper gastrointestinal tract safety profile of alendronate: the fracture intervention trial. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 517–25PubMedCrossRef

79.

Christensen PM, Kristiansen IS, Brøsen K, et al. Compliance to bisphosphonates: a population-based study using a prescription database [abstract]. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; Suppl.: 277

80.

Storm T, Thamsborg G, Steiniche T, et al. Effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy on bone mass and fracture rate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1265–71PubMedCrossRef

81.

Storm T, Kollerup G, Thamsborg G, et al. Five years of clinical experience with intermittent cyclical etidronate for postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1560–4PubMed

82.

Thomson ABR, Hunt RH, Lanza FL, et al. Risedronate has significantly lower incidence of gastric ulcers compared to alendronate [abstract]. Osteoporos Int 2000; 11 Suppl. 2: S201–2

83.

Torgerson D, Donaldson C, Reid D. Using economics to prioritize research: a case study of randomized trials for the prevention of hip fractures due to osteoporosis. J Health Serv Res Policy 1996; 1: 141–6PubMed

84.

Feskanich D, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of thiazide use and fractures in women. Osteoporos Int 1997; 7: 79–84PubMedCrossRef

85.

Adami S. Effects of Evista on fracture incidence in postmenopausal women wih osteoporosis [abstract]. Calcif Tissue Int 2000; 66 Suppl. 1: S128

86.

Black DM, Blackwell T, Ettinger B, et al. Does raloxifene reduce non-vertebral fracture risk in women with very low BMD: results from the MORE study [abstract]. Osteoporos Int 2000; 11 Suppl. 2: S89

87.

Parker MJ, Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in the elderly. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2000. Oxford: Update Software, 2000

88.

Myers AH, Young Y, Langlois JA. Prevention of falls in the elderly. Bone 1996; 18: 87S–101SPubMedCrossRef

89.

Poulstrup A. Project on falls in Vejle County 1985–88 [in Danish]. 1st ed. Jelling: Jelling Bogtrykkeri A/S, 1989

90.

Clark AP, Schuttinga JA. Targeted estrogen/progesterone replacement therapy for osteoporosis: calculation of health care cost savings. Osteoporos Int 1992; 2: 195–200PubMedCrossRef

91.

Torgerson DJ, Kanis JA. Cost-effectiveness of preventing hip fractures in the elderly population using vitamin D and calcium. QJM 1995; 88 (2): 135–9PubMed

92.

Kristiansen IS, Falch JA, Andersen L, et al. Use of alendronate in osteoporosis: is it cost-effective? Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1997; 117: 2619–22PubMed

93.

Visentin P, Ciravegna R, Fabris F. Estimating the cost per avoided hip fracture by osteoporosis treatment in Italy. Maturitas 1997; 26: 185–92PubMedCrossRef

94.

Ankjaer-Jensen A, Johnell O. Prevention of osteoporosis: cost-effectiveness of different pharmaceutical treatments. Osteoporos Int 1996; 6: 265–75PubMedCrossRef

95.

Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L. Costs of different intervention strategies to prevent hip fractures. Ugeskr Laeger 1999; 161: 4400–5PubMed

96.

de Laet CE, van Hout BA, Burger H, et al. Incremental cost of medical care after hip fracture and first vertebral fracture: the Rotterdam study. Osteoporos Int 1999; 10: 66–72PubMedCrossRef

97.

Jonsson B, Christiansen C, Johnell O, et al. Cost-effectiveness of fracture prevention in established osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 1995; 5: 136–42PubMedCrossRef

98.

Brainsky A, Glick H, Lydick E, et al. The economic cost of hip fractures in community-dwelling older adults: a prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45: 281–7PubMed

99.

Zethraeus N, Stromberg L, Jonsson B, et al. The cost of a hip fracture: estimates for 1,709 patients in Sweden. Acta Orthop Scand 1997; 68: 13–7PubMedCrossRef

100.

Farnworth MG, Kenny P, Shiell A. The costs and effects of early discharge in the management of fractured hip [published erratum appears in Age Ageing 1995 Jul; 24 (4): 367]. Age Ageing 1994; 23: 190–4PubMedCrossRef

101.

Cameron ID, Lyle DM, Quine S. Cost effectiveness of accelerated rehabilitation after proximal femoral fracture. J Clin Epidemiol 1994; 47: 1307–13PubMedCrossRef

102.

Hollingworth W, Todd C, Parker M, et al. Cost analysis of early discharge after hip fracture. BMJ 1993; 307: 903–6PubMedCrossRef

103.

Randell A, Sambrook PN, Nguyen TV, et al. Direct clinical and welfare costs of osteoporotic fractures in elderly men and women. Osteoporos Int 1995; 5: 427–32PubMedCrossRef

104.

Borgquist L, Lindelow G, Thorngren KG. Costs of hip fracture: rehabilitation of 180 patients in primary health care. Acta Orthop Scand 1991; 62: 39–48PubMedCrossRef

105.

Levy E. Cost analysis of osteoporosis related to untreated menopause. Clin Rheumatol 1989; 8 Suppl. 2: 76–82PubMedCrossRef

106.

Lane A. Direct costs of osteoporosis for New Zealand women. Pharmacoeconomics 1996; 9 (3): 231–45PubMedCrossRef

107.

Stromberg L, Ohlen G, Svensson O. Prospective payment systems and hip fracture treatment costs. Acta Orthop Scand 1997; 68: 6–12PubMedCrossRef

108.

Schurch MA, Rizzoli R, Mermillod B, et al. A prospective study on socioeconomic aspects of fracture of the proximal femur. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 1935–42PubMedCrossRef

109.

Johnell O. The socioeconomic burden of fractures: today and in the 21st century. Am J Med 1997; 103: 20S–5SPubMedCrossRef

110.

Finsen V, Borset M, Rossvoll I. Mobility, survival and nursing home requirements after hip fracture. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1995; 84: 291–4PubMed

111.

Zethraeus N, Gerdtham UG. Estimating the costs of hip fracture and potential savings. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1998; 14: 255–67PubMedCrossRef

112.

French FH, Torgerson DJ, Porter RW. Cost analysis of fracture of the neck of femur. Age Ageing 1995; 24: 185–9PubMedCrossRef

113.

Parker MJ, Myles JW, Anand JK, et al. Cost-benefit analysis of hip fracture treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992; 74: 261–4PubMed

114.

Schroder HM. The cost of hospitalizing hip fracture patients has increased despite shorter hospitalization time. Injury 1991; 22: 135–8PubMedCrossRef

115.

Thorngren KG. Cost comparison in hip fracture treatment. Acta Orthop Scand 1991; 241 Suppl.: 38–9

116.

Torgerson DJ, Reid DM. The economics of osteoporosis and its prevention: a review. Pharmacoeconomics 1997; 11 (2): 126–38PubMedCrossRef

117.

Knogleskørhed (Konsensus-rapport 9.–11. januar 1995). 1st ed. Copenhagen: Statens Sundhedsvidenskabelige Forskningsråd og Dansk Sygehus Institut, 1995

118.

Geelhoed E, Harris A, Prince R. Cost-effectiveness analysis of hormone replacement therapy and lifestyle intervention for hip fracture. Aust J Public Health 1994; 18: 153–60PubMedCrossRef

119.

Cranney A, Welch V, Adachi JD, et al. Calcitonin for the treatment and prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis [CD-ROM and online]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (2): CD001983

120.

Roux C, Oriente P, Laan R, et al. Randomized trial of effect of cyclical etidronate in the prevention of corticosteroid-induced bone loss. Ciblos Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1128–33PubMedCrossRef

121.

Homik J, Cranney A, Shea B, et al. Bisphosphonates for steroid induced osteoporosis [CD-ROM and online]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (2): CD001347

122.

Homik J, Suarez-Almazor ME, Shea B, et al. Calcium and vitamin D for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis [CD-ROM and online]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (2): CD000952

123.

Adachi JD, Bensen WG, Brown J, et al. Intermittent etidronate therapy to prevent corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1997;: 382–7

124.

Rosner AJ, Grima DT, Torrance GW, et al. Cost effectiveness of multi-therapy treatment strategies in the prevention of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Pharmacoeconomics 1998; 14 (5): 559–73PubMedCrossRef

125.

Mortensen L, Charles P, Bekker PJ, et al. Risedronate increases bone mass in an early postmenopausal population: two years of treatment plus one year of follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 396–402PubMedCrossRef

126.

Phillips CJ, Moore RA. Developing a strategy for the prevention of hip fractures in the elderly due to osteoporosis: the application of economics to the findings from a clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract 1998; 52: 335–40PubMed

Titel: Hip Fracture Prevention
Cost-Effective Strategies
verfasst von: Dr Peter Vestergaard
Lars Rejnmark
Leif Mosekilde
Publikationsdatum: 01.05.2001
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: PharmacoEconomics / Ausgabe 5/2001
Print ISSN: 1170-7690
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-2027
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200119050-00002

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2001

The Lifetime Cost of Bipolar Disorder in the US

Cost Effectiveness of Desirudin Compared with a Low Molecular Weight Heparin in the Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis after Total Hip Replacement Surgery

Economic Evaluation of a New Acellular Vaccine for Pertussis in Canada

Gastrointestinal-Related Healthcare Resource Usage Associated with a Fixed Combination of Diclofenac and Misoprostol versus Other NSAIDs

The Cost of Inadequate Prescriptions for Hypolipidaemic Drugs

Cost Effectiveness of Nasal Calcitonin in Postmenopausal Women