Background
Methods
Study design and study population
Outcomes
Walkability
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population and prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors
Total | Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Participants
| 5970 | 100 | 2509 | 42.0 | 3461 | 58.0 |
Age group
| ||||||
25-44 years
| 1783 | 29.9 | 700 | 27.9 | 1083 | 31.3 |
45-64 years
| 2432 | 40.7 | 1002 | 39.9 | 1430 | 41.3 |
65+ years
| 1755 | 29.4 | 807 | 32.2 | 948 | 27.4 |
Educational level
| ||||||
Less than year 10
| 488 | 8.8 | 179 | 7.8 | 309 | 9.6 |
Year 10 or year 11
| 1325 | 23.9 | 421 | 18.2 | 904 | 28.0 |
Year 12
| 677 | 12.2 | 247 | 10.7 | 430 | 13.3 |
Tafe/Trade qualification
| 1726 | 31.2 | 860 | 37.3 | 866 | 26.8 |
Tertiary degree or equivalent
| 1321 | 23.9 | 601 | 26.0 | 720 | 22.3 |
Marital status
| ||||||
Married
| 3797 | 63.6 | 1641 | 65.5 | 2156 | 62.3 |
Living with a partner
| 368 | 6.2 | 157 | 6.3 | 211 | 6.1 |
Widowed
| 571 | 9.6 | 127 | 5.1 | 444 | 12.8 |
Divorced
| 505 | 8.5 | 207 | 8.3 | 298 | 8.6 |
Separated
| 188 | 3.2 | 77 | 3.1 | 111 | 3.2 |
Never married
| 537 | 9.0 | 298 | 11.9 | 239 | 6.9 |
Household income > 40,000 Australian $
| 2971 | 54.2 | 1318 | 55.9 | 1653 | 53.0 |
Walkability 1600m neighborhood buffer
| ||||||
Less
| 4528 | 75.8 | 1910 | 76.1 | 2618 | 75.6 |
High
| 1442 | 24.2 | 599 | 23.9 | 843 | 24.4 |
Walkability 800m neighborhood buffer
| ||||||
Less
| 4595 | 77.0 | 1914 | 76.3 | 2681 | 77.5 |
High
| 1375 | 23.0 | 595 | 23.7 | 780 | 22.5 |
Physical activity (≥ 150 minutes/week)
| 1376 | 32.7 | 702 | 41.3 | 674 | 26.8 |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m
2
)
| 1074 | 18.8 | 422 | 17.2 | 652 | 20.0 |
Hypertension
| 1890 | 32.6 | 773 | 31.8 | 1117 | 33.2 |
Hypercholesterolaemia
| 1685 | 35.0 | 741 | 35.4 | 944 | 34.6 |
Type-2 diabetes mellitus
| 417 | 7.0 | 226 | 9.0 | 191 | 5.5 |
Two or more cardiometabolic risk factors
| 1419 | 23.8 | 618 | 24.6 | 801 | 23.1 |
Association between walkability and CMRF
Model A | Model B | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Less walkable neighborhoods (%) | High walkable neighborhoods (%) | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
overall
| ||||||||
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)
| 19.7 | 15.8 |
0.84
|
0.7 to 1
|
0.049
| 0.86 | 0.7 to 1.05 | 0.139 |
Hypertension
| 33.0 | 31.3 | 0.93 | 0.8 to 1.08 | 0.336 | 0.91 | 0.75 to 1.09 | 0.299 |
Hypercholesterolaemia
| 34.7 | 35.6 | 1.02 | 0.88 to 1.2 | 0.771 | 1.04 | 0.85 to 1.26 | 0.711 |
Diabetes mellitus
| 7.2 | 6.5 | 0.95 | 0.72 to 1.25 | 0.726 | 1.08 | 0.72 to 1.62 | 0.701 |
male
| ||||||||
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)
| 18.2 | 14.3 | 0.75 | 0.56 to 1.01 | 0.056 | 0.82 | 0.59 to 1.14 | 0.229 |
Hypertension
| 32.3 | 30.2 | 0.9 | 0.72 to 1.14 | 0.398 | 1 | 0.74 to 1.34 | 0.981 |
Hypercholesterolaemia
| 35.3 | 35.6 | 1.05 | 0.83 to 1.32 | 0.687 | 1.1 | 0.82 to 1.48 | 0.526 |
Diabetes mellitus
| 9.1 | 8.9 | 1.14 | 0.78 to 1.66 | 0.489 | 1.26 | 0.72 to 2.21 | 0.425 |
female
| ||||||||
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)
| 20.9 | 16.9 | 0.89 | 0.71 to 1.12 | 0.319 | 0.88 | 0.68 to 1.14 | 0.336 |
Hypertension
| 33.5 | 32.1 | 0.94 | 0.77 to 1.14 | 0.53 | 0.86 | 0.67 to 1.09 | 0.203 |
Hypercholesterolaemia
| 34.3 | 35.7 | 1 | 0.81 to 1.23 | 0.994 | 1 | 0.77 to 1.3 | 0.991 |
Diabetes mellitus
| 5.8 | 4.8 | 0.76 | 0.51 to 1.15 | 0.194 | 0.92 | 0.51 to 1.66 | 0.779 |
Model A | Model B | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Less walkabie neighborhoods (%) | High walkabie neighborhoods (%) | OR | 95% CI |
p-value | OR | 95% CI |
p-value | |
overall
| ||||||||
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)
| 20.9 | 16.9 |
0.75
|
0.62 to 0.9
|
0.002
|
0.78
|
0.64 to 0.96
|
0.018
|
Hypertension
| 33.5 | 32.1 | 0.93 | 0.8 to 1.08 | 0.33 | 0.97 | 0.81 to 1.16 | 0.743 |
Hypercholesterolaemia
| 34.3 | 35.7 | 1.09 | 0.93 to 1.28 | 0.267 | 1.11 | 0.91 to 1.34 | 0.304 |
Diabetes mellitus
| 5.8 | 4.8 |
0.69
|
0.51 to 0.93
|
0.016
| 0.79 | 0.52 to 1.21 | 0.282 |
male
| ||||||||
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)
| 18.2 | 14.1 |
0.73
|
0.55 to 0.98
|
0.035
| 0.76 | 0.55 to 1.04 | 0.089 |
Hypertension
| 32.6 | 29.2 | 0.89 | 0.71 to 1.13 | 0.348 | 0.94 | 0.71 to 1.26 | 0.694 |
Hypercholesterolaemia
| 34.9 | 37.0 | 1.17 | 0.93 to 1.48 | 0.174 | 1.14 | 0.85 to 1.52 | 0.375 |
Diabetes mellitus
| 10.2 | 5.4 |
0.53
|
0.34 to 0.82
|
0.005
| 0.6 | 0.32 to 1.14 | 0.122 |
female
| ||||||||
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m
2
)
| 20.9 | 16.7 |
0.76
|
0.6 to 0.96
|
0.02
| 0.8 | 0.61 to 1.04 | 0.093 |
Hypertension
| 33.3 | 32.8 | 0.95 | 0.78 to 1.16 | 0.604 | 0.99 | 0.78 to 1.25 | 0.913 |
Hypercholesterolaemia
| 34.1 | 36.5 | 1.02 | 0.82 to 1.26 | 0.857 | 1.08 | 0.84 to 1.4 | 0.551 |
Diabetes mellitus
| 5.6 | 5.1 | 0.88 | 0.58 to 1.32 | 0.53 | 0.97 | 0.54 to 1.73 | 0.917 |