Background
Methods
Data collection
Data analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Total (N = 808) | Inpatient treatment> 0 (n = 452) | P | Outpatient treatment> 0 (n = 734) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.664 | 0.846 | |||
Male | 408 (50.5) | 234 (51.8) | 367 (50.0) | ||
Female | 400 (49.5) | 218 (48.2) | 367 (50.0) | ||
Age | 55.3 ± 8.2 | 56.8 ± 8.8 | 0.003 | 55.7 ± 8.4 | 0.468 |
Age group | 0.040 | 0.005 | |||
45–50 | 290 (35.9) | 130 (28.8) | 250 (34.1) | ||
51–60 | 346 (42.8) | 205 (45.4) | 321 (43.7) | ||
61–70 | 127 (15.7) | 81 (17.9) | 119 (16.2) | ||
> 70 | 45 (5.6) | 36 (8.0) | 44 (6.0) | ||
Marital status | 0.425 | 0.763 | |||
Single/Divorced/Widowed | 83 (10.3) | 53 (11.7) | 72 (9.8) | ||
Married | 725 (89.7) | 399 (88.3) | 662 (90.2) | ||
Education | 0.388 | 0.891 | |||
No schooling | 11 (1.4) | 10 (2.2) | 11 (1.5) | ||
Primary | 50 (6.2) | 37 (8.2) | 47 (6.4) | ||
Junior high | 200 (24.8) | 118 (26.1) | 183 (24.9) | ||
Senior high | 246 (30.4) | 134 (29.6) | 218 (29.7) | ||
Junior college and above | 301 (37.3) | 153 (33.8) | 275 (37.5) | ||
Occupation | 0.462 | 0.997 | |||
Government | 22 (4.9) | 25 (4.3) | 47 (6.4) | ||
Enterprise | 77 (17.0) | 27 (4.6) | 146 (19.9) | ||
Farming | 34 (7.5) | 200 (34.4) | 48 (6.5) | ||
Small private business | 49 (10.8) | 15 (2.6) | 82 (11.2) | ||
Other | 52 (11.5) | 13 (2.2) | 79 (10.8) | ||
Retired | 195 (43.1) | 205 (35.2) | 299 (40.7) | ||
No job | 23 (5.1) | 97 (16.7) | 33 (4.5) | ||
Area | 0.374 | 0.842 | |||
Urban | 563 (69.7) | 304 (67.3) | 508 (69.2) | ||
Rural | 245 (30.3) | 148 (32.7) | 226 (30.8) | ||
Having health insurance | 0.509 | 0.964 | |||
Yes | 799 (98.9) | 445 (98.5) | 726 (98.9) | ||
No | 9 (1.1) | 7 (1.5) | 8 (1.1) | ||
Distance to the nearest hospital (meter) | 0.587 | 0.752 | |||
< =500 | 219 (27.1) | 112 (24.8) | 188 (25.6) | ||
501–1000 | 224 (27.7) | 135 (29.9) | 202 (27.5) | ||
> =1001 | 365 (45.2) | 205 (45.4) | 344 (46.9) | ||
Type of the nearest hospital | 0.594 | 0.602 | |||
Grade I | 197 (24.4) | 106 (23.5) | 165 (22.5) | ||
Grade II | 295 (36.5) | 171 (37.8) | 272 (37.1) | ||
Grade III | 304 (37.6) | 172 (38.1) | 290 (39.5) | ||
Private | 12 (1.5) | 3 (0.7) | 7 (1.0) | ||
Per capita income (1 K RMB) | 47.381 ± 37.449 | 44.828 ± 28.331 | 0.207 | 46.667 ± 37.885 | 0.710 |
Physical condition | < 0.001 | 0.901 | |||
Healthy | 222 (27.5) | 49 (10.8) | 188 (25.6) | ||
Just so-so | 428 (53.0) | 267 (59.1) | 390 (53.1) | ||
A little sick | 106 (13.1) | 95 (21.0) | 104 (14.2) | ||
Sick | 47 (5.8) | 36 (8.0) | 47 (6.4) | ||
Very sick | 5 (0.6) | 5 (1.1) | 5 (0.7) | ||
Chronic disease | < 0.001 | 0.034 | |||
No | 197 (24.4) | 53 (11.7) | 146 (19.9) | ||
Yes | 611 (75.6) | 399 (88.3) | 588 (80.1) | ||
Person times of treatment | – | 1.1 ± 0.5 | – | 4.6 ± 6.8 |
Description of medical expenditure
Cost (1 K RMB) | Inpatient treatment (n = 452) | Outpatient treatment (n = 734) |
---|---|---|
Treatment | 14.612 ± 18.612 | 3.889 ± 5.081 |
Transportation, food, accommodations | 1.873 ± 2.938 | 0.662 ± 1.112 |
Medicine/supplies | 2.027 ± 3.319 | 1.023 ± 2.049 |
Unofficial gifts | 0.462 ± 3.892 | 0.134 ± 0.968 |
Lost income | 1.253 ± 4.093 | 0.510 ± 2.170 |
Gross total cost | 20.191 ± 24.756 | 6.228 ± 7.989 |
Insurance reimbursement | 12.316 ± 14.135 | 3.881 ± 6.165 |
Out-of-pocket cost | 8.810 ± 11.778 | 3.373 ± 6.034 |
Factors associated with medical expenditure
Treatment | Transportation, food, accommodations | Medicine/supplies | Unofficial gifts | Lost income | Total | OOP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (Male, reference group) | − 1821.9 (0.264) | − 370.4 (0.182) | − 722.9 (0.016) | − 306.8 (0.427) | − 771.7 (0.044) | − 3747.7 (0.086) | − 1554.1 (0.203) |
Age group (45–50, reference group) | |||||||
51–60 | 2159.1 (0.307) | 323.2 (0.369) | 704.3 (0.070) | 670.9 (0.181) | 616.8 (0.214) | 4505.4 (0.112) | 2555.2 (0.101) |
61–70 | 3702.1 (0.210) | 151.3 (0.763) | 27.6 (0.959) | 262.1 (0.708) | − 364.9 (0.599) | 3737.5 (0.345) | 850.3 (0.701) |
> 70 | 18,613.4 (0.000) | 1540.9 (0.031) | 456.1 (0.553) | 127.5 (0.898) | 2079.5 (0.035) | 22,494.4 (0.000) | 6029.4 (0.053) |
Marital status (Single/Divorced/Widowed, reference group) | |||||||
Married | − 144.6 (0.957) | −71.9 (0.873) | − 2138.1 (0.000) | − 108.0 (0.863) | − 385.7 (0.535) | − 3323.8 (0.348) | 34.5 (0.986) |
Education (No schooling, reference group) | |||||||
Primary | 10,756.5 (0.106) | 849.1 (0.431) | 618.4 (0.595) | 105.1 (0.944) | 272.7 (0.855) | 16,169.5 (0.057) | 822.0 (0.872) |
Junior high | 12,274.0 (0.063) | 819.8 (0.446) | 1859.7 (0.109) | 206.3 (0.890) | 770.2 (0.604) | 19,270.2 (0.023) | 1074.0 (0.833) |
Senior high | 15,824.2 (0.019) | 819.9 (0.456) | 336.6 (0.776) | −99.7 (0.948) | 1338.2 (0.378) | 21,439.6 (0.014) | 411.3 (0.937) |
Junior college and above | 16,111.9 (0.017) | 495.0 (0.655) | 264.8 (0.824) | 32.7 (0.983) | 1650.4 (0.280) | 21,766.0 (0.013) | 1826.1 (0.727) |
Occupation (Government, reference group) | |||||||
Enterprise | 5245.1 (0.206) | 1196.2 (0.091) | − 295.8 (0.697) | 1346.3 (0.172) | 2266.4 (0.020) | 9756.0 (0.080) | 5424.7 (0.073) |
Farming | 931.2 (0.859) | −442.9 (0.617) | − 1017.6 (0.286) | 356.8 (0.772) | 713.7 (0.559) | −391.4 (0.955) | − 1342.7 (0.723) |
Small private business | 3145.6 (0.485) | 349.0 (0.649) | 25.0 (0.976) | 238.5 (0.823) | 722.0 (0.496) | 4456.2 (0.461) | 1984.9 (0.544) |
Other | 6579.2 (0.151) | 588.1 (0.450) | − 454.0 (0.589) | 415.7 (0.702) | 1598.5 (0.138) | 8610.4 (0.161) | 2794.1 (0.400) |
Retired | 2389.0 (0.563) | 452.9 (0.520) | − 916.0 (0.227) | 34.6 (0.972) | 1360.5 (0.162) | 3282.1 (0.553) | 1120.2 (0.713) |
No job | 4693.6 (0.390) | 51.5 (0.956) | − 1128.4 (0.261) | 630.8 (0.626) | 2240.1 (0.082) | 6885.9 (0.347) | 3136.1 (0.439) |
Area (Urban area, reference group) | |||||||
Rural area | 1913.8 (0.300) | − 121.2 (0.700) | − 1438.2 (0.000) | −438.4 (0.317) | 1065.9 (0.014) | 895.3 (0.718) | 1021.1 (0.461) |
Type of hospital (Grade I, reference group) | |||||||
Grade II | − 1241.3 (0.615) | − 175.2 (0.677) | − 466.6 (0.303) | −452.7 (0.439) | − 549.7 (0.344) | − 2944.5 (0.373) | − 1998.2 (0.264) |
Grade III | 4059.0 (0.088) | 902.7 (0.026) | − 195.5 (0.654) | 176.7 (0.754) | 119.3 (0.831) | 4959.0 (0.120) | 2230.3 (0.192) |
Private | − 7876.7 (0.364) | 1644.2 (0.266) | 4004.7 (0.012) | 607.2 (0.768) | −650.4 (0.750) | − 2180.8 (0.851) | 1380.1 (0.820) |
Chronic disease (No, reference group) | |||||||
Yes | 3706.0 (0.154) | 438.5 (0.322) | − 616.1 (0.197) | −99.5 (0.872) | 150.0 (0.806) | 3676.6 (0.291) | 1322.6 (0.499) |
Using health insurance (Yes, reference group) | |||||||
No | − 3889.1 (0.483) | − 643.6 (0.496) | −310.4 (0.760) | − 874.1 (0.507) | − 1747.2 (0.181) | − 7306.2 (0.326) | 4006.0 (0.302) |
Person times | 15,853.1 (0.000) | 1354.3 (0.000) | 997.7 (0.002) | 239.5 (0.558) | 2106.4 (0.000) | 20,338.8 (0.000) | 4997.1 (0.001) |
Per capita income (1 K Yuan) | 33.1 (0.273) | 8.5 (0.098) | 9.4 (0.088) | 18.2 (0.011) | 20.8 (0.003) | 88.3 (0.029) | 29.8 (0.173) |
Treatment | Transportation, food, accommodations | Medicine/supplies | Unofficial gifts | Lost income | Total | OOP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (Male, reference group) | −408.9 (0.235) | 40.2 (0.610) | 161.4 (0.293) | 44.4 (0.553) | − 141.7 (0.385) | − 512.3 (0.363) | −261.9 (0.582) |
Age group (45–50, reference group) | |||||||
51–60 | 110.3 (0.797) | −134.9 (0.169) | 382.5 (0.045) | −3.8 (0.967) | 1.0 (0.996) | 62.6 (0.929) | −88.8 (0.879) |
61–70 | 1439.8 (0.020) | − 122.5 (0.387) | 967.1 (0.000) | 16.6 (0.901) | − 236.4 (0.420) | 1739.5 (0.085) | 374.1 (0.665) |
> 70 | 1888.0 (0.047) | 301.9 (0.166) | 742.6 (0.080) | −46.3 (0.823) | 407.4 (0.366) | 2837.1 (0.068) | 1722.1 (0.199) |
Marital status (Single/Divorced/Widowed, reference group) | |||||||
Married | 108.2 (0.855) | 41.8 (0.758) | − 519.8 (0.049) | −56.2 (0.661) | −35.0 (0.900) | − 692.1 (0.474) | − 1110.7 (0.175) |
Education (No schooling, reference group) | |||||||
Primary | − 412.3 (0.797) | − 1251.8 (0.001) | −88.3 (0.902) | − 284.8 (0.415) | − 4102.6 (0.000) | − 5792.6 (0.028) | − 5184.9 (0.025) |
Junior high | 637.3 (0.689) | − 801.2 (0.028) | 147.3 (0.836) | − 183.7 (0.595) | − 3823.1 (0.000) | − 3651.5 (0.161) | − 4018.8 (0.080) |
Senior high | −19.3 (0.991) | − 886.5 (0.018) | −85.1 (0.907) | −50.7 (0.886) | − 3785.7 (0.000) | − 4238.0 (0.111) | − 4444.2 (0.056) |
Junior college and above | − 683.3 (0.676) | −959.0 (0.011) | 103.0 (0.888) | −99.3 (0.780) | − 3545.0 (0.000) | − 4456.6 (0.096) | − 3556.5 (0.129) |
Occupation (Government, reference group) | |||||||
Enterprise | 503.5 (0.511) | 93.0 (0.597) | 311.9 (0.362) | −48.2 (0.772) | − 296.8 (0.415) | 571.9 (0.649) | 1139.5 (0.272) |
Farming | − 1634.0 (0.122) | − 421.5 (0.082) | − 356.6 (0.450) | 156.8 (0.495) | − 357.8 (0.476) | − 1944.8 (0261) | − 658.0 (0.644) |
Small private business | −0.6 (0.999) | − 155.6 (0.429) | − 226.0 (0.555) | − 30.5 (0.870) | −315.1 (0.439) | −425.8 (0.762) | − 165.6 (0.885) |
Other | 144.2 (0.869) | − 177.1 (0.378) | 69.0 (0. 860) | 54.7 (0.774) | −238.2 (0.566) | −69.1 (0.962) | 396.5 (0.737) |
Retired | 240.7 (0.760) | −128.3 (0.477) | −408.0 (0.245) | 73.3 (0.668) | 68.7 (0.854) | 112.4 (0.930) | 159.2 (0.881) |
No job | − 2494.6 (0.028) | − 432.2 (0.096) | − 630.8 (0.212) | 66.3 (0.788) | − 769.4 (0.152) | − 2484.2 (0.180) | − 259.3 (0.872) |
Area (Urban area, reference group) | |||||||
Rural area | 61.6 (0.878) | −136.4 (0.138) | − 486.9 (0.007) | − 186.6 (0.032) | 320.1 (0.092) | − 618.0 (0.346) | 49.3 (0.928) |
Type of hospital (Grade I, reference group) | |||||||
Grade II | − 395.2 (0.400) | 6.9 (0.949) | − 392.2 (0.061) | 43.3 (0.672) | − 298.4 (0.181) | − 980.8 (0.202) | − 455.9 (0.474) |
Grade III | 288.6 (0.526) | 114.1 (0.274) | − 352.7 (0.082) | −21.9 (0.825) | −53.1 (0.805) | −63.1 (0.932) | − 114.0 (0.856) |
Private | −365.9 (0.775) | −149.8 (0.610) | − 437.6 (0.444) | −6.6 (0.981) | − 643.4 (0.290) | − 1494.8 (0.476) | − 1081.2 (0.549) |
Chronic disease (No, reference group) | |||||||
Yes | 900.1 (0.043) | 220.3 (0.031) | 249.2 (0.209) | −56.9 (0.556) | 30.3 (0.886) | 1456.6 (0.046) | 1240.3 (0.044) |
Using health insurance (Yes, reference group) | |||||||
No | − 1031.7 (0.068) | −56.0 (0.666) | 156.8 (0.535) | 82.9 (0.501) | 110.8 (0.680) | − 803.8 (0.386) | 1451.1 (0.050) |
Person times | 289.0 (0.000) | 48.5 (0.000) | 24.1 (0.037) | 10.8 (0.050) | 9.4 (0.441) | 388.0 (0.000) | 175.2 (0.000) |
Per capita income (1 K Yuan) | 6.2 (0.173) | −1.3 (0.211) | 7.8 (0.000) | 1.0 (0.315) | 3.4 (0.117) | 17.7 (0.018) | 15.0 (0.015) |