Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Sports Medicine
Erschienen in: Sports Medicine 12/2013

01.12.2013 | Review Article

Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness in African Americans: A Health Disparity Risk Factor?

verfasst von: Damon L. Swift, Amanda E. Staiano, Neil M. Johannsen, Carl J. Lavie, Conrad P. Earnest, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Steven N. Blair, Robert L. Newton Jr., Timothy S. Church

Erschienen in: Sports Medicine | Ausgabe 12/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a well-established risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. African Americans have higher rates of cardiovascular disease compared with their Caucasian counterparts. However, the extent to which lower CRF levels contribute to the excess risk in African Americans has not been fully explored. The purpose of this review is to: (i) explore the literature evaluating the relationship between CRF and mortality specifically in African American populations; and (ii) critically evaluate the studies which have compared CRF between African American and Caucasians in epidemiological studies and clinical trials. We have further discussed several potential mechanisms that may contribute to the observation of lower CRF levels in African American compared with Caucasian adults, including potential racial differences in physical activity levels, muscle fiber type distribution, and hemoglobin levels. If lower CRF is generally present in African Americans compared with Caucasians, and is of a clinically meaningful difference, this may represent an important public health concern.
Literatur
1.
Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: The American Heart Association’s strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121(4):586–613.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2010 update. Circulation. 2010;121(7):e46–215.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(1):e2–220.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Haskell WL, Lee I-M, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College Of Sports Medicine and The American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1423–34.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1334–59.CrossRefPubMed
6.
7.
Swift DL, Lavie CJ, Johannsen NM, et al. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and exercise training in primary and secondary coronary prevention. Circ J. 2013;77(2):281–92.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Kaminsky LA, Arena R, Beckie TM, et al. The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness in the United States: the need for a national registry: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127:652–62.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Lavie CJ, Kuruvanka T, Milani RV, et al. Exercise capacity in adult African-Americans referred for exercise stress testing: is fitness affected by race? Chest. 2004;126(6):1962–8.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zeno SA, Kim-Dorner SJ, Deuster PA, et al. Cardiovascular fitness and risk factors of healthy African Americans and Caucasians. J Natl Med Assoc. 2010;102(1):28–35.PubMed
11.
Ceaser TG, Fitzhugh EC, Thompson DL, et al. Association of physical activity, fitness, and race: NHANES 1999–2004. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(2):286–93.CrossRefPubMed
12.
American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 8th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Williams; 2010.
13.
Midgley AW, McNaughton LR, Polman R, et al. Criteria for determination of maximal oxygen uptake: a brief critique and recommendations for future research. Sports Med. 2007;37(12):1019–28.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377–81.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Wang C-Y, Haskell WL, Farrell SW, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness levels among us adults 20–49 years of age: findings from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171(4):426–35.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Duncan GE, Li SM, Zhou XH. Cardiovascular fitness among US adults: NHANES 1999–2000 and 2001–2002. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(8):1324–8.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Gulati M, Pandey DK, Arnsdorf MF, et al. Exercise capacity and the risk of death in women: the St James Women Take Heart Project. Circulation. 2003;108(13):1554–9.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Mora S, Redberg RF, Cui Y, et al. Ability of exercise testing to predict cardiovascular and all-cause death in asymptomatic women: a 20-year follow-up of the lipid research clinics prevalence study. JAMA. 2003;290(12):1600–7.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Blair SN, Kohl HW, Paffenbarger RS, et al. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA. 1989;262(17):2395–401.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(10):1092–7.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Church TS, LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index as predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among men with diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(18):2114–20.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Barlow CE, LaMonte MJ, FitzGerald SJ, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of hypertension incidence among initially normotensive healthy women. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163(2):142–50.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Rankinen T, Church TS, Rice T, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness, BMI, and risk of hypertension: the hypgene study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(10):1687–92.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Ross R, Katzmarzyk PT. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with diminished total and abdominal obesity independent of body mass index. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(2):204.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Wong SL, Katzmarzyk PT, Nichaman MZ, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with lower abdominal fat independent of body mass index. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(2):286–91.CrossRefPubMed
26.
LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Jurca R, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: a prospective study of men and women. Circulation. 2005;112(4):505–12.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Shuval K, Finley CE, Chartier KG, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness, alcohol intake, and metabolic syndrome incidence in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(11):2125–31.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Laaksonen DE, Lakka H-M, Salonen JT, et al. Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(9):1612–8.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Lynch J, Helmrich SP, Lakka TA, et al. Moderately intense physical activities and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness reduce the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(12):1307–14.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Sawada SS, Lee I-M, Muto T, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(10):2918–22.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Sieverdes JC, Sui X, Lee D-C, et al. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a prospective study of men. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(4):238–44.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women. JAMA. 2009;301(19):2024–35.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zeno SA, Deuster PA, Davis JL, et al. Diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome: Caucasians versus African-Americans. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2010;8(2):149–56.CrossRefPubMed
34.
LaMonte MJ, Durstine JL, Yanowitz FG, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and c-reactive protein among a tri-ethnic sample of women. Circulation. 2002;106(4):403–6.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Gaillard TR, Sherman WM, Devor ST, et al. Importance of aerobic fitness in cardiovascular risks in sedentary overweight and obese African-American women. Nurs Res. 2007;56(6):407–15.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Kokkinos P, Myers J, Kokkinos JP, et al. Exercise capacity and mortality in black and white men. Circulation. 2008;117(5):614–22.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Kokkinos P, Myers J, Nylen E, et al. Exercise capacity and all-cause mortality in African American and Caucasian men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):623–8.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Arena R, Myers J, Abella J, et al. Prognostic characteristics of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in Caucasian and African American patients with heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2008;14(6):310–5.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Cortright RN, Sandhoff KM, Basilio JL, et al. Skeletal muscle fat oxidation is increased in African-American and white women after 10 days of endurance exercise training. Obesity. 2006;14(7):1201–10.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Glass JN, Miller WC, Szymanski LM, et al. Physiological responses to weight-loss intervention in inactive obese African-American and Caucasian women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2002;42(1):56–64.PubMed
41.
Suminski RR, Robertson RJ, Goss FL, et al. Peak oxygen consumption and skeletal muscle bioenergetics in African-American and Caucasian men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(12):2059–66.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Walker AJ, Bassett DR, Duey WJ, et al. Cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses to exercise in blacks and whites. Hypertension. 1992;20(4):542–8.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Sanders LF, Duncan GE. Population-based reference standards for cardiovascular fitness among US adults: NHANES 1999–2000 and 2001–2002. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(4):701–7.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Wang Y, Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti P, et al. Occupational, commuting, and leisure-time physical activity in relation to heart failure among Finnish men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(14):1140–8.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Wilbur J, Miller AM, Chandler P. Recruitment and cardiovascular risk characteristics of African American and Caucasian midlife women. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2001;15(3):88–104.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Arena R, Fei D-Y, Arrowood JA, et al. Influence on aerobic fitness on aortic stiffness in apparently healthy Caucasian and African-American subjects. Int J Cardiol. 2007;122(3):202–6.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Howard EN, Frierson GM, Willis BL, et al. The impact of race and higher socioeconomic status on cardiorespiratory fitness. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Epub 2013 May 21 (in press).
48.
Sidney S, Haskell WL, Crow R, et al. Symptom-limited graded treadmill exercise testing in young adults in the CARDIA study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(2):176–83.CrossRef
49.
Hunter GR, Chandler-Laney PC, Brock DW, et al. Fat distribution, aerobic fitness, blood lipids, and insulin sensitivity in African-American and European-American women. Obesity. 2010;18(2):274–81.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Hunter GR, Weinsier RL, Darnell BE, et al. Racial differences in energy expenditure and aerobic fitness in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):500–6.PubMed
51.
Hunter GR, Weinsier RL, Mccarthy JP, et al. Hemoglobin, muscle oxidative capacity, and VO2max in African-American and Caucasian women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(10):1739–43.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Hunter GR, Weinsier RL, Zuckerman PA, et al. Aerobic fitness, physiologic difficulty and physical activity in black and white women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(9):1111–7.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Skinner JS, Jaskólski A, Jaskólska A, et al. Age, sex, race, initial fitness, and response to training: the heritage family study. J Appl Physiol. 2001;90(5):1770–6.PubMed
54.
Carpenter WH, Fonong T, Toth MJ, et al. Total daily energy expenditure in free-living older African-Americans and Caucasians. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1998;274(1):E96–101.
55.
Brown RV, Kral BG, Yanek LR, et al. Ethnic-specific determinants of exercise capacity in a healthy high-risk population. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(6):1150–6.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, et al. Racial differences in the response of cardiorespiratory fitness to aerobic exercise training in Caucasian and African American postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol. 2013;114(10):1375–82.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Estacio RO, Wolfel EE, Regensteiner JG, et al. Effect of risk factors on exercise capacity in NIDDM. Diabetes. 1996;45(1):79–85.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Ribisl PM, Lang W, Jaramillo SA, et al. Exercise capacity and cardiovascular/metabolic characteristics of overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(10):2679–84.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Hinson HE, Patterson SL, Macko RF, et al. Reduced cardiovascular fitness and ambulatory function in Black and White stroke survivors. Ethn Dis. 2007;17(4):682–5.PubMed
60.
Myslivecek PR, Brown CA, Wolfe LA. Effects of physical conditioning on cardiac autonomic function in healthy middle-aged women. Can J Appl Physiol-Rev Can Physiol Appl. 2002;27(1):1–18.CrossRef
61.
Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Metabolic equivalent (MET) inflation—not the MET we used to know. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2007;27(3):149–50.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Osman AF, Mehra MR, Lavie CJ, et al. The incremental prognostic importance of body fat adjusted peak oxygen consumption in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(7):2126–31.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Marshall SJ, Jones DA, Ainsworth BE, et al. Race/ethnicity, social class, and leisure-time physical inactivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(1):44–51.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Tucker JM, Welk GJ, Beyler NK. Physical activity in US adults: compliance with the physical activity guidelines for Americans. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40(4):454–61.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, et al. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(1):181–8.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Suminski RR, Mattern CO, Devor ST. Influence of racial origin and skeletal muscle properties on disease prevalence and physical performance. Sports Med. 2002;32(11):667–73.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Ama PF, Simoneau JA, Boulay MR, et al. Skeletal muscle characteristics in sedentary Black and Caucasian males. J Appl Physiol. 1986;61(5):1758–61.PubMed
68.
Tanner CJ, Barakat HA, Dohm GL, et al. Muscle fiber type is associated with obesity and weight loss. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;282(6):E1191–6.PubMed
69.
Blair SN, Kohl HW III, Barlow CE, et al. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men. JAMA. 1995;273(14):1093–8.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Erikssen G, Liestol K, Bjornholt J, et al. Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality. Lancet. 1998;352(9130):759–62.CrossRefPubMed
71.
D-C Lee, X Sui, EG Artero, et al. Long-term effects of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men: the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Circulation. 2011;124(23):2483–90.CrossRef
72.
Duey WJ, O’Brien WL, Crutchfield AB, et al. Effects of exercise training on aerobic fitness in African-American females. Ethn Dis. 1998;8(3):306–11.PubMed
73.
Stephens Q, Kirby T, Buckworth J, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness but does not reduce blood pressure in prehypertensive African American women. Ethn Dis. 2007;17(1):55–8.PubMed
74.
Bouchard C, Rankinen T. Individual differences in response to regular physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6):S446–51.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Sidney S, Sternfeld B, Haskell WL, et al. Seven-year change in graded exercise treadmill test performance in young adults in the CARDIA study. Cardiovascular risk factors in young adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(3):427–33.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness in African Americans: A Health Disparity Risk Factor?
verfasst von
Damon L. Swift
Amanda E. Staiano
Neil M. Johannsen
Carl J. Lavie
Conrad P. Earnest
Peter T. Katzmarzyk
Steven N. Blair
Robert L. Newton Jr.
Timothy S. Church
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2013
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Sports Medicine / Ausgabe 12/2013
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0092-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 12/2013

Sports Medicine 12/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Review Article

Cardiac Parasympathetic Reactivation Following Exercise: Implications for Training Prescription

Review Article

The Quantification of Body Fluid Allostasis During Exercise

Review Article

Ramadan and Sport: Minimizing Effects Upon the Observant Athlete

Review Article

Is There a Minimum Intensity Threshold for Resistance Training-Induced Hypertrophic Adaptations?

Systematic Review

Treatment of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Systematic Review

The Biomechanical Differences Between Barefoot and Shod Distance Running: A Systematic Review and Preliminary Meta-Analysis

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen. 
» Jetzt entdecken

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Arthroskopie kann Knieprothese nicht hinauszögern

25.04.2024 Gonarthrose Nachrichten

Ein arthroskopischer Eingriff bei Kniearthrose macht im Hinblick darauf, ob und wann ein Gelenkersatz fällig wird, offenbar keinen Unterschied.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

23.04.2024 Leitsymptom Rückenschmerzen Nachrichten

Personen mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen, die von einfühlsamen Ärzten und Ärztinnen betreut werden, berichten über weniger Beschwerden und eine bessere Lebensqualität.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise