Background
Methods
Design of the study
Subjects
Subjects
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | M ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 34.4 | 39.7 | 29.6 | 38.3 | 43.3 | 39.8 | 31.0 | 37.5 |
36.7 ± 4.7
|
Height (cm) | 167.0 | 172.4 | 189.1 | 165.1 | 177.6 | 173.5 | 176.0 | 176.0 |
174.6 ± 7.3
|
Body mass (kg) | 65.3 | 68.9 | 79.9 | 65.7 | 73.9 | 74.5 | 72.5 | 72.4 |
71.6 ± 4.9
|
BMI (kg·m2) | 23.4 | 23.2 | 22.3 | 24.1 | 23.4 | 24.7 | 23.4 | 23.4 |
23.5 ± 0.5
|
Body fat (%) | 9.5 | 10.8 | 9.7 | 11.1 | 9.2 | 10.4 | 9.8 | 10.6 |
10.1 ± 0.7
|
VO2peak (mL·kg-1·min-1) | 70.2 | 71.9 | 62.5 | 53.1 | 69.1 | 56.4 | 74.7 | 69.2 |
66.4 ± 6.8
|
HRmax (bpm) | 184 | 165 | 177 | 165 | 178 | 174 | 176 | 176 |
174 ± 9
|
VT (% HRmax) | 72 | 74 | 75 | 83 | 74 | 77 | 80 | 85 |
77 ± 5
|
RCP (% HRmax) | 91 | 89 | 90 | 89 | 91 | 89 | 90 | 92 |
90 ± 1
|
Wpeak (W·kg-1) | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 5.9 |
6.0 ± 0.3
|
Preliminary testing
Nutritional data
Load of exercise and energy expenditure
Statistical analyses
Results
Performance during the event
Subjects | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Racing time (min) | 358 | 406 | 381 | 303 | 495 | 330 | 299 | 318 |
361 ± 66
|
Average intensity (% HRmax)
a
| 88.4 | 85.3 | 83.7 | 90.8 | 82.4 | 88.1 | 87.5 | 89.8 |
87.0 ± 2.9
|
Time spent in zone I (min)b | 39 | 30 | 63 | 7 | 81 | 56 | 34 | 78 |
49 ± 26
|
Time spent in zone II (min)b | 207 | 223 | 225 | 89 | 345 | 111 | 140 | 121 |
183 ± 84
|
Time spent in zone III (min)b | 112 | 153 | 93 | 207 | 59 | 163 | 129 | 119 |
129 ± 45
|
TRIMP | 789 | 935 | 792 | 806 | 948 | 767 | 697 | 677 |
801 ± 98
|
Distance (km) | 207 | 223 | 208 | 165 | 282 | 182 | 171 | 163 |
200 ± 40
|
Average speed (km/h) | 34.7 | 33.0 | 32.8 | 32.7 | 34.9 | 33.1 | 33.9 | 30.8 |
33.2 ± 1.3
|
Recovery time (min) | 1082 | 1034 | 1059 | 1137 | 945 | 1110 | 1141 | 1122 |
1079 ± 66
|
Macronutrient intake
Subjects | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbohydrates
| |||||||||
Solids (g) | 284 | 392 | 290 | 252 | 695 | 323 | 668 | 378 |
533 ± 175
|
Fluids (g) | 538 | 533 | 442 | 566 | 889 | 574 | 456 | 268 |
410 ± 174
|
Total (g) | 822 | 925 | 732 | 818 | 1584 | 897 | 1124 | 647 |
943 ± 295
|
g/kg
a
| 12.4 | 13.5 | 9.4 | 12.3 | 21.4 | 11.9 | 15.2 | 8.8 |
13.1 ± 4.0
|
g/min
b
| 2.06 | 2.55 | 1.91 | 2.70 | 3.12 | 2.66 | 3.77 | 2.11 |
2.61 ± 0.62
|
%
c
| 77.3 | 80.2 | 76.6 | 81.4 | 62.6 | 64.8 | 67.0 | 59.3 |
71.1 ± 8.7
|
Protein
| |||||||||
Solids (g) | 62 | 66 | 41 | 37 | 262 | 146 | 126 | 128 |
109 ± 75
|
Fluids (g) | 35 | 25 | 35 | 33 | 245 | 80 | 60 | 8 |
65 ± 76
|
Total (g) | 97 | 91 | 76 | 69 | 507 | 226 | 186 | 136 |
174 ± 146
|
g/kg | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 6.9 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 1.9 |
2.4 ± 1.9
|
% | 9.2 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 6.9 | 20.2 | 16.1 | 11.2 | 12.7 |
11.5 ± 4.6
|
Ratio CHO: P (g)
d
| 8.5 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 11.9 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 4.7 |
7.2 ± 3.2
|
Lipids
| |||||||||
Solids (g) | 47 | 52 | 48 | 37 | 159 | 91 | 142 | 131 |
88 ± 49
|
Fluids (g) | 17 | 10 | 17 | 15 | 42 | 25 | 22 | 5 |
19 ± 11
|
Total (g) | 64 | 62 | 64 | 52 | 201 | 116 | 164 | 136 |
107 ± 56
|
g/kg | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.9 |
1.5 ± 0.7
|
% | 13.7 | 12.2 | 15.3 | 11.8 | 18.0 | 18.6 | 22.2 | 28.3 |
17.4 ± 5.6
|
Fluid, sodium and caffeine intake
Subjects | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fluid intake
| |||||||||
Racing time (mL/h) | 923 | 821 | 854 | 888 | 911 | 841 | 1110 | 905 |
907 ± 90
|
Recovery time (mL/h) | 291 | 352 | 94 | 283 | 522 | 316 | 261 | 163 |
285 ± 128
|
Total (mL) | 11185 | 11293 | 7106 | 9850 | 15831 | 10535 | 10480 | 7699 |
10497 ± 2654
|
Sodium
| |||||||||
Fluids (mg) | 911 | 897 | 518 | 767 | 3,321 | 1,682 | 678 | 738 |
1189 ± 929
|
Solids (mg) | 2466 | 2240 | 981 | 1583 | 6424 | 1357 | 4027 | 6073 |
3144 ± 2128
|
Total (mg) | 3377 | 3137 | 1499 | 2350 | 9745 | 3039 | 4705 | 6811 |
4333 ± 2714
|
Body mass loss (kg)
| 2.8 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 3.2 |
3.0 ± 1.3
|
Caffeine (mg/kg)
| 2.0 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 1.5 |
2.0 ± 1.0
|
Energy balance
Subjects | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EI during racing time (MJ)
a
| |||||||||
Fluids | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 3.9 |
3.7 ± 1.1
|
EI during recovery time (MJ)
| |||||||||
Solids | 7.6 | 9.6 | 7.6 | 6.2 | 22.0 | 11.3 | 18.7 | 13.4 |
12.1 ± 5.7
|
Fluids | 7.7 | 6.6 | 5.4 | 8.0 | 14.7 | 7.1 | 5.7 | 0.9 |
7.0 ± 3.8
|
Total Energy Intake | 17.8 | 19.3 | 16.1 | 16.8 | 42.6 | 23.1 | 28.1 | 18.2 |
22.8 ± 8.9
|
Energy expenditure (MJ)
| |||||||||
Racing time | 32.6 | 30.1 | 34.3 | 22.1 | 40.1 | 25.5 | 22.5 | 22.8 |
28.8 ± 6.6
|
Recovery time | 13.4 | 13.9 | 20.0 | 13.0 | 9.4 | 14.2 | 14.5 | 15.6 |
14.3 ± 2.9
|
Total Energy Expenditure | 46.0 | 44.0 | 54.3 | 35.1 | 49.5 | 39.7 | 36.0 | 38.4 |
42.9 ± 6.8*
|
Energy Deficit (MJ)
| -28.2 | -24.7 | -38.2 | -18.3 | -6.9 | -16.6 | -7.9 | -20.2 | -20.1 ± 10.4 |
EI:EE
b
| 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.86 | 0.58 | 0.76 | 0.47 |
0.54 ± 0.19
|
Correlation between nutritional data and performance during the event
Discussion
Macronutrients intake
Food | Energy contribution (%) |
---|---|
Pasta and rice (with tomato or oil olive and cheese) | 25.0 |
Sport drinks | 13.8 |
Fluid yogurt | 12.3 |
Caffeinated drinks (Cola and Red Bull) | 8.5 |
Fruits (Banana, apple, peach and pear) | 5.6 |
Cakes | 5.1 |
Meat (Chicken and ham) | 4.6 |
Sport Bars | 4.1 |
Sport Gels | 3.6 |
Bread | 3.3 |
Fruit juice | 2.9 |
Dried fruits (almonds and nuts) | 2.2 |
Cereals | 2.0 |
Milk | 1.9 |
Tuna | 0.4 |
Others (protein supplements, coffee, soy milk, sugar, etc) | 4.7 |