Background
Patients and methods
Patients
Long-term physical functioning and quality of life
Statistical analysis
Results
Patients
Type A (n = 75) | Type B (n = 99) | Type C (n = 18) | All patients (n = 192) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Follow-up in years | ||||
Mean ± std. | 4 ± 2.6 | 4.4 ± 2.6 | 5.2 ± 2.8 | 4.3 ± 2.7 |
Age (years) at injury | ||||
Median (range) | 60 (20, 93) | 51 (18, 89) | 38 (19, 62) | 54 (18, 93) |
Male, n (%) | 32 (43) | 60 (61) | 16 (89) | 108 (56) |
Injury mechanism | ||||
LET | 38 (51) | 22 (22) | 0 (0) | 60 (31) |
HET | 37 (49) | 77 (78) | 18 (100) | 132 (69) |
Treatment | ||||
Conservative | 71 (95) | 74 (75) | 5 (28) | 150 (78) |
Operative | 4 (5) | 25 (25) | 13 (72) | 42 (22) |
ISS | ||||
Median (range) | 9 (4, 43) | 13 (4, 75) | 21 (11, 43) | 13 (4, 75) |
ISS ≥ 16, n (%) | 29 (39) | 44 (44) | 14 (78) | 87 (45) |
Highest pelvis AIS | ||||
Median (range) | 2 (2, 5) | 3 (2, 5) | 3 (2, 4) | 2 (2, 5) |
AIS 2, n (%) | 58 (78) | 43 (43) | 4 (22) | 105 (55) |
AIS 3, n (%) | 16 (21) | 47 (48) | 13 (72) | 76 (39) |
AIS 4, n (%) | 0 (0) | 4 (4) | 1 (6) | 5 (3) |
AIS 5, n (%) | 1 (1) | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | 6 (3) |
Physical functioning and quality of life
Type A | Type B | Type C | All patients | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SMFA | ||||
Function Index (n = 165) | ||||
Median (range) | 15.4 (0, 92) | 13.6 (0, 83) | 9.0 (0, 51) | 13.9 (0, 92) |
Mean ± std. | 25.2 ± 27.4 | 20.7 ± 20.7 | 17.5 ± 17.2 | 21.9 ± 22.9 |
Bother Index (n = 192) | ||||
Median (range) | 19.8 (0, 88) | 14.6 (0, 81) | 16.7 (0, 65) | 16.7 (0, 88) |
Mean ± std. | 28.8 ± 27.2 | 24.6 ± 23.3 | 22.9 ± 21.6 | 26.1 ± 24.7 |
Lower extremity (n = 171) | ||||
Median (range) | 13.5 (0, 96) | 10.4 (0, 94) | 11.5 (0, 58) | 12.5 (0, 96) |
Mean ± std. | 24.3 ± 27.9 | 18.8 ± 22.1 | 17.2 ± 18.4 | 20.5 ± 23.9 |
Upper extremity (n = 192) | ||||
Median (range) | 0 (0, 96) | 0 (0, 79) | 0 (0, 33) | 0 (0, 96) |
Mean ± std. | 16.4 ± 26.9 | 9.6 ± 19.6 | 2.3 ± 7.9 | 11.5 ± 22.4 |
ADL (n = 178) | ||||
Median (range) | 21.3 (0, 96) | 18.6 (0, 90) | 13.1 (0, 65) | 18.8 (0, 96) |
Mean ± std. | 30.8 ± 31.5 | 26.3 ± 25.1 | 22.2 ± 22.5 | 27.5 ± 27.4 |
Emotion (n = 192) | ||||
Median (range) | 25 (0, 84) | 21.9 (0, 84) | 18.8 (0, 68.6) | 23.4 (0, 84) |
Mean ± std. | 29.5 ± 22.3 | 25.9 ± 20.6 | 27.1 ± 21.5 | 27.4 ± 21.3 |
EQ-5D (n = 191) | ||||
Median (range) | 0.807 (− 0.109, 1) | 0.805 (− 0.134, 1) | 0.843 (0.298, 1) | 0.805 (− 0.134, 1) |
Mean ± std. | 0.742 ± 0.275 | 0.764 ± 0.264 | 0.792 ± 0.214 | 0.758 ± 0.264 |
SMFA and EQ-5D scores compared to normative data from the Dutch population
Patients (n) | Fracture typea | Dutch populationa | P value | Difference on a scale from 0 to 100 (%)b |
---|---|---|---|---|
Function | ||||
Age |
Type A
| |||
18–30 (n = 8) | 16.1 ± 20.1 | 10.1 ± 12.4 | > 0.05 | 6.0 |
31–64 (n = 28) | 20.7 ± 21.3 | 12.2 ± 13.4 | < 0.05 | 8.5 |
≥ 65 (n = 19) | 35.6 ± 35.2 | 12.9 ± 13.5 | < 0.05 | 22.7 |
Type B
| ||||
18–30 (n = 14) | 17.0 ± 21.0 | 10.1 ± 12.4 | < 0.05 | 6.9 |
31–64 (n = 56) | 20.4 ± 19.6 | 12.2 ± 13.4 | < 0.05 | 8.2 |
≥ 65 (n = 24) | 23.7 ± 23.3 | 12.9 ± 13.5 | < 0.05 | 10.8 |
Type C
| ||||
18–30 (n = 4) | 11.0 ± 11.8 | 10.1 ± 12.4 | > 0.05 | 0.9 |
31–64 (n = 11) | 21.4 ± 18.5 | 12.2 ± 13.4 | < 0.05 | 9.2 |
Bother | ||||
Age |
Type A
| |||
18–30 (n = 9) | 17.6 ± 21.6 | 9.0 ± 14.5 | > 0.05 | 8.6 |
31–64 (n = 30) | 25.1 ± 24.7 | 15.1 ± 18.6 | < 0.05 | 10.0 |
≥ 65 (n = 37) | 34.5 ± 29.4 | 15.3 ± 18.7 | < 0.05 | 19.2 |
Type B
| ||||
18–30 (n = 15) | 21.0 ± 25.7 | 9.0 ± 14.5 | < 0.05 | 12.0 |
31–64 (n = 59) | 23.8 ± 22.6 | 15.1 ± 18.6 | < 0.05 | 8.7 |
≥ 65 (n = 27) | 28.3 ± 23.8 | 15.3 ± 18.7 | < 0.05 | 13.0 |
Type C
| ||||
18–30 (n = 5) | 23.8 ± 22.0 | 9.0 ± 14.5 | < 0.05 | 14.8 |
31–64 (n = 12) | 24.5 ± 22.3 | 15.1 ± 18.6 | > 0.05 | 9.4 |
Patients (n) | Fracture typea | Dutch populationa | P value | Difference on a scale from 0 to 100 (%)b |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower extremity | ||||
Age |
Type A
| |||
18–30 (n = 8) | 11.7 ± 17.7 | 7.6 ± 12.9 | > 0.05 | 4.1 |
31–64 (n = 29) | 18.8 ± 21.3 | 10.8 ± 14.4 | < 0.05 | 8.0 |
≥ 65 (n = 21) | 36.7 ± 35.0 | 13.6 ± 14.8 | < 0.05 | 23.1 |
Type B
| ||||
18–30 (n = 15) | 15.7 ± 21.6 | 7.6 ± 12.9 | < 0.05 | 8.1 |
31–64 (n = 56) | 17.5 ± 20.4 | 10.8 ± 14.4 | < 0.05 | 6.7 |
≥ 65 (n = 24) | 23.8 ± 26.1 | 13.6 ± 14.8 | < 0.05 | 10.2 |
Type C
| ||||
18–30 (n = 5) | 13.8 ± 16.2 | 7.6 ± 12.9 | > 0.05 | 6.2 |
31–64 (n = 12) | 20.1 ± 19.6 | 10.8 ± 14.4 | < 0.05 | 9.3 |
Upper extremity | ||||
Age |
Type A
| |||
18–30 (n = 8) | 9.4 ± 16.5 | 5.5 ± 10.0 | > 0.05 | 3.9 |
31–64 (n = 56) | 10.1 ± 16.3 | 5.7 ± 11.4 | < 0.05 | 4.4 |
≥ 65 (n = 37) | 23.0 ± 33.5 | 7.2 ± 13.8 | < 0.05 | 15.8 |
Type B
| ||||
18–30 (n = 15) | 1.9 ± 5.6 | 5.5 ± 10.0 | > 0.05 | 3.6▲ |
31–64 (n = 59) | 9.7 ± 20.8 | 5.7 ± 11.4 | < 0.05 | 4.0 |
≥ 65 (n = 27) | 13.6 ± 21.1 | 7.2 ± 13.8 | < 0.05 | 6.4 |
Type C
| ||||
18–30 (n = 5) | 0 ± 0 | 5.5 ± 10.0 | > 0.05 | 5.5▲ |
31–64 (n = 12) | 3.5 ± 9.7 | 5.7 ± 11.4 | > 0.05 | 2.2▲ |
Daily activities | ||||
Age |
Type A
| |||
18–30 (n = 8) | 18.6 ± 26.9 | 9.0 ± 14.9 | > 0.05 | 9.6 |
31–64 (n = 28) | 25.4 ± 27.1 | 14.0 ± 18.1 | < 0.05 | 11.4 |
≥ 65 (n = 27) | 40.0 ± 35.3 | 14.0 ± 17.3 | < 0.05 | 26.0 |
Type B
| ||||
18–30 (n = 14) | 21.3 ± 28.4 | 9.0 ± 14.9 | < 0.05 | 12.3 |
31–64 (n = 28) | 25.5 ± 23.1 | 14.0 ± 18.1 | < 0.05 | 11.5 |
≥ 65 (n = 26) | 30.8 ± 27.9 | 14.0 ± 17.3 | < 0.05 | 16.8 |
Type C
| ||||
18–30 (n = 4) | 15.0 ± 18.0 | 9.0 ± 14.9 | > 0.05 | 6.0 |
31–64 (n = 11) | 26.9 ± 23.8 | 14.0 ± 18.1 | < 0.05 | 12.9 |
Emotion | ||||
Age |
Type A
| |||
18–30 (n = 9) | 24.3 ± 16.7 | 21.0 ± 16.6 | > 0.05 | 3.3 |
31–64 (n = 30) | 25.3 ± 20.9 | 22.0 ± 17.7 | > 0.05 | 3.3 |
≥ 65 (n = 37) | 34.1 ± 24.0 | 19.8 ± 17.1 | < 0.05 | 14.3 |
Type B
| ||||
18–30 (n = 15) | 24.2 ± 25.5 | 21.0 ± 16.6 | > 0.05 | 3.2 |
31–64 (n = 59) | 26.2 ± 20.8 | 22.0 ± 17.7 | > 0.05 | 4.2 |
≥ 65 (n = 26) | 26.4 ± 17.9 | 19.8 ± 17.1 | > 0.05 | 6.6 |
Type C
| ||||
18–30 (n = 5) | 26.9 ± 20.0 | 21.0 ± 16.6 | > 0.05 | 5.9 |
31–64 (n = 12) | 29.2 ± 22.7 | 22.0 ± 17.7 | > 0.05 | 7.2 |
Patients (n) | Fracture typea | Dutch populationa | P value | Difference on a scale from − 0.329 to 1 (%)b |
---|---|---|---|---|
EQ-5D | ||||
Age |
Type A
| |||
18–30 (n = 9) | 0.817 ± 0.133 | 0.894 ± 0.154 | > 0.05 | 5.8 |
31–64 (n = 30) | 0.767 ± 0.241 | 0.853 ± 0.178 | < 0.05 | 6.5 |
≥ 65 (n = 38) | 0.712 ± 0.317 | 0.865 ± 0.170 | < 0.05 | 11.5 |
Type B
| ||||
18–30 (n = 15) | 0.781 ± 0.285 | 0.894 ± 0.154 | < 0.05 | 8.5 |
31–64 (n = 59) | 0.779 ± 0.255 | 0.853 ± 0.178 | < 0.05 | 5.6 |
≥ 65 (n = 29) | 0.733 ± 0.284 | 0.865 ± 0.170 | < 0.05 | 9.9 |
Type C
| ||||
18–30 (n = 5) | 0.766 ± 0.291 | 0.894 ± 0.154 | > 0.05 | 9.6 |
31–64 (n = 12) | 0.803 ± 0.189 | 0.853 ± 0.178 | > 0.05 | 3.8 |