Background
Methods
Research design
Population and sample
Data collection
Data analysis
Ethics, consent and permissions
Results
Animal ownership
Frequency | Percentage | ||
---|---|---|---|
Animal ownership | Chickens | 62 | 69 |
Ducks | 17 | 19 | |
Swine | 8 | 9 | |
Transportation assets | Pickup truck | 8 | 9 |
Car | 13 | 14 | |
Motorcycle | 24 | 27 | |
Bicycle | 67 | 74 | |
Level of education (head of household) | Illiterate | 16 | 18 |
Primary school | 54 | 60 | |
Secondary school | 9 | 10 | |
Beyond secondary school | 11 | 12 |
Described illnesses, perceived causes, and treatments as identified by ethnographic research
Illness namea
| System Affected | Signs | Causes | Treatments | Source of health care | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chicken | 1. | Accidente por abajo | Gastrointestinal | Green diarrhea, inappetence, droopy wings, | Too much dust in the summer, too much rain in the winter. Unburied animals. | Water with batteries, water with coins, medicinal plants, tetracycline | Home care, local stores, local pharmacies. |
2. | Accidente por arriba | Respiratory | Lethargy, inappetence, droopy wings. | Too much dust in the summer, too much rain in the winter. Unburied animals. | No treatment. If treated, animal dies faster. | Home care. | |
3. | Apolio/polio | Neuromuscular | Crooked legs, cannot walk. | Unspecified disease targets legs | Medicinal plants, codeine | Home care, local stores, local pharmacies. | |
4. | Calambres | Neuromuscular | Lethargy, feather loss, legs ache. | Warm weather. | Medicinal plants | Home-care | |
5. | Cólera | Gastrointestinal | Diarrhea, lethargy, inappetence. | Weather changes. | Medicinal plants, loperamide | Home-care, local stores, local pharmacies. | |
6. | Coriza | Respiratory | Swollen face, dyspnea | Weather changes, dust. | Tetracycline, amoxicillin, naproxen | Home-care, local stores, local pharmacies. | |
7. | Soco/pujo/moco | Respiratory disease | Nasal discharge, lethargy, inappetence | Weather changes. | Tetracycline, unspecified eye drops, other antibiotics, oil-soaked feather. | Local stores, local pharmacies, home-care. | |
8. | Viruela/buba | Systemic/cutaneous | Hives, skin rash, blindness, fallen feathers | Wind carries microbes, mosquito bite, crescent moon. | Topical treatments involving heat (with a nail or charcoal) and iodine, chloride, or nail polish. | Home-care. | |
Duck | 1. | Accidente | Systemic | Lethargy, inappetence, green diarrhea, hot ears | Too much dust in the summer, too much rain in the winter. Unburied animals. | No treatment. If treated, animal dies faster. | Home care. |
2. | Mal de ojo | Systemic | Lethargy, green diarrhea | Drunken men, sweating people | Red nail polish in the neck, medicinal plants, isolation. | Home-care, traditional healers. | |
3. | Soco/moquillo | Respiratory disease | Nasal discharge, lethargy, inappetence | Weather changes. | Tetracycline, unspecified eye drops, other antibiotics, oil-soaked feather. | Local stores, local pharmacies, home-care. | |
4. | Buba | Cutaneous | Hives, skin rash, blindness, fallen feathers | Weather changes. | Tetracycline, unspecified eye drops, other antibiotics, oil-soaked feather. | Local stores, local pharmacies, home-care. | |
5. | Calambres | Neuromuscular | Lethargy, feather loss, legs ache. | Warm weather. | Medicinal plants | Home-care | |
6. | Coriza | Respiratory | Swollen face, dyspnea | Weather changes, dust. | Tetracycline, amoxicillin, naproxen | Home-care, local stores, local pharmacies. | |
7. | Accidente por abajo | Gastrointestinal | Green diarrhea, inappetence, droopy wings, | Too much dust in the summer, too much rain in the winter. Unburied animals. | Water with batteries, water with coins, medicinal plants, tetracycline | Home care, local stores, local pharmacies. | |
8. | Apolio/polio | Neuromuscular | Crooked legs, cannot walk. | Unspecified disease targets legs | Medicinal plants, codeine | Home care, local stores, local pharmacies. | |
Swine | 1. | Empacho | Gastrointestinal | Lethargy, inappetence hair loss | Wind, weather changes, dust, lack of vaccination. | Several antibiotics | Local pharmacies, home-care. |
2. | Mal de ojo | Systemic | Lethargy, green diarrhea | Drunken men, sweating people | Medicinal plants, isolation. | Home-care, traditional healers. | |
3. | Parásitos | Gastrointestinal | Diarrhea, lethargy, inappetence | Lack of vaccination, eating garbage. | Lard mixed with panela (unrefined sugar). | Home-care | |
4. | Rasquiña/jiote | Cutaneous | Alopecia, dermatitis, lethargy, inappetence | Contaminated water, lack of vaccination. | Vitamins, anti-parasite medication. | Local pharmacies. |
Described illnesses, perceived causes, and treatments as identified by cross-sectional survey
Species | Households reporting | Syndromeb
| No. cases reported |
---|---|---|---|
Chicken | 62 |
Soco, pujo ó moco
| 35 |
Viruela/buba
| 22 | ||
Accidente
| 16 | ||
Otras
| 10 | ||
Accidente por arriba
| 8 | ||
Coriza
| 7 | ||
Accidente por abajo
| 7 | ||
Apolio/polio
| 5 | ||
Calambres
| 5 | ||
Cólera
| 3 | ||
Duck | 17 |
Accidente
| 4 |
Otras
| 4 | ||
Mal de ojo
| 3 | ||
Soco o moquillo
| 3 | ||
Buba
| 2 | ||
Calambres
| 2 | ||
Coriza
| 1 | ||
Accidente por abajo
| 1 | ||
Apolio/polio
| 1 | ||
Swine | 8 |
Rasquiña o jiote
| 4 |
Parásitos
| 2 | ||
Empacho
| 1 | ||
Mal de ojo
| 1 |
Local term | Translationa
| Chicken (N = 62) | Ducks (n = 17) | Swine (n = 8) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tristeza
| Sadness | 45 | 10 | 2 |
No come
| Not eating, lack of appetite | 40 | 18 | 6 |
Ronchas en la piel
| Skin rash | 40 | 1 | 0 |
Postración, Echado
| Prostration, recumbent | 37 | 17 | 3 |
Debilidad
| Weakness | 37 | 7 | 1 |
Cuesta respirar
| Difficulty to breath | 37 | 6 | 0 |
Mocos, flemas
| Nasal discharge | 35 | 3 | 0 |
Ojos hinchados
| Swollen eyes | 32 | 3 | 1 |
Alas caídas
| Droopy wings | 31 | 7 | -- |
Fiebre
| Fever | 30 | 4 | 2 |
Cuesta caminar
| Difficulty to walk | 29 | 9 | 1 |
Deshidratación
| Dehydration | 29 | 5 | 2 |
Estornudos
| Sneezing | 28 | 2 | 0 |
Tos
| Coughing | 26 | 2 | 1 |
Secreciones oculares
| Eye discharge | 25 | 2 | 1 |
Ciego
| Blindness | 24 | 7 | 0 |
Plumas caídas/pelo caído
| Fallen feathers/hair | 14 | 3 | 2 |
Piel hinchada
| Swollen skin | 8 | 1 | 1 |
-- | Other signs | 5 | 3 | 5 |
Reported Causea
| Translation | Chicken (n = 62) | Ducks (n = 17) | Swine (n = 8) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Calor
| Hot weather | 27 | 6 | 1 |
Cambios de clima
| Weather changes | 24 | 2 | 0 |
Polvo
| Dust | 23 | 5 | 1 |
Verano
| Summer | 22 | 3 | 2 |
Lluvia
| Rain | 18 | 2 | 0 |
Virus
| Virus | 16 | 5 | 1 |
Aire
| Air | 16 | 3 | 1 |
Invierno
| Winter | 16 | 2 | 0 |
Mosquito
| Mosquito | 16 | 2 | 0 |
Animals muertos no enterrados
| Unburied dead animals | 14 | 3 | 0 |
Vendedores de animales
| Animal sellers | 9 | 3 | 0 |
Alimentos
| Food | 4 | 0 | 2 |
Sangre pesada, energía fuerte
| Ill-natured person, person with strong energy | 1 | 3 | 0 |
Persona sudada
| Sweaty person | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Treatment | Chickens (n = 62) | Ducks (n = 17) | Swine (n = 8) |
---|---|---|---|
Tetracycline | 57 | 9 | 3 |
Other treatments | 36 | 6 | 3 |
Amoxicillin | 22 | 2 | 1 |
Battery water | 9 | 1 | 0 |
Eye drops | 6 | 1 | 0 |
Oil-soaked feather | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Scrape the skin | 5 | 1 | 0 |
Iodine | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Massage, rubbing | 4 | 3 | 0 |
Medicinal bath | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Isolation | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Red nail polish | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Rubbing with medicinal plants | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Avoid certain foods | 0 | 0 | 1 |