Background
Methods
Study design
Sample
Variables
Physical factors
Psychosocial and mental health factors
Socio-demographic factors
Data analysis
Results
Univariate findings
Sami | Non-Sami | Total Ethnic difference | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Males | Females | Total | Gender | Males | Females | Total | Gender diff. | |
N = 228 | N = 222 | N = 450 | diff. | N = 1981 | N = 2018 | N = 3999 | |||
Musculoskeletal pain:
| |||||||||
Headache | 42.7 | 65.6 | 54.0 | 21.79** | 37.5 | 62.7 | 50.3 | 245.30** | 1.97p=.16
|
Neck/shoulder pain | 29.0 | 45.5 | 37.1 | 11.61** | 27.2 | 42.5 | 34.9 | 98.02** | .71p=.40
|
Back pain | 28.8 | 31.1 | 30.0 | .16p=.69
| 30.8 | 38.0 | 34.4 | 21.73** | 3.18p=.08
|
Arm/knee/leg pain | 32.9 | 31.6 | 32.2 | .03p=.85
| 29.5 | 33.6 | 31.6 | 7.39* | .06p=.81
|
Self-rated health (SRH):
| |||||||||
Good/very good SRH | 89.2 | 86.6 | 88.0 | .48p=.49
| 90.2 | 87.3 | 88.8 | 8.14* | .19p=.67
|
Physical injury | 5.3 | 1.4b
| 3.3 | 4.20p=.04
| 3.3 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.61p=.11
| .16p=.69
|
Mental health:
| |||||||||
Anxiety/depressiona
| 7.6 | 32.0 | 19.6 | 40.43** | 7.6 | 30.4 | 19.2 | 331.67** | .02p=.88
|
Help seeking behavior | 1.8c
| 8.8 | 5.2 | 9.05* | 3.5 | 9.5 | 6.5 | 55.69** | .85p=.36
|
Variables | Number of pain sites | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | χ2/F-ratio | |
N = 1273 | N = 1312 | N = 944 | N = 612 | N = 410 | |||
Gender (%):
| 169.41** | ||||||
Males | 2286 | 34.4 | 30.8 | 19.1 | 9.5 | 6.3 | |
Females | 2267 | 21.6 | 26.9 | 22.4 | 17.4 | 11.7 | |
Ethnicity (%):
| |||||||
Sami | 415 | 25.8 | 28.7 | 24.8 | 13.3 | 7.5 | 5.31p=.26
|
Non-Sami | 3745 | 28.1 | 28.9 | 20.3 | 13.6 | 8.9 | |
Self-rated health (SRH) (%):
| |||||||
Good/very good SRH | 4500 | 94.7 | 91.7 | 88.2 | 81.6 | 72.1 | 198.94** |
Physical injury | 4553 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 29.68** |
Mental health (M/%):
| |||||||
Anxiety/depression (M)a
| 4533 | 1.27 | 1.35 | 1.52 | 1.75 | 1.92 | 225.02** |
Males (≥1.85, %) | 2275 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 9.2 | 14.3 | 21.8 | 82.02** |
Females (≥1.85, %) | 2263 | 14.4 | 16.9 | 32.1 | 46.6 | 63.4 | 297.09** |
Sami (%) | 414 | 7.5 | 14.4 | 23.3 | 29.1 | 45.2 | 29.41** |
Non-Sami (%) | 3737 | 7.5 | 9.9 | 21.8 | 36.1 | 51.1 | 473.01** |
Help seeking behavior | |||||||
Males (%) | 2259 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 13.96* |
Females (%) | 2225 | 5.4 | 4.3 | 8.5 | 14.4 | 20.6 | 77.34** |
Sami (%) | 406 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 4.9 | 7.3 | 14.3 | 10.10p=.04
|
Non-Sami (%) | 3692 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 7.5 | 12.1 | 16.5 | 117.74** |
Pain related functional impairment (%):
| |||||||
Yes:
| 3345 | 10.2 | 31.4 | 42.6 | 53.2 | 60.7 | 260.19** |
Anxiety/depression (≥1.85)a
| 1323 | -b
| 12.8 | 31.0 | 42.3 | 58.4 | 149.42** |
Help seeking behavior | 1304 | -b
| 3.5 | 8.6 | 11.4 | 20.3 | 45.76** |
No:
| 3345 | 89.8 | 68.6 | 57.4 | 46.8 | 39.3 | 260.19** |
Anxiety/depression (≥1.85)a
| 2003 | 11.1 | 10.0 | 15.4 | 27.7 | 31.1 | 105.17** |
Help seeking behavior | 1986 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 5.4 | 11.7 | 9.3 | 38.98** |
Multivariable findings
Musculoskeletal pain | |||
---|---|---|---|
Total sample | Males | Females | |
Variables | β | ||
Step 1:
| |||
Gender | -.19** | - | - |
Family income | -.07** | -.04p=.063
| -.11** |
R2
| .041** | .002p=.063
| .012** |
Step 2:
| |||
Gender | -.19** | - | - |
Family income | -.05* | - | -.08** |
Physical activity | - | - | - |
Sedentary activity | .08** | .07** | .08** |
Self-rated health | -.18** | -.16** | -.20** |
Physical injury | .08** | .09** | .06* |
R2
| .090** | .041** | .062** |
Step 3:
| |||
Gender | -.13** | - | - |
Family income | - | - | - |
Sedentary activity | .04* | - | - |
Self-rated health | -.12** | -.11** | -.13** |
Physical injury | .05** | .06* | - |
Resilience | - | - | - |
Parental involvement | - | - | - |
Parental support | - | - | - |
Peer problems | .05** | - | .07** |
School-related stress | .20** | .20** | .23** |
Negative life events | .18** | .17** | .20** |
R2
| .187** | .120** | .179** |
Step 4 (Final model):
| |||
Gender | -.07** | - | - |
Sedentary activity | .04* | - | - |
Self-rated health | -.08** | -.09** | -.08** |
Physical injury | .06** | .07** | - |
School-related stress | .12** | .13** | .13** |
Negative life events | .13** | .11** | .15** |
Conduct problems | .04* | .07** | - |
Anxiety/depressiona
| .23** | .15** | .26** |
Help seeking behavior | - | - | - |
R2
| .214** | .140** | .218** |
Musculoskeletal pain | ||
---|---|---|
Sami | Non-sami | |
Variables | β | |
Step 4 (Final model):
| ||
Gender | - | -.07*** |
Sedentary activity | - | .04* |
Self-rated health | - | -.07*** |
Physical injury | - | .07*** |
School-related stress | - | .13*** |
Negative life events | .13** | .12*** |
Conduct problems | - | .05** |
HSCL-10a
| .30*** | .24*** |
Help seeking behavior | - | - |
R2
| .137*** | .231*** |
Musculoskeletal pain | ||
---|---|---|
Functional impairment | No functional impairment | |
Variables | β | |
Step 4 (Final model):
| ||
Gender | -.09* | - |
Sedentary activity | .07* | - |
Self-rated health | -.07* | - |
School-related stress | .09* | .10** |
Negative life events | .08* | .14** |
Conduct problems | .08* | - |
Anxiety/depressiona
| .23** | .16** |
Help seeking behavior | .08* | - |
R2
| .212** | .094** |