Background
Study objective and relevance of this study
Methods
Setting and sampling procedure
Instruments
Data collection
Hospital | Nurse supervisors | Staff nurses | Nurse ward heads | Nurse instructors | Students | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospital A
| ||||||
Actual headcount | 1 | 650 | 150 | 20 | 415 | 1,236 |
Target sample | 1 | 220 | 45 | 6 | 130 | 402 |
Response | 1 | 126 | 28 | 5 | 42 | 202 |
Hospital B
| ||||||
Actual headcount | 1 | 600 | 100 | 13 | 320 | 1,034 |
Target sample | 1 | 220 | 45 | 6 | 130 | 402 |
Response | 1 | 79 | 12 | 6 | 9 | 107 |
Hospitals combined
| ||||||
Total actual headcount | 2 | 1,250 | 250 | 33 | 735 | 2,270 |
Total target sample | 2 | 440 | 90 | 12 | 260 | 804 |
Total response | 2 | 205 | 40 | 11 | 51 | 309 |
Data analysis
Ethical permission, reliability and validity
Results
Factor analysis
Component | Commun-alities |
---|---|
Nurse Participation in Governance | |
Q19. Staff nurses are involved in the internal governance of the hospital | .587 |
Q26. Staff nurses have the opportunity to serve on hospital and nursing department committees | .796 |
Nurse Manager Ability Leadership and Support | |
Q21. An administration who listens to and responds to employee concerns | .738 |
Q22. A director of nursing highly visible and accessible to staff | .668 |
Q25. Nursing administrators consult with staff on daily problems and procedures | .710 |
Q27. A nursing supervisor equal in power and authority to other top level hospital executives | .764 |
Q38. A head nurse who is a good manager and leader | .642 |
Q39. A head nurse/supervisor who backs up the nursing staff in decision making, even if the conflict is with a physician | .690 |
Q40. Supervisors use mistakes as learning opportunities, not criticism | .534 |
Q41. A supervisory staff that is supportive of the nurses | .753 |
Q42. Praise and recognition for a job well done | .757 |
Nurse Participation in Hospital Affairs | |
Q20. Many opportunities for advancement of nursing personnel | .768 |
Q23. Opportunity for staff nurses to participate in policy decisions | .761 |
Q24. Career development/clinical ladder opportunity | .658 |
Nurse Foundations for Quality of Care | |
Q28. Use of nursing diagnoses | .640 |
Q29. An active quality assurance program | .726 |
Q30. An orientation program for newly hired RNs | .737 |
Q31. Nursing care is based on a nursing, rather than a medical, model | .567 |
Q32. Patient care assignments that foster continuity of care | .747 |
Q33. A clear philosophy of nursing that pervades the patient care environment | .700 |
Q34. Written, up-to-date nursing care plans for all patients | .745 |
Q35. High standards of nursing care are expected by the administration | .717 |
Nurse coworker relations | |
Q43. A lot of teamwork between nurses and doctors | .651 |
Q44. Physicians and nurses have good relationships | .738 |
Q45. Functional collaboration (joint practice) between nurses and physicians | .728 |
Q46. Enough staff to get the work done | .780 |
Q26. Staff nurses have the opportunity to serve on hospital and nursing department committees | .796 |
Nursing Staffing and Resource | |
Q47. Enough registered nurses to provide quality patient care | .839 |
Q48. Adequate support services allow me to spend time with my patients | .712 |
Q49. Enough time and opportunity to discuss patient care problems with other nurses | .587 |
Mean scores of scales
Scale | Mean score | Standard deviation |
---|---|---|
Error reporting | 2.620 | .500 |
Organizational culture | 2.384 | .616 |
Nurse participation in governance | 2.338 | .781 |
Nurse participation in hospital affairs | 2.348 | .726 |
Nurse manager ability, leadership and support | 2.296 | .632 |
Nurse foundations for quality care | 2.599 | .630 |
Nurse staffing and resource adequacy | 2.562 | .902 |
Nurse coworker relations | 2.261 | .705 |
Socio-demographic characteristics of the sample
Socio-demographic variables | Unfavorable error reporting
n (%)*
| Favorable error reporting n (%)*
|
n (%)
|
---|---|---|---|
Tertiary care public sector hospital | |||
Hospital A | 107 (53.0) | 95 (47.0) | 202 (65.4) |
Hospital B | 24 (22.4) | 83 (77.6) | 107 (34.6) |
Age | |||
20-29 years | 28 (17.4) | 133 (82.6) | 161 (52.1) |
30-39 years | 68 (78.2) | 19 (21.8) | 87 (28.2) |
40+ years | 35 (57.4) | 26 (42.6) | 61 (19.7) |
Marital status | |||
Never married | 26 (20.0) | 104 (80.0) | 130 (42.1) |
Currently married | 102 (59.0) | 71 (41.0) | 173 (55.9) |
Divorced/ separated/ widowed | 3 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) | 6 (1.9) |
Region | |||
Punjab | 128 (42.5) | 173 (57.5) | 301 (97.4) |
Sindh | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | 6 (1.9) |
Baluchistan | 1 (100) | - | 1 (0.3) |
Khyber Pakhtun Khwan | - | 1 (100) | 1 (0.3) |
Religion | |||
Muslim | 83 (35.9) | 148 (64.1) | 231 (74.7) |
Christian | 47 (62.7) | 28 (37.3) | 76 (24.6) |
Hindu | 1 (100) | - | 1 (0.3) |
Ahmedi | - | 1 (100) | 1 (0.3) |
Children | |||
None | 30 (19.1) | 127 (80.9) | 157 (50.8) |
1-2 | 36 (57.1) | 27 (42.9) | 63 (20.4) |
3+ | 65 (73.0) | 24 (27.0) | 89 (28.8) |
Income (in PKR) | |||
5,000-19,999 | 10 (18.9) | 43 (81.1) | 56 (18.1) |
20,000-39,999 | 69 (44.8) | 85 (55.2) | 154 (49.8) |
≥40,000 | 50 (50.5) | 49 (49.5) | 99 (32.0) |
Home residency | |||
College hostel | 16 (30.2) | 37 (69.8) | 53 (17.2) |
Hospital resident colony | 18 (40.9) | 26 (59.1) | 44 (14.2) |
Private home | 97 (46.6) | 111 (53.4) | 212 (68.6) |
Employee variables | Unfavorable error reporting
n (%)*
| Favorable error reporting
n (%)*
|
n (%)
|
---|---|---|---|
Highest degree attained | |||
Nursing diploma | 72 (41.4) | 102 (58.6) | 174 (56.3) |
BSc in Nursing | 56 (46.7) | 64 (53.3) | 120 (38.8) |
MSc in Nursing | 3 (20.0) | 12 (80.0) | 15 (4.8) |
Current nurse designation | |||
Supervisor | - | 2 (100) | 2 (0.6) |
Student (+1 year clinical staff) | 10 (19.6) | 41 (80.4) | 51 (16.5) |
Staff nurse | 93 (45.4) | 112 (54.6) | 205 (66.3) |
Ward head | 22 (55.0) | 18 (45.0) | 40 (12.9) |
Nurse instructor | 6 (46.2) | 7 (53.8) | 11 (3.6) |
Labor contract | |||
Permanent | 106 (60.2) | 70 (39.8) | 176 (57.0) |
Contractual | 25 (18.8) | 108 (81.2) | 133 (43.0) |
Employment status | |||
Full-time | 128 (43.7) | 165 (56.3) | 293 (94.8) |
Part-time | 3 (18.8) | 13 (81.3) | 16 (5.2) |
Government grade | |||
16 grade | 106 (42.6) | 143 (57.4) | 256 (82.8) |
17 grade | 21 (39.6) | 32 (60.4) | 53 (17.2) |
Private job | |||
Yes | 55 (67.9) | 26 (32.1) | 81 (26.2) |
No | 76 (33.3) | 152 (66.7) | 228 (73.8) |
Additional night duty | |||
Yes | 27 (45.8) | 32 (54.2 %) | 59 (19.1 %) |
No | 104 (41.6) | 146 (58.4 %) | 250 (80.9 %) |
Additional day duty | |||
Yes | 86 (67.2) | 42 (32.8) | 128 (41.4) |
No | 45 (24.9) | 136 (75.1) | 181 (58.6) |
Additional evening duty | |||
Yes | 84 (67.7) | 40 (32.3) | 124 (40.1) |
No | 47 (25.4) | 138 (74.6) | 185 (59.9) |
Bivariate analysis
Variables | ER | Governance | NPHA | NMALS | NFQC | NSRA | NCR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ER | 1.000 | ||||||
Governance | .310* | 1.000 | |||||
NPHA | .406* | .712* | 1.000 | ||||
NMALS | .324* | .808* | .752* | 1.000 | |||
NFQC | .350* | .740* | .743* | .811* | 1.000 | ||
NSRA | .630* | .591* | .715* | .676* | .614* | 1.000 | |
NCR | .634* | .472* | .582* | .557* | .509* | .710* | 1.000 |
Simple bivariate logistic regression
Organizational culture and its subscales | Unfavorable error reporting n (%)* | Favorable error reporting n (%)* |
---|---|---|
Favorable organizational culture | 36 (22.9) | 121 (77.1) |
Unfavorable organizational culture | 95 (62.5) | 57 (37.5) |
Favorable NPG | 40 (27.2) | 107 (72.8) |
Unfavorable NPG | 91 (56.2) | 71 (43.8) |
Favorable NPHA | 37 (25.0) | 111 (75.0) |
Unfavorable NPHA | 94 (58.4) | 67 (41.6) |
Favorable NMALS | 58 (30.9) | 130 (69.1) |
Unfavorable NMALS | 73 (60.3) | 48 (39.7) |
Favorable NFQC | 31 (22.6) | 106 (77.4) |
Unfavorable NFQC | 100 (58.1) | 72 (41.9) |
Favorable NSRA | 40 (21.1) | 150 (78.9) |
Unfavorable NSRA | 91 (76.5) | 28 (23.5) |
Favorable NCR | 25 (17.0) | 122 (83.0) |
Unfavorable NCR | 106 (65.4) | 56 (34.6) |
Variables | OR for higher error reporting (95 % CI) |
p-value | AOR for higher error reporting (95 % CI) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Organizational culture | ||||
Favorable organizational culture | 2.43 (1.51-3.92) | <0.001 | 3.58 (1.93-6.63) | <0.001 |
Unfavorable organizational culture | 1 | 1 | ||
Nurse participation in governance | ||||
Favorable NPG | 1.83 (1.16-2.87) | 0.009 | 3.33 (1.87-5.95) | <0.001 |
Unfavorable NPG | 1 | 1 | ||
Nurse participation in hospital affairs | ||||
Favorable NPHA | 2.96 (1.85-4.70) | <0.001 | 5.08 (2.69-9.57) | <0.001 |
Unfavorable NPHA | 1 | 1 | ||
Nurse manager ability, leadership and support | ||||
Favorable NMALS | 1.56 (0.98-2.48) | 0.057 | 2.61 (1.40-4.84) | <0.001 |
Unfavorable NMALS | 1 | 1 | ||
Nurse foundations for quality care | ||||
Favorable NFQC | 3.12 (1.96-4.98) | <0.001 | 4.83 (2.59-9.02) | <0.001 |
Unfavorable NFQC | 1 | 1 | ||
Nurse staffing and resource adequacy | ||||
Favorable NSRA | 7.83 (4.64-13.22) | <0.001 | 7.86 (4.18-14.75) | <0.001 |
Unfavorable NSRA | 1 | 1 | ||
Nurse coworker relations | ||||
Favorable NCR | 6.13 (3.62-10.37) | <0.001 | 5.58 (2.97-10.50) | <0.001 |
Unfavorable NCR | 1 | 1 | ||
Age | ||||
≥30 years | 13.73 (7.91-23.86) | <0.001 | ||
≤29 years | 1 | |||
Marital status | ||||
Married | 5.54 (3.39-9.05) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.17-1.64) | 0.001 |
Not married | 1 | 1 | ||
Income | ||||
≥40,000 PKR | 2.55 (1.54-4.21) | <0.001 | ||
≤39,999 PKR | 1 | |||
Degree | ||||
BSc in Nursing or above | 1.68 (1.07-2.65) | 0.025 | ||
Diploma | 1 | |||
Designation | ||||
Manager or instructor | 2.15 (1.15-4.02) | 0.017 | ||
Staff or student nurse | 1 | |||
Nature of employment contract | ||||
Permanent | 6.98 (4.21-11.57) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.14-1.60) | 0.001 |
Contractual | 1 | 1 |