Background
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder with prevalence up to 15–20% in reproductive-age women worldwide depending on which criteria are used [1]. The aetiology of PCOS is still unclear, but it is thought to be associated with environmental factors such as lifestyle and genetic factors [2, 3]. There are three major criteria for PCOS diagnosis: one criterion raised by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) which includes only the existence of hyperandrogenism (HA) and oligo/anovulation (OA), the second criterion was introduced by Androgen Excess Society (AES) which defined PCOS as HA with ovarian dysfunction or polycystic ovaries, and the Rotterdam criterion, which is widely used for PCOS diagnosis [4‐6]. However, in the Rotterdam criterion, PCOS is diagnosed by the appearance of two out of three clinical features: OA, clinical or biochemical HA and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) [7]. PCOM is characterized by the presence of 12 or more follicles in either ovary measuring 2–9 mm in diameter [8]. Furthermore, PCOS patients have an abnormal luteinizing hormone (LH) to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio [7]. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) also has been used as a marker for the ovarian antral follicle number and thus offers a diagnostic tool for PCOS, especially when accurate ultrasonic data are not available [9]. PCOS is related to endocrine-metabolic disorders, thus women with this syndrome are at high risk of dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus [10], and obesity [11]. Obesity is associated with PCOS, but its causal role has not yet been determined [11], although other explanations involve opposite causality, that is, PCOS raises susceptibility to weight gain [12]. The prevalence of obesity among PCOS patients in Saudi Arabia is 51% as reported previously by Al-Ruhaily et al. [13]. Moreover, 50 to 80% of women with PCOS in other countries are obese [14, 15]. Obesity increases the severity of PCOS and may play a central role in the development of HA and chronic anovulation [16]. There is an association of insulin resistance with PCOS but the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in PCOS vary from other insulin-resistance disorders such as obesity and diabetes [11, 17]. PCOS is a common, complex genetic disorder with multifactorial aetiology, in which a variety of genes interact with environmental factors to cause the disease [18]. The hereditary basis of PCOS increases the risk of the prevalence of PCOS among family women [10]. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified the susceptibility loci for many complex genetic diseases, diabetes and obesity [19‐23]. These GWAS studies have detected variations in or near different genes, among them fat mass- and obesity-associated gene alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) in obesity [19, 21‐23]. MC4R is located on chromosome 18q22, and it is the most common genetic cause for inherited morbid obesity [10, 24]. In addition, it is an important regulator in central melanocortin neuronal pathways [25]. Previous studies demonstrated several MC4R variants and common genetic polymorphisms near the MC4R gene contributing to common obesity [22, 26, 27]. Among these variants, rs12970134 (A/G) and rs17782313 (C/T) have been studied most often. The majority of studies showed a significant association of these variants with obesity-related traits, whereas some studies revealed non-significant association [28‐31]. Moreover, the association of rs12970134 MC4R variant with insulin resistance has been documented [26].
To our knowledge, no previous study has been conducted on the effect of MC4R polymorphism on PCOS among the Saudi population. Thus, in this study we aimed to determine the association between MC4R gene variants (rs12970134 and rs17782313) because these are risk factors in obesity; and different clinical characteristics of PCOS. This will aid in understanding the susceptibility of genetic variations in PCOS and their correlation to obesity. Therefore, we will be able to identify specific risk variants for PCOS and a better understanding of the genetic preposition for this disorder.
Anzeige
Methods
Study design
This is a case-control, observational and randomised study that was conducted from the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinics, King Abdulaziz University Hospital and the Centre of Innovation in Personalized Medicine (CIPM), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, clinical database from 2016 up to 2018. The total population was 400 cases after applying the exclusion criteria. The exclusion criteria were as follows:
1.
A condition with reproductive symptoms similar to PCOS, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing syndrome, hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disease, and androgen-secreting tumours.
2.
Chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease.
3.
Any other female infertility factor.
The sample size was calculated using raosoft (www.raosoft.com) which indicated 196 women of reproductive age between 18 and 38 years old. The study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KAU (approval number: 407–15) and written informed consent was obtained from participants prior to sample collection. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
The case group was 98 PCOS selected patients, diagnosed according to the Rotterdam Criteria Consensus and the control group was 98 women with normal ovulation. In days 2–4 of the menstrual cycle transvaginal or abdominal ultrasound was performed using a SonixTouch machine (Ultrasonix Medical Corporation, Richmond, BC, Canada) and serum hormonal levels for LH and FSH were measured with an automated multi-analysis system using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) kits (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Serum AMH levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Ultra-Sensitive Anti-Müllerian hormone/Müllerian inhibiting substance (US AMH/MIS) kit (AnshLabs, Webster, TX, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. PCOM was confirmed by the presence of at least 12 follicles measuring between 2 and 9 mm in diameter in one ovary. Body mass index (BMI) was determined by a person’s weight in kilograms over square of height in m2. HA was defined by the presence of hirsutism, acne or androgenic alopecia [32, 33]. Samples with poor quality were excluded from the statistical analysis to achieve 95 cases and 94 controls.
Genotyping
Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral whole blood using the QIAamp DNA Mini Blood Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Genotyping of the MC4R variants rs12970134 (assay ID: C_3058722_10) and rs17782313 (assay ID: C_32667060_10) was performed using TaqMan™ single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Genotyping Assays (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Allelic PCR products were analysed using QuantStudio 12 K Flex Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Anzeige
Statistical analysis
A normality test was performed to show that the data do not follow the normal distribution. Quantitative data are presented as (median ± interquartile range (IQR)), p-values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney test for non-normal distribution data, whereas qualitative data are presented as frequencies. Genotypes and allelic frequencies were calculated within our cohort population to determine the significant differences between PCOS and control groups. The chi-squared test was used to observe the difference between SNPs within the study groups (PCOS and control subjects). Differences between SNPs and continuous variables were tested using the Kruskal–Wallis test, the p-value was adjusted using the Bonferroni correction between pairwise comparisons. Further, multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the risk of high BMI and development of PCOS. The correlation of MC4R variants with PCOS symptoms was calculated using binary logistic regression for patients with regard to the control. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data analysis was conducted using the IBM SPSS software version 24 (SPSS™ Inc., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
The clinical characteristics of the participants are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of PCOS patients and control subjects
Variable | Control (n = 94) | PCOS patients (n = 95) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 21.0 ± 3 | 22.0 ± 9.0 | 0.015* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 5.9 | 24.56 ± 7.34 | 0.003** |
LH (IU/ml) | 5.7 ± 5.7 | 9.0 ± 8.7 | 0.001** |
FSH (IU/ml) | 4.6 ± 2.6 | 4.8 ± 2.4 | 0.339 |
LH/FSH ratio | 1.2 ± 1.5 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 0.001** |
AMH (ng/ml) | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 4.8 ± 4.76 | < 0.0001*** |
Allele and genotype frequency
The distribution of rs12970134 and rs17782313 genotype and allele frequencies is listed in Table 2. MC4R rs12970134 genotypes (AA, AG and GG) frequencies were estimated for the PCOS group as 6.3, 40.0 and 53.7%, respectively, whereas for the control group as 5.3, 37.2 and 57.4%, respectively. Allele A and G frequencies for the same variant were estimated as 26.3 and 73.7%, respectively for the PCOS group and 23.9 and 76.1%, respectively, for the control group. However, MC4R rs17782313 genotypes (CC, CT and TT) frequencies were calculated for the PCOS group as 7.4, 40.1 and 51.6%, respectively, whereas for the control group as 4.3, 36.2 and 59.6%, respectively. Moreover, allele C and T frequencies were estimated as 27.9 and 72.1%, respectively, for the PCOS group and 22.3 and 77.7%, respectively, for the control group.
Table 2
Genotype and allele frequencies for MC4R variants rs12970134 and rs17782313
SNP | rs12970134 | p-value | rs17782313 | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype frequency | AA | AG | GG | CC | CT | TT | ||
Patient (n = 95) | 6 (6.3%) | 38 (40.0%) | 51 (53.7%) |
0.86
| 7 (7.4%) | 39 (40.1%) | 49 (51.6%) |
0.44
|
Control (n = 94) | 5 (5.3%) | 35 (37.2%) | 54 (57.4%) | 4 (4.3%) | 34 (36.2%) | 56 (59.6%) | ||
Total = 189 | 11 (5.8%) | 73 (55.6%) | 105 (38.6%) | 11 (5.8%) | 73 (55.6%) | 105 (38.6%) | ||
Allele frequency | A | G | C | T | ||||
PCOS (n = 95) | 50 (26.3%) | 140 (73.7%) | 53 (27.9%) | 137 (72.1%) | ||||
Control (n = 94) | 45 (23.9%) | 143 (76.1%) | 42 (22.3%) | 146 (77.7%) | ||||
The association of MC4R variants rs12970134 and rs17782313 with PCOS
There is no direct association between the MC4R SNPs and PCOS, in addition to the other clinical variables such as acne, hirsutism, loss of hair, HA, PCOM and OA by using the chi-squared test. There was significant difference between BMI (> 30 kg/m2) and MC4R variants rs12970134 and rs17782313 only in the patients’ group (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively) as shown in Table 3. In rs12970134, significant variance was detected by comparing A/A to A/G and A/A to G/G, whereas in rs17782313 significant differences were observed between C/C compared with C/T and C/C compared to T/T.
Table 3
Association between MC4R variants rs12970134 and rs17782313 and the multiple variables
rs12970134 | ||||||||
Variables | Patient (n = 95) | p-value | Control (n = 94) | p-value | ||||
A/A | A/G | G/G | A/A | A/G | G/G | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 33.5 ± 9.4 | 24.5 ± 6.8 | 23.5 ± 6.6 | 0.003** | 23.2 ± 13.8 | 21.1 ± 5.5 | 23.1 ± 7.3 | 0.941 |
AMH (ng/ml) | 5.6 ± 5.6 | 4.9 ± 5.5 | 4.7 ± 4.4 | 0.953 | 2.2 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 0.482 |
LH (IU/ml) | 9.4 ± 3.4 | 8.8 ± 8.9 | 8.3 ± 9.6 | 0.941 | 3.4 ± 5.7 | 6.6 ± 6.2 | 5.6 ± 5.3 | 0.224 |
FSH (IU/ml) | 4.6 ± 2.7 | 5.3 ± 2.9 | 4.7 ± 2.2 | 0.300 | 3.3 ± 4.3 | 4.6 ± 2.5 | 4.9 ± 2.6 | 0.502 |
LH/FSH ratio | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 1.7 | 0.926 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 0.325 |
rs17782313 | ||||||||
Variables | Patient (n = 95) | p-value | Control (n = 94) | p-value | ||||
C/C | C/T | T/T | C/C | C/T | T/T | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 34.9 ± 6.0 | 24.1 ± 5.6 | 23.5 ± 7.1 | 0.001*** | 23.6 ± 17.3 | 21.4 ± 7.0 | 23 ± 5.8 | 0.794 |
AMH (ng/ml) | 4.3 ± 5.0 | 4.9 ± 5.5 | 4.7 ± 4.5 | 0.982 | 2.3 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 0.881 |
LH (IU/ml) | 9.3 ± 6.1 | 8.8 ± 9.2 | 8.4 ± 9.6 | 0.975 | 4.4 ± 5.9 | 6.1 ± 6.4 | 5.6 ± 5.7 | 0.573 |
FSH (IU/ml) | 4.6 ± 2.4 | 5.2 ± 2.7 | 4.8 ± 2.3 | 0.690 | 3.8 ± 4.8 | 4.5 ± 2.8 | 4.9 ± 2.3 | 0.573 |
LH/FSH ratio | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 1.8 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 0.998 | 1.0 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 0.367 |
Furthermore, patients with A/A genotype are more likely to have high BMI (OR = 1.348, p = 0.002) than patients with G/G genotype in the rs12970134 variant using a multinomial logistic regression test. This indicates that A could be a risk allele of high BMI in PCOS women, whilst, in rs17782313 the test indicated that patients with the C/C genotype are more likely to have higher BMI (OR = 1.364, p = 0.002) than patients with the T/T genotype. This means that the effect of C allele on BMI should be in the homozygous state among women with PCOS (Table 4). No significant correlation with other study variables was detected in the PCOS group.
Table 4
Impact of MC4R variants rs12970134 and rs17782313 on PCOS using a multinomial logistic regression test
SNP | Variable | Group | Genotype | B | p-value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs12970134 a | BMI (kg/m2) | Control (n = 94) | A/G | −0.003 | 0.935 | 0.997 (0.921–1.078) |
A/A | 0.052 | 0.48 | 1.053 (0.912–1.216) | |||
Patient (n = 95) | A/G | 0.027 | 0.553 | 1.027 (0.94–1.122) | ||
A/A | 0.298 | 0.002** | 1.348 (1.113–1.631) | |||
rs17782313 b | BMI (kg/m2) | Control (n = 94) | C/T | 0.035 | 0.935 | 1.035 (0.957–1.12) |
C/C | 0.102 | 0.48 | 1.108 (0.953–1.287) | |||
Patient (n = 95) | C/T | −0.008 | 0.553 | 0.992 (0.906–1.086) | ||
C/C | 0.311 | 0.002** | 1.364 (1.121–1.661) |
Moreover, the association of MC4R variants rs12970134 and rs17782313 with PCOS variables acne, loss of hair, hirsutism, PCOM, OA, BMI, HA, AMH, LH, FSH and LH/FSH ratio was studied using binary logistic regression. The analysis revealed a significant association between rs12970134 and hirsutism, loss of hair, HA and AMH but with the reverse genotype that is associated with high BMI. Patients with A/G and G/G genotypes are more likely to have loss of hair, hirsutism, HA and AMH than the control group with A/G and G/G genotypes as summarized in Table 5. Therefore, in rs12970134 variant, allele G is a risk allele that is associated with hirsutism, loss of hair, HA and high AMH level and only one allele is enough to manifest these symptoms. In addition, there is a significant association between rs17782313 and hirsutism, loss of hair, HA and AMH. Patients with C/T and T/T genotypes are more likely to have hirsutism, loss of hair, hirsutism, HA and AMH than the control group with the same genotypes (Table 5). Hence, T allele in rs17782313 is potentially a risk allele associated with hirsutism, loss of hair, HA and high AMH level in PCOS patients and only one allele is enough to produce these symptoms.
Table 5
The correlation of MC4R variants rs12970134 and rs17782313 with PCOS symptoms using binary logistic regression for patients with regard to controls
SNP | Variable | Genotype | B | p-value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs12970134 | hirsutism | A/A | 22.119 | 0.999 | |
A/G | 1.713 | 0.014* | 5.547 (1.424–21.612) | ||
G/G | 3.883 | < 0.0001*** | 48.583 (6.185–381.647) | ||
loss of hair | A/A | 2.773 | 0.08 | 16 (0.722–354.803) | |
A/G | 1.787 | 0.001** | 5.971 (2.013–17.705) | ||
G/G | 1.13 | 0.014** | 3.096 (1.255–7.641) | ||
HA | A/A | 1.792 | 0.214 | 6.000 (0.354–101.568) | |
A/G | 1.727 | .001** | 5.625 (2.004–15.792) | ||
G/G | 1.438 | .001** | 4.211 (1.817–9.758) | ||
AMH (ng/ml) | A/A | 101.39 | 0.993 | ||
A/G | 0.599 | 0.004** | 1.821 (1.215–2.730) | ||
G/G | 0.526 | < 0.0001*** | 1.693 (1.285–2.231) | ||
rs17782313 | hirsutism | C/C | 21.896 | 0.999 | |
C/T | 2.119 | 0.008** | 8.32 (1.717–40.311) | ||
T/T | 3.162 | < 0.0001*** | 23.625 (5.126–108.889) | ||
loss of hair | C/C | 2.708 | 0.089 | 15 (0.663–339.548) | |
C/T | 1.646 | 0.003** | 5.185 (1.747–15.386) | ||
T/T | 1.212 | 0.009** | 3.362 (1.361–8.303) | ||
HA | C/C | 1.609 | 0.278 | 5.000 (0.273–91.518) | |
C/T | 1.776 | .001** | 5.907 (2.116–16.492) | ||
T/T | 1.412 | .001** | 4.103 (1.768–9.518) | ||
AMH (ng/ml) | C/C | 101.26 | 0.993 | ||
C/T | 0.598 | 0.003** | 1.818 (1.227–2.694) | ||
T/T | 0.536 | < 0.0001*** | 1.71 (1.293–2.261) |
Discussion
In this study, we examined MC4R variants’ (rs12970134 and rs17782313) contribution to obesity and their influence on the susceptibility to PCOS. We detected a highly significant association between both SNPs and high BMI in PCOS patients in Saudi Arabia. However, there was no direct association between those MC4R SNPs and PCOS. This is in concordance with previous studies among PCOS women, they have perceived that there is an association between MC4R SNPs (rs12970134 and rs17782313) and obesity whereas the SNPs are not risk factors for PCOS [34, 35]. Alternatively, a German study on PCOS opposed our findings because they found no association between MC4R SNPs (rs12970134 and rs17782313) and BMI [36], although the mean of BMI in the recruited patients > 30 kg/m2. This variation could be attributed to ethnic differences and environmental stimuli.
Our study also showed that A and C alleles in rs12970134 and rs17782313, respectively, are the risk alleles that are associated with high BMI in PCOS women in Saudi Arabia. These alleles were anticipated as global risk alleles for MC4R variants in obesity [26, 27]. Recently, the rs17782313 variant was detected to be associated with moderate obesity in the Saudi population [37]. To our knowledge, we are the first group to predict the risk alleles in these variants that are associated with PCOS symptoms. Thus, the G and T alleles in rs12970134 and rs17782313, respectively, in homozygous or heterozygous states among non-obese patients are associated with PCOS symptoms including hirsutism, loss of hair, HA and high AMH. Previously, Mahmoudi et al. studied the association between six MC4R variants and female pattern hair loss but in non-PCOS subjects; none of the genotyped variants displayed any significant association [38]. Lean women with PCOS have different phenotypic and clinical characteristics than obese and thus, till now, there is debate on their characteristics [39]. Therefore, the characterization of different sub-populations is of great importance to manipulate specific management and treatment.
Anzeige
Conclusion
In conclusion, this genetic study reveals that MC4R variants (rs12970134 and rs17782313) with genotypes A/A and C/C, respectively, were highly associated with obesity in PCOS. Different genotypes of these variants were associated with clinical characteristics in non-obese PCOS women such as hirsutism, loss of hair, HA or high AMH. Therefore, high BMI (> 30 kg/m2) is the major cause of PCOS in Saudi Arabia. In addition, poor prognosis in the lean PCOS group could be associated with reverse genotypes.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to show great appreciation to Ms. Nusaybah Abdullah Bamuhair, Lecturer in KAU for her contribution to the project, Mrs. Angham Nawar, Radiology and Imaging technician at CIPM, and Mrs. Jawaher Alsaedi nurse at CIPM for collecting the blood samples from the subjects. In addition, the authors thank Mr. Salah Barnawi, Statistics Department, King Fahad Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia for his valuable advice in statistical methods.
Disclosure summary
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KAU (approval number: 407–15) and written informed consent was obtained from participants prior to sample collection.
Anzeige
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.