Background
Methods
Study samples
Measures and variables
Statistical analysis
Results
WHS Countries (n = 28) | N Sample | Age category, % | Sex, % | Residence, % | National incomea | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | Female | Urban | ||||
Africa | Burkina Faso | 4948 | 82.8 | 12.7 | 4.5 | 52.8 | 17.8 | LIC |
Ghana | 4165 | 80.1 | 15.3 | 4.6 | 50.9 | 45.6 | LIC | |
Kenya | 4640 | 87 | 9.6 | 3.4 | 51.2 | 39.9 | LIC | |
Morocco | 5000 | 78.6 | 15.7 | 5.7 | 50.5 | 57.5 | MIC | |
Namibia | 4379 | 78.5 | 13.4 | 8.1 | 53 | 33.2 | MIC | |
South Africa | 2629 | 79.7 | 15 | 5.3 | 52 | 56.3 | MIC | |
Central & South America | Brazil | 5000 | 74.7 | 18.5 | 6.8 | 51.5 | 83 | MIC |
Dominican Republic | 5027 | 76.6 | 17 | 6.4 | 49.1 | 58.5 | MIC | |
Paraguay | 5288 | 80 | 14.8 | 5.2 | 50.4 | 56.7 | MIC | |
Uruguay | 2996 | 61.8 | 21.9 | 16.3 | 52.5 | 92.8 | MIC | |
Central Asia & Eastern Europe | Bosnia & Herz | 1031 | 66.4 | 21.6 | 12 | 51.1 | 44.6 | MIC |
Czech Republic | 949 | 57.8 | 27.4 | 14.8 | 52.1 | 73 | MIC | |
Estonia | 1021 | 55.5 | 26.9 | 17.6 | 55.4 | 69.7 | MIC | |
Georgia | 2950 | 60.9 | 23.8 | 15.3 | 53.3 | 51.5 | MIC | |
Hungary | 1419 | 57.3 | 26.6 | 16.1 | 53.2 | 64.9 | MIC | |
Kazakhstan | 4499 | 73.1 | 18.3 | 8.5 | 52.1 | 55.9 | LIC | |
Latvia | 929 | 55.2 | 27.7 | 17.1 | 55.4 | 66.5 | LIC | |
Ukraine | 2860 | 58.6 | 26.1 | 15.3 | 54.5 | 66.7 | MIC | |
Bangladesh | 5942 | 81.1 | 14.7 | 4.2 | 48.5 | 24.3 | LIC | |
South Asia | Mauritius | 3968 | 73.6 | 18.7 | 7.7 | 50.8 | 43 | LIC |
Pakistan | 6502 | 76.4 | 19.2 | 4.4 | 49.6 | 33.9 | MIC | |
Sri Lanka | 6805 | 71.5 | 20.6 | 7.9 | 47.9 | 20.6 | MIC | |
Laos | 4989 | 80 | 15 | 5 | 50.7 | 20.3 | LIC | |
South East Asia | Malaysia | 6145 | 76.1 | 18.2 | 5.6 | 49.6 | 64.1 | LIC |
Myanmar | 6045 | 77 | 16.5 | 6.5 | 51.1 | 29.1 | LIC | |
Nepal | 8822 | 78.1 | 16.8 | 5.1 | 49.5 | 15.2 | MIC | |
Philippines | 10083 | 79.3 | 15.7 | 5.1 | 50.4 | 61.4 | MIC | |
Western Europe | Spain | 6373 | 59.2 | 22.1 | 18.7 | 51.5 | 76.8 | HIC |
Mean | 4478.7 | 72 | 18.9 | 9 | 51.5 | 50.8 |
Prevalence by age category (95 % CI) | Prevalence (95 % CI)a | GDP (US $)b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
18-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | |||
Myanmar | 1.30 (1.0 - 1.60 ) | 1.9 (1.0 - 2.7) | 3.1 (1.7 – 4.5) | 1.7 (1.4 – 2.0) | 200.0 |
Nepal | 10.1 (9.3 – 10.9) | 24.8 (22.2 – 27.5) | 30.2 (26.2 - 34.1) | 15.2 (14.3 – 16.0) | 264.0 |
Burkina Faso | 4.8 (4.1 – 5.5) | 9.7 (7.2 -12.2) | 13.0 (9.0 - 16.9) | 6.3 (5.6 – 7.0) | 332.0 |
Laos | 2.5 (2.0 – 3.0) | 6.5 (4.6 – 8.4) | 5.3 (2.7 – 7.8) | 3.6 (3.1 – 4.1) | 358.0 |
Bangladesh | 2.9 (2.4 – 3.4) | 10.9 (8.6 – 13.2) | 12.6 (9.2 – 16.1) | 6.8 (6.1- 7.5) | 419.0 |
Kenya | 2.1 (1.6- 2.5) | 3.2 (1.8- 4.6) | 11.5 (8.1 – 14.9) | 4.2 (3.6 - 4.8) | 440.0 |
Pakistan | 3.4 (2.9 - 3.9) | 8.7 (6.8 – 10.6) | 14.8 (11.1- 18.5) | 4.9 (4.3 – 5.4) | 597.0 |
Ghana | 2.0 (1.5 – 2.5) | 4.4 (2.8 – 5.9) | 6.6 (4.3 – 9.0) | 3.6 (3.0 – 4.2) | 603.0 |
Georgia | 4.0 (3.0 - 5.1) | 15.0 (11.8- 18.1) | 27.1 (23.3 – 30.9) | 9.6 (8.4 – 10.8) | 874.0 |
Sri Lanka | 1.2 (0.9 – 1.5) | 6.6 (5.2- 8.1) | 9.6 (7.1 - 12.0) | 3.9 (3.4 – 4.3) | 968.0 |
Philippines | 3.8 (3.4 - 4.3) | 12.0 (10.3 - 13.7) | 17.2 (14.1 – 20.3) | 7.1 (6.6 - 7.7) | 1016.0 |
Ukraine | 3.3 (2.4 - 4.2) | 17.8 (14.6 – 20.9) | 31.6 (27.1 – 36.1) | 10.0 (8.8 – 11.1) | 1049.0 |
Paraguay | 3.2 (2.7 - 3.8) | 9.4 (7.2 – 11.5) | 12.0 (9.0 – 15.0) | 5.7 (5.1 – 6.4) | 1159.0 |
Morocco | 3.0 (2.5 - 3.6) | 13.6 (11.1- 16.1) | 17.5 (13.8 - 21.1) | 6.4 (5.7 – 7.1) | 1684.0 |
Kazakhstan | 1.5 (1.1 – 1.9) | 10.1 (7.9 – 12.3) | 45.1 (37.4 – 52.8) | 8.5 (7.6 – 9.4) | 2109.0 |
Bosnia & Herz | 2.3 (1.0 – 3.5) | 11.7 (7.3- 16.0) | 30.2 (22.7 – 37.7) | 7.6 (5.9 – 9.3) | 2182.0 |
Dominican Republic | 4.5 (3.7 - 5.2) | 15.7 (13.0 – 18.5) | 18.5 (14.9 – 22.1) | 7.2 (6.4 – 8.0) | 2210.0 |
Namibia | 4.5 (3.7 - 5.2) | 11.9 (8.9 – 14.9) | 17.7 (13.4 – 21.9) | 7.9 (7.0 - 8.8) | 2489.0 |
Brazil | 8.1 (7.1 – 9.0) | 21.4 (18.4 - 24.4) | 28.0 (23.7 – 32.3) | 13.4 (12.4 - 14.5) | 3039.0 |
South Africa | 5.0 (3.9 – 6.0) | 21.6 (16.6 – 26.6) | 30.1 (20.6- 39.7) | 11.2 (9.8 - 12.5) | 3589.0 |
Uruguay | 4.1 (3.2 - 5.0) | 12.4 (9.7 – 15.1) | 17.0 (13.5 - 20.5) | 7.3 (6.3 – 8.2) | 3622.0 |
Malaysia | 2.0 (1.6 - 2.5) | 9.6 (7.8 – 11.4) | 14.6 (11.2 – 17.9) | 5.6 (5.0- 6.2) | 4607.0 |
Mauritius | 3.3 (2.6 – 3.9) | 15.8 (12.8 – 18.7) | 19.3 (14.9 - 23.6) | 7.8 (6.9 – 8.6) | 4830.0 |
Latvia | 2.7 (1.1 – 4.3) | 16.0 (10.7 - 21.2) | 35.6 (28.1- 43.0) | 9.6 (7.5 – 11.7) | 4872.0 |
Estonia | 6.2 (4.0 – 8.4) | 14.4 (9.9 – 18.8) | 34.4 (26.8 – 41.9) | 11.5 (9.4 - 13.6) | 7350.0 |
Hungary | 7.8 (5.8 – 9.9) | 27.9 (22.5 – 33.3) | 32.3 (26.2 – 38.3) | 15.0 (13.0- 17.1) | 8237.0 |
Czech Republic | 3.5 (1.8 – 5.1) | 11.6 (7.2 – 16.0) | 39.4 (30.8 – 48.0) | 9.4 (7.4 – 11.4) | 9339.0 |
Spain | 3.1 (2.5 – 3.8) | 15.3 (13.3 – 17.3) | 22.6 (20.5 – 24.6) | 7.8 (7.1 - 8.5) | 21035.0 |
Age (OR) 18–49 as reference | Sex (OR) Male as reference | Education (OR) primary school as reference | Education (AOR) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 - 64 | 65+ | < primary | Secondary | higher | < primary | secondary | higher | ||
Burkina Faso | 2.2* | 3.0* | 0.7*** | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.1 |
Bangladesh | 4.1* | 4.9* | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.4*** | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.4*** |
Bosnia & Herz | 5.7* | 18.7* | 0.4*** | 3.0** | 0.6 | $ | 1.0 | 1.0 | $ |
Brazil | 3.1* | 4.4* | 0.5* | 1.6* | 0.6* | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.8*** | 0.8 |
Czech Republic | 3.7* | 18.1 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.3*** | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
Dominican Republic | 4.0* | 4.8* | 0.3* | 2.0** | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 |
Estonia | 2.6* | 8.0* | 0.6** | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.9 |
Georgia | 4.2* | 8.8* | 0.6* | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.9 |
Ghana | 2.2* | 3.5* | 0.6** | 1.2 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.2 |
Hungary | 4.6* | 5.6* | 0.5* | 2.9 | 0.4* | 0.2*** | 3.4*** | 0.8 | 0.5*** |
Kazakhstan | 7.4* | 54.2* | 0.5* | 0.3 | 0.2* | 0.1*** | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
Kenya | 1.6* | 6.2* | 1.0 | 2.3* | 1.7 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.4 |
Laos | 2.7* | 2.2* | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
Latvia | 6.9* | 20.0* | 0.4** | 1.6 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 1.3 |
Malaysia | 5.2* | 8.2* | 0.8 | 1.8* | 0.5* | 0.5* | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Mauritius | 5.6* | 7.1* | 0.6* | 2.8* | 0.4* | 0.4*** | 1.3 | 0.5* | 0.4 |
Morocco | 5.0* | 6.8* | 0.6*** | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
Myanmar | 1.4* | 2.4* | 0.5** | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 1.2 |
Namibia | 2.7* | 4.3* | 0.6** | 2.2* | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.7*** | 0.8 | 1.4 |
Nepal | 2.9* | 0.8* | 1.0 | 1.3* | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
Pakistan | 2.7* | 4.9* | 0.5** | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
Paraguay | 3.0* | 4.1* | 0.3* | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
Philippines | 3.4* | 5.2* | 0.6* | 1.7* | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 |
South Africa | 5.3* | 8.3* | 0.6* | 2.4* | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.7 |
Spain | 5.6* | 9.1* | 0.6* | 1.8* | 0.4* | 0.2* | 1.4*** | 0.8*** | 0.4** |
Sri Lanka | 5.9*** | 8.8*** | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.5*** | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
Ukraine | 6.4*** | 13.7*** | 0.4*** | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
Uruguay | 3.3*** | 4.8*** | 0.5*** | 2.0** | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
Univariable | Multivariable | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (OR) | Sex (OR) | Education (OR) | Education (AOR)$ | |||||
<55 years as reference | Male as reference | primary school as reference | ||||||
≥55 | <primary | secondary | higher | < primary | secondary | higher | ||
Africa | 3.3* | 0.6* | 1.8* | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.2** | 0.9 | 0.8 |
Central & South America | 3.0* | 0.4* | 1.5* | 0.7* | 0.8*** | 1.1 | 0.8*** | 0.8 |
Eastern Europe & Central Asia | 6.0* | 0.6* | 1.4*** | 0.5* | 0.5* | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
South Asia | 4.1* | 0.7 * | 1.7* | 0.6* | 0.6** | 1.2 | 0.7* | 0.6** |
South East Asia | 3.3* | 0.8* | 1.4* | 0.8* | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1 |
Western Europe | 6.0* | 0.5* | 1.6* | 0.4* | 0.2* | 1.3** | 0.7* | 0.4* |
All regions (MV adjusted for region) | 3.7* | 0.6* | 1.5* | 0.7* | 0.6* | 1.2* | 0.9*** | 0.8* |