Background
Methods
Subjects and procedures
Instruments
School transport
Correlates
Socio-demographic
Behavioural
Psychological
Environmental
Data analysis
Results
Elementary n (%) | Secondary n (%) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic | |||
Grade | |||
Grade 7 | 506 (48.2) | - | |
Grade 8 | 583 (51.8) | ||
Grade 9 | 590 (21.6) | ||
Grade 10 | 654 (23.4) | ||
Grade 11 | 597 (24.3) | ||
Grade 12 | 638 (30.8) | ||
Sex (female) | 604 (48.2) | 1272 (47.9) | 0.91 |
Weight status (overweight/obese) | 241 (26.7) | 620 (24.8) | 0.42 |
Years of highest parent education (yrs) (mean(SD)) | 14.6 (1.6) | 14.5 (1.7) | 0.17 |
Parent born abroad (yes) | 229 (32.2) | 719 (33.0) | 0.83 |
Having sibling (yes) | 1011 (92.8) | 2328 (93.9) | 0.44 |
Having car at home (yes) | 1053 (95.6) | 2424 (97.0) | 0.13 |
Having driver license (yes) | - | 1046 (42.2) | - |
Behavioural
| |||
MVPA (≥5 days/wk) | 568 (53.9) | 1105 (42.6) | < 0.001 |
Screen time (> 2 hours/day) | 539 (49.6) | 1518 (61.2) | < 0.001 |
Smoking in the past 12 months (occasional/regular smokers) | 49 (5.3) | 572 (22.4) | < 0.001 |
Drinking in the past 12 months (occasional/regular drinkers) | 567 (52.1) | 1962 (78.8) | < 0.001 |
Part-time job | |||
Did not work outside home | - | 1302 (53.5) | - |
1-5 hours/wk | - | 301 (11.2) | |
≥6 hours/wk | - | 876 (35.3) | |
Extracurricular participation (yes) | 838 (77.6) | 1755 (70.8) | 0.06 |
Psychological
| |||
Perceived physical health (excellent/good) | 74 (7.6) | 400 (17.7) | < 0.001 |
Perceived weight status | |||
About right | 779 (73.9) | 1699 (65.9) | < 0.001 |
Too thin | 84 (6.3) | 218 (10.2) | |
Too fat | 216 (19.8) | 555 (23.9) | |
Decision-making on mode choice (often/always) | 340 (3.1.5) | 956 (40.4) | 0.001 |
Parents don't know where their children are in free time away from home (sometimes/seldom/never) | 74 (7.9) | 348 (15.9) | < 0.001 |
Environmental
| |||
Travelled to school | |||
0-15 minutes | 708 (68.3) | 1570 (63.5) | 0.13 |
16-30 minutes | 210 (18.7) | 552 (23.9) | |
≥31 minutes | 168 (13.0) | 357 (12.6) | |
Travelled from school | |||
0-15 minutes | 646 (61.4) | 1202 (48.4) | < 0.001 |
16-30 minutes | 253 (22.7) | 738 (30.6) | |
≥31 minutes | 184 (16.0) | 533 (20.9) | |
Living in urban area (urban) | 857 (84.7.0) | 2075 (83.7) | 0.86 |
Regions | |||
Toronto | 112 (21.6) | 256 (16.6) | 0.07 |
North | 57 (5.7) | 199 (6.6) | |
West | 304 (43.9) | 857 (43.6) | |
East | 613 (28.9) | 1167 (33.2) | |
Catholic school (yes) | 376 (38.9) | 935 (36.4) | 0.80 |
Changing school in the last five years (yes) | 419 (43.5) | 752 (30.2) | < 0.001 |
Moving home in the last five years (yes) | 513 (48.5) | 1031 (44.5) | 0.24 |
Secondary | Elementary | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
To school | From school | To school | From school | |||||
Walk/bike | Other | Walk/bike | Other | Walk/bike | Other | Walk/bike | Other | |
Toronto | 69 (29.8) | 187 (70.2) | 91 (38.9) | 165 (61.1) | 65 (59.6) | 47 (40.4) | 75 (68.4) | 37 (31.6) |
North | 46 (20.0) | 153 (80.0) | 53 (24.0) | 146 (76.0) | 11 (22.6) | 46 (77.4) | 18 (34.4) | 39 (65.6) |
West | 170 (20.9) | 687 (79.1) | 265 (30.5) | 592 (69.5) | 127 (39.9) | 177 (60.1) | 161 (49.9) | 143 (50.1) |
East | 234 (22.5) | 933 (77.5) | 350 (31.5) | 817 (68.5) | 142 (23.6) | 471 (76.4) | 178 (29.7) | 435 (70.3) |
Total | 519 (22.9) | 1960 (77.2) | 759 (31.8) | 1720 (68.2) | 345 (38.4) | 741 (61.6) | 432 (47.2) | 654 (52.8) |
p = 0.18 |
p = 0.27 |
p == 0.03 |
p = 0.04 |
To school | From school | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
Socio- demographic
| ||||||||
Grade | ||||||||
Grade 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Grade 8 | 0.96 | 0.71-1.29 | 0.83 | 0.59-1.16 | 1.01 | 0.74-1.38 | 0.95 | 0.65-1.38 |
Sex | ||||||||
Boys | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Girls | 1.04 | 0.77-1.40 | 1.00 | 0.72-1.37 | 1.01 | 0.77-1.33 | 0.85 | 0.59-1.23 |
Weight status | ||||||||
Normal weight | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Overweight/Obese | 1.05 | 0.76-1.46 | 0.83 | 0.60-1.33 | 1.21 | 0.88-1.66 | 0.90 | 0.59-1.36 |
Years of highest parent education | 0.87** | 0.78-0.97 | 0.83** | 0.75-0.92 | 0.90* | 0.82-0.99 | 0.86** | 0.78-0.96 |
Parent born abroad | ||||||||
Both/one parent born in Canada | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
Both born abroad | - | - | 1.77* | 1.06-2.97 | 0.97 | 0.53-1.79 | ||
Having car at home | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 0.20*** | 0.11-0.37 | 0.22** | 0.08-0.61 | 0.25*** | 0.12-0.50 | 0.34 | 0.10-1.09 |
Behavioural
| ||||||||
MVPA | ||||||||
0-4 day/wk | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
≥5 days/wk | 0.91 | 0.70-1.19 | 1.27 | 0.95-1.71 | 0.85 | 0.60-1.19 | 1.19 | 0.77-1.84 |
Psychological
| ||||||||
Perceived physical health | ||||||||
Fair/poor | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
Excellent/very good/good | - | - | 1.90* | 1.11-3.24 | 2.20* | 1.23-3.92 | ||
Decision-making on mode choice | ||||||||
Never/rarely/ sometimes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Often/always | 1.70** | 1.18-2.46 | 1.35 | 0.89-2.05 | 2.04*** | 1.43-2.90 | 1.73** | 1.11-2.69 |
Environmental
| ||||||||
Travelled to/from school | ||||||||
0-15 minutes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
16-30 minutes | 0.38*** | 0.20-0.70 | 0.40** | 0.20-0.80 | 0.38** | 0.21-0.67 | 0.45* | 0.25-0.81 |
≥31 minutes | 0.07*** | 0.03-0.20 | 0.11** | 0.03-0.32 | 0.23*** | 0.11-0.47 | 0.40* | 0.19-0.85 |
Living in urban area | ||||||||
Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Urban | 5.17*** | 2.14-12.48 | 3.00** | 1.29-6.98 | 5.72*** | 2.60-12.59 | 4.84*** | 2.05-11.42 |
Regions | ||||||||
Toronto | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
North | 0.25* | 0.08-0.77 | 0.27* | 0.10-0.70 | 0.27* | 0.09-0.86 | 0.31* | 0.10-0.98 |
West | 0.50 | 0.24-1.04 | 0.71 | 0.31-1. 60 | 0.43* | 0.19-0.97 | 0.71 | 0.27-1.85 |
East | 0.24** | 0.10-0.57 | 0.43 | 0.15-1.22 | 0.20** | 0.08-0.51 | 0.40 | 0.12-1.28 |
To school | From school | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
Socio- demographic
| ||||||||
Grade | ||||||||
Grade 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Grade 10 | 0.96 | 0.69-1.35 | 0.95 | 0.67-1.35 | 0.97 | 0.72-1.31 | 1.03 | 0.73-1.44 |
Grade 11 | 1.08 | 0.76-1.53 | 1.14 | 0.77-1.69 | 1.15 | 0.80-1.65 | 1.26 | 0.81-1.97 |
Grade 12 | 0.70 | 0.49-1.00 | 0.71 | 0.48-1.05 | 0.73 | 0.53-1.01 | 0.83 | 0.56-1.24 |
Sex | ||||||||
Boys | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Girls | 0.70* | 0.52-0.94 | 0.66** | 0.49-0.89 | 0.79 | 0.60-1.03 | 0.74* | 0.55-0.99 |
Weight status | ||||||||
Normal weight | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Overweight/ Obese | 1.02 | 0.76-1.36 | 0.99 | 0.74-1.33 | 0.94 | 0.73-1.21 | 0.94 | 0.70-1.27 |
Behavioural
| ||||||||
MVPA | ||||||||
0-4 day/wk | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
≥5 days/wk | 1.41* | 1.04-1.90 | 1.39* | 1.01-1.90 | 1.27 | 0.98-1.66 | 1.21 | 0.90-1.62 |
Smoking in the past 12 months | ||||||||
Did not smoke | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Occasional/regular smoker | 0.74* | 0.56-0.98 | 0.76 | 0.56-1.03 | ||||
Part-time job | ||||||||
Did not work outside home | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
1-5 hours/wk | 0.72 | 0.48-1.07 | 0.76 | 0.52-1.11 | 0.67** | 0.47-0.97 | 0.80 | 0.57-1.11 |
≥6 hours/wk | 0.58** | 0.41-0.81 | 0.65* | 0.45-0.93 | 0.55*** | 0.41-0.75 | 0.62** | 0.44-0.86 |
Psychological
| ||||||||
Decision-making on mode choice | ||||||||
Never/rarely/ sometimes | - | 1 | 1 | |||||
Often/always | - | - | 1.57** | 1.21-2.05 | 1.52** | 1.13-2.04 | ||
Parents don't know where their children are in free time away from home | ||||||||
Always/usually | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Sometimes/seldom/never | 1.43* | 1.00-2.04 | 1.36 | 0.94-1.97 | ||||
Environmental
| ||||||||
Travelled to/from school | ||||||||
0-15 minutes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
16-30 minutes | 0.91 | 0.63-1.33 | 0.84 | 0.59-1.19 | 0.92 | 0.66-1.28 | 0.95 | 0.67-1.34 |
≥31 minutes | 0.24*** | 0.14-0.40 | 0.23*** | 0.13-0.38 | 0.60** | 0.42-0.85 | 0.72 | 0.51-1.03 |
Living in urban area | ||||||||
Rural | - | 1 | 1 | |||||
Urban | - | - | 3.17** | 1.48-6.78 | 2.67* | 1.22-5.82 | ||
Regions | ||||||||
Toronto | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
North | 0.54 | 0.28-1.05 | 0.70 | 0.37-1.30 | 0.46* | 0.22-0.94 | 0.58 | 0.28-1.25 |
West | 0.60* | 0.37-0.96 | 0.69 | 0.42-1.13 | 0.62 | 0.36-1.08 | 0.93 | 0.52-1.62 |
East | 0.64 | 0.40-1.03 | 0.78 | 0.47-1.28 | 0.67 | 0.40-1.13 | 0.93 | 0.53-1.63 |
Catholic school | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | - | |||||
Yes | 0.69* | 0.48-0.98 | 0.75 | 0.53-1.04 | - | - | ||
Changing school in the last five years | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.39* | 1.03-1.84 | 1.19 | 0.87-1.63 | 1.44** | 1.10-1.88 | 1.35 | 0.99-1.82 |
Moving home in the last five years | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.37** | 1.10-1.72 | 1.33* | 1.05-1.70 | 1.27* | 1.02-1.58 | 1.11 | 0.86-1.43 |
Elementary | Secondary | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
Socio- demographic
| ||||||||
Grade | ||||||||
Grade 7 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | ||
Grade 8 | 0.85 | 0.58-1.25 | 0.83 | 0.51-1.37 | - | - | - | - |
Grade 9 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||
Grade 10 | - | - | - | - | 0.87 | 0.55-1.38 | 0.69 | 0.40-1.16 |
Grade 11 | - | - | - | - | 1.11 | 0.68-1.81 | 0.93 | 0.50-1.73 |
Grade 12 | - | - | - | - | 0.81 | 0.48-1.38 | 0.80 | 0.42-1. 52 |
Sex | ||||||||
Boys | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Girls | 0.98 | 0.63-1.54 | 0.83 | 0.44-1.58 | 0.96 | 0.67-1.37 | 0.70* | 0.49-1.00 |
Weight status | ||||||||
Normal weight | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Overweight/Obese | 1.67 | 0.97-2.87 | 1.11 | 0.62-2.00 | 0.91 | 0.62-1.32 | 0.74 | 0.45-1.21 |
Parent born abroad | ||||||||
Both/one parent born in Canada | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Both born abroad | 1.76* | 1.05-2.98 | 1.35 | 0.71-2.55 | ||||
Behavioural
| ||||||||
MVPA | ||||||||
0-4 day/wk | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
≥5 days/wk | 0.79 | 0.43-1.44 | 0.99 | 0.44-2.20 | 1.05 | 0.72-1.55 | 0.84 | 0.55-1.28 |
Part-time job | ||||||||
Did not work outside home | - | 1 | 1 | |||||
1-5 hours/wk | - | - | 0.73 | 0.42-1.29 | 1.06 | 0.58-1.92 | ||
≥6 hours/wk | - | - | 0.68* | 0.47-0.99 | 0.71 | 0.45-1.12 | ||
Psychological
| ||||||||
Perceived physical health | ||||||||
Fair/poor | 1 | 1 | - | |||||
Excellent/very good/good | 2.86** | 1.42-5.76 | 2.97* | 1.00-8.81 | - | - | ||
Decision-making on mode choice | ||||||||
Never/rarely/sometimes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Often/always | 3.00*** | 1.81-4.96 | 2.43*** | 1.23-4.80 | 2.29*** | 1.64-3.20 | 2.42*** | 1.61-3.63 |
Parents don't know where their children are in free time away from home | ||||||||
Always/usually | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Sometimes/seldom/never | 2.64** | 1.46-4.77 | 1.87* | 1.00-3.49 | ||||
Environmental
| ||||||||
Travelled to school | ||||||||
0-15 minutes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
16-30 minutes | 0.32* | 0.11-0.94 | 0.11*** | 0.03-0.40 | 0.38** | 0.21-0.67 | 0.16*** | 0.09-0.30 |
≥31 minutes | 0.32* | 0.11-0.95 | 0.07*** | 0.02-0.29 | 0.10*** | 0.03-0.27 | 0.03*** | 0.01-0.10 |
Travelled from school | ||||||||
0-15 minutes | - | 1 | 1 | |||||
16-30 minutes | - | - | 1.79** | 1.23-2.60 | 4.32*** | 2.82-6.60 | ||
≥31 minutes | - | - | 1.87** | 1.23-2.85 | 10.49*** | 6.44-17.09 | ||
Living in urban area | ||||||||
Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Urban | 3.79* | 1.14-12.60 | 3.58* | 1.00-12.90 | 5.60** | 1.97-15.89 | 3.24* | 1.18-8.85 |
Regions | ||||||||
Toronto | 1 | 1 | - | |||||
North | 0.52 | 0.17-1.59 | 0.65 | 0.19-2.21 | - | - | ||
West | 0.66 | 0.27-1.60 | 0.85 | 0.29-2.48 | - | - | ||
East | 0.26** | 0.10-0.66 | 0.42 | 0.15-1.19 | - | - | ||
Changing school in the last five years | ||||||||
No | - | 1 | 1 | |||||
Yes | - | - | 1.48* | 1.04-2.10 | 1.43 | 0.96-2.10 |