Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Maternal and Child Health Journal
Erschienen in: Maternal and Child Health Journal 6/2016

16.12.2015

Maternity Leave Access and Health: A Systematic Narrative Review and Conceptual Framework Development

verfasst von: Ellie Andres, Sarah Baird, Jeffrey Bart Bingenheimer, Anne Rossier Markus

Erschienen in: Maternal and Child Health Journal | Ausgabe 6/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background Maternity leave is integral to postpartum maternal and child health, providing necessary time to heal and bond following birth. However, the relationship between maternity leave and health outcomes has not been formally and comprehensively assessed to guide public health research and policy in this area. This review aims to address this gap by investigating both the correlates of maternity leave utilization in the US and the related health benefits for mother and child. Methods We searched the peer-reviewed scholarly literature using six databases for the years 1990 to early 2015 and identified 37 studies to be included in the review. We extracted key data for each of the included studies and assessed study quality using the “Weight of the Evidence” approach. Results The literature generally confirms a positive, though limited correlation between maternity leave coverage and utilization. Likewise, longer maternity leaves are associated with improved breastfeeding intentions and rates of initiation, duration and predominance as well as improved maternal mental health and early childhood outcomes. However, the literature points to important disparities in access to maternity leave that carry over into health outcomes, such as breastfeeding. Synthesis We present a conceptual framework synthesizing what is known to date related to maternity leave access and health outcomes.
Fußnoten
1
Internationally, the US is conspicuous for its meager maternity leave protections. Among the five largest developed countries, the US offers the shortest and only unpaid federal leave policy. Likewise, even among less-developed nations, the US is in the minority for its limited maternity leave protections both in terms of length and compensation. Given the US’s idiosyncrasy in this area, this paper focuses on studies specific to the US context and comparative conclusions are beyond the scope of this paper.
 
Literatur
1.
Aday, L. A., & Andersen, R. (1974). A framework for the study of access to medical care (pp. 208–220). Fall: Health Services Research.
2.
Aday, L. A., & Andersen, R. (1981). Equity of access to medical care: a conceptual and empirical overview. Medical Care, 19(12S), 4–27.CrossRef
3.
Andersen, R. M. (1968). A behavioral model of families’ use of health services. Research series no. 25. Chicago: Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago.
4.
Andersen, R. M., Yu, H., Wyn, R., Davidson, P. L., Brown, E. R., & Teleki, S. L. (2002). Access to medical care for low income families: How do communities make a difference? Medical Care Research and Review, 59(4), 384–411.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Arthur, C. R., Saenz, R. B., & Replogle, W. H. (2003). The employment-related breastfeeding decisions of physician mothers. Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association, 44(12), 383–387.PubMed
6.
Baum, C. L. (2003). The effect of state maternity leave legislation and the 1993 family and medical leave act on employment and wages. Labour Economics, 10(5), 573–596.CrossRef
7.
Berger, L. M., Hill, J., & Waldfogel, J. (2005). Maternity leave, early maternal employment and child health and development in the US. The Economic Journal, 115, F29–F47.CrossRef
8.
Berger, L. M., & Waldfogel, J. (2004). Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers in the United States. Journal of Population Economics, 17(2), 331–349.CrossRef
9.
Chatterji, P., & Frick, K. D. (2005). Does returning to work after childbirth affect breastfeeding practices? Review of Economics of the Household, 3(3), 315–335.CrossRef
10.
Chatterji, P., & Markowitz, S. (2005). Does the length of maternity leave affect maternal health? Southern Economic Journal, 72(1), 16–41.CrossRef
11.
Chatterji, P., & Markowitz, S. (2012). Family leave after childbirth and the mental health of new mothers. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 15(2), 61–76.PubMed
12.
Chatterji, P., Markowitz, S., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2013). Effects of early maternal employment on maternal health and well-being. Journal of Population Economics, 26(1), 285–301.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Clark, R., Hyde, J. S., Essex, M. J., & Klein, M. H. (1997). Length of maternity leave and quality of mother-infant interactions. Child Development, 68(2), 364–383.PubMed
14.
Dagher, R. K., McGovern, P. M., & Dowd, B. E. (2014). Maternity leave duration and postpartum mental and physical health: Implications for leave policies. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 39(2), 369.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Davidson, P. L., Andersen, R. M., Wyn, R., & Brown, E. R. (2004). A framework for evaluating safety-net and other community-level factors on access for low-income populations. Inquiry, Spring, 41, 21–38.
16.
Donath, S. M., Amir, L. H., & Team, A. S. (2003). Relationship between prenatal infant feeding intention and initiation and duration of breastfeeding: A cohort study. Acta Paediatrica, 92(3), 352–356.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654 (2006).
18.
Fein, S. B., & Roe, B. (1998). The effect of work status on initiation and duration of breastfeeding. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 1042–1046.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Feldman, R., Sussman, A. L., & Zigler, E. (2004). Parental leave and work adaptation at the transition to parenthood: Individual, marital, and social correlates. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 459–479.CrossRef
20.
Gennaro, S. (1996). Leave and employment in families of preterm low birthweight infants. Image—The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 28(3), 193–198.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Gerstel, N., & McGonagle, K. (1999). Job leaves and the limits of the family and medical leave act. Work and Occupations, 26(4), 510–534.CrossRef
22.
Gjerdingen, D. K. (1994). The relationship of women’s postpartum mental health to employment, childbirth, and social support. The Journal of Family Practice (0094-3509), 38(5), 465.
23.
Gjerdingen, D. K., Chaloner, K. M., & Vanderscoff, J. A. (1995). Family practice residents’ maternity leave experiences and benefits. Family Medicine, 27(8), 512–518.PubMed
24.
Gjerdingen, D. K., McGovern, P. M., Chaloner, K. M., & Street, H. B. (1995). Women’s postpartum maternity benefits and work experience. Family Medicine, 27(9), 592–598.PubMed
25.
Gough, D. (2007). Weight of Evidence: A framework for the appraisal of the quality and relevance of evidence. Research Papers in Education, 22(2), 213–228.CrossRef
26.
Grice, M. M., Feda, D., McGovern, P., Alexander, B. H., McCaffrey, D., & Ukestad, L. (2007). Giving birth and returning to work: The impact of work-family conflict on women’s health after childbirth. Annals of Epidemiology, 17(10), 791–798.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Guendelman, S., Goodman, J., Kharrazi, M., & Lahiff, M. (2014). Work-family balance after childbirth: The association between employer-offered leave characteristics and maternity leave duration. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18(1), 200–208.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Guendelman, S., Kosa, J. L., Pearl, M., Graham, S., Goodman, J., & Kharrazi, M. (2009). Juggling work and breastfeeding: Effects of maternity leave and occupational characteristics. Pediatrics, 123, e38–e46.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Hamilton, A. R., Tyson, M. D., Braga, J. A., & Lerner, L. B. (2012). Childbearing and pregnancy characteristics of female orthopaedic surgeons. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery—Series A, 94(11), e77.1–e77.9.
30.
Han, W. J., Ruhm, C., & Waldfogel, J. (2009). Parental leave policies and parents’ employment and leave-taking. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 28(1), 29–54.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Han, W. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2003). Parental leave: The impact of recent legislation on parents’ leave taking. Demography, 40(1), 191–200.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Heymann, J., Raub, A., & Earle, A. (2011). Creating and using new data sources to analyze the relationship between social policy and global health: The case of maternal leave. Public Health Reports, 126(SUPPL. 3), 127–134.PubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Hyde, J. S., Klein, M. H., Essex, M. J., & Clark, R. (1995). Maternity leave and women’s mental health. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 257–285.CrossRef
34.
35.
Johnston, M. L., & Esposito, N. (2007). Barriers and facilitators for breastfeeding among working women in the united states. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 36(1), 9–20.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Kamerman, S., & Kahn, A. (1995). Starting right: How America neglects its youngest children and what we can do about it. New York: Oxford University Press.
37.
Killien, M. G., Habermann, B., & Jarrett, M. (2001). Influence of employment characteristics on postpartum mother‘s health. Women and Health, 33(1–2), 63–81.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Kim, S. (2001). Perceived impacts of family leave policy: Do organizational factors matter? Public Personnel Management, 30(2), 221–239.CrossRef
39.
Kimbro, R. T. (2006). On-the-job moms: Work and breastfeeding initiation and duration for a sample of low-income women. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 10(1), 19–26.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Klerman, J., & Leibowitz, A. (1997). Labor supply effects of state maternity leave legislation. In F. Blau & R. Ehrenberg (Eds.), Gender and family issues in the workplace. New York: Russell Sage.
41.
Klerman, J., & Leibowitz, A. (1998). FMLA and the labor supply of new mothers: Evidence from the June CPS. Santa Monica: RAND.
42.
Lindberg, L. D. (1996). Women’s decisions about breastfeeding and maternal employment. Journal of Marriage & The Family, 58, 239–251.CrossRef
43.
Mandal, B., Roe, B. E., & Fein, S. B. (2010). The differential effects of full-time and part-time work status on breastfeeding. Health Policy, 97(1), 79–86.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Mays, N., Pope, C., & Popay, J. (2005). Systematically reviewing qualitative and quantitative evidence to inform management and policy-making in the health field. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 10(Suppl 1), 6–20.CrossRef
45.
McGovern, P., Dowd, B., Gjerdingen, D., Moscovice, I., Kochevar, L., & Lohmann, W. (1997). Time off work and the postpartum health of employed women. Medical Care, 35(5), 507–521.CrossRefPubMed
46.
McGovern, P., Dowd, B., Gjerdingen, D., Moscovice, I., Kochevar, L., & Murphy, S. (2000). The determinants of time off work after childbirth. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 25(3), 527–564.CrossRefPubMed
47.
McGovern, P. M., Gjerdingen, D. K., & Froberg, D. G. (1992). The parental leave debate: Implications for policy relevant research. Women and Health, 18(1), 97–118.CrossRefPubMed
48.
McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2004). Personal attitudes or structural factors? A contextual analysis of breastfeeding duration. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(4), 388–399.CrossRef
49.
Mirkovic, K. R., Perrine, C. G., Scanlon, K. S., & Grummer-Strawn, L. M. (2014). In the United States, a mother’s plans for infant feeding are associated with her plans for employment. Journal of Human Lactation, 30(3), 292–297.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Mirkovic, K. R., Perrine, C. G., Scanlon, K. S., & Grummer-Strawn, L. M. (2014). Maternity leave duration and full-time/part-time work status are associated with us mothers’ ability to meet breastfeeding intentions. Journal of Human Lactation, 30(4), 416–419.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
51.
52.
53.
Ogbuanu, C., Glover, S., Probst, J., Liu, J., & Hussey, J. (2011). The effect of maternity leave length and time of return to work on breastfeeding. Pediatrics, 127, e1414–e1427.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
54.
55.
Popay, J., Roberts, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Rodgers, M, et al. (2006). Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews. Final report, Institute of Health Research, Lancaster: ESRC Methods Programme.
56.
Pregnancy Discrimination Act (“PDA”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000(e) et seq., 1978.
57.
Roe, B., Whittington, L. A., Beck, S. F., & Teisl, M. F. (1999). Is there competition between breast-feeding and maternal employment? Demography, 36(2), 157–171.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Rossin, M. (2011). The effects of maternity leave on children’s birth and infant health outcomes in the United States. Journal of Health Economics, 30(2), 221–239.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Rossin-Slater, M., Ruhm, C. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2013). The effects of California’s paid family leave program on mothers’ leave-taking and subsequent labor market outcomes. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 32(2), 224–245.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Ruhm, C. J. (2000). Parental leave and child health. Journal of Health Economics, 19(6), 931–960.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Sattari, M., Serwint, J. R., Neal, D., Chen, S., & Levine, D. M. (2013). Work-place predictors of duration of breastfeeding among female physicians. Journal of Pediatrics, 163(6), 1612–1617.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Schott, W. (2012). Going back part-time: Family leave legislation and women’s return to work. Population Research and Policy Review, 31(1), 1–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
63.
Shepherd-Banigan, M., & Bell, J. F. (2014). Paid leave benefits among a national sample of working mothers with infants in the United States. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18(1), 286–295.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Staehelin, K., Bertea, P. C., & Stutz, E. Z. (2007). Length of maternity leave and health of mother and child—A review. International Journal of Public Health, 52, 202–209.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Tanaka, S. (2005). Parental leave and child health across OECD countries. Economic Journal, 115(501), F7–F28.CrossRef
66.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). Healthy people 2010: Understanding and improving health (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
67.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau. (2011). “Maternity Leave.” Women’s Health USA 2011. Rockville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services.
68.
Visness, C. M., & Kennedy, K. I. (1997). Maternal employment and breast-feeding: Findings from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 87(6), 945–950.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
69.
Waldfogel, J. (1999). The impact of the Family and Medical Leave Act. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 18(2), 281–302.CrossRef
70.
Wiese, B. S., & Ritter, J. O. (2012). Timing matters: Length of leave and working mothers’ daily reentry regrets. Developmental Psychology, 48(6), 1797–1807. (not U.S. study).CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Maternity Leave Access and Health: A Systematic Narrative Review and Conceptual Framework Development
verfasst von
Ellie Andres
Sarah Baird
Jeffrey Bart Bingenheimer
Anne Rossier Markus
Publikationsdatum
16.12.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Maternal and Child Health Journal / Ausgabe 6/2016
Print ISSN: 1092-7875
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-6628
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1905-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2016

Maternal and Child Health Journal 6/2016 Zur Ausgabe

OriginalPaper

Medicaid Disenrollment Patterns Among Children Coming into Contact with Child Welfare Agencies

OriginalPaper

Cervical Cancer Screening Among Homeless Women of New York City Shelters

OriginalPaper

Latina and Non-Latina Mothers’ Perceived Health Barriers and Benefits and Their Relationship to Children’s Health Behaviors

OriginalPaper

Low-Income, Urban Children’s Perspectives on Physical Activity: A Photovoice Project

OriginalPaper

Access to Money and Relation to Women’s Use of Family Planning Methods Among Young Married Women in Rural India

OriginalPaper

Physical Activity During Pregnancy and Subsequent Risk of Preeclampsia and Gestational Hypertension: A Case Control Study